Английские существительные: применение и использование

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English Nouns: application and usage

Amir ABUSHAEV

1

International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received May 2023
Received in revised form

15 June 2023
Accepted 25 June 2023

Available online

15 July 2023

This article deals with the analysis of the noun used in English

phraseology as it has the highest phraseological activity. The

subject of special attention is a study of phraseological units with

a phytonym component. The group of phraseological units with
a phytonym component is the most frequently used one. Some

phytonyms demonstrate unusual cultural connotations typical to

this language. The importance of the plant world for people and

the fact that they make analogies between humans and plants are
reflected in the language. Results indicate that the choice of the

properties of a particular plant as a prototype for re-

interpretation is due to several reasons: on the one hand, the

peculiarities of the human thinking process, which leads to the
formation of similar images in different cultures; on the other

hand, this choice depends on the cultural and historical

development of the country, its geographical location and

political structure.

2181-

1415/©

2023 in Science LLC.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss5/S-pp379-386

This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru

)

Keywords:

Phraseology,

phraseological unit,

noun,

phytonym,

cultural and historical

development.

Inglizcha otlar: qo'llash va foydalanish

ANNOTATSIYA

Kalit so‘zlar

:

Frazeologiya,

frazeologik birlik,

ism,

fitonim,

madaniy va tarixiy

taraqqiyot.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz frazeologiyasida eng yuqori frazeologik

faollikka ega bo‘lgan otning tahlili ko‘rib chiqiladi. Fitonimik

kompone

ntli frazeologik birliklarni o‘rganish alohida e’tiborga

loyiqdir. Amaliyotda fitonimik komponentli frazeologik birliklar

guruhi eng ko‘p qo‘llaniladi. Ba’zi fitonimlar ushbu tilga xos

bo‘lgan g‘ayrioddiy madaniy konnotatsiyalarni namoyish etadi.

O‘simlik

dunyosining kishilar uchun ahamiyati, inson va

o‘simliklar o‘rtasida o‘xshatishlar yaratishi tilda o‘z ifodasini

topgan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ma’lum bir o‘simlikning

xususiyatlarini qayta talqin qilish uchun prototip sifatida tanlash

1

Senior Teacher, International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan. E-mail: zizerion@mail.ru

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bir nechta sa

bablarga bog‘liq: bir tomondan, insonning fikrlash

jarayonining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, bu turli madaniyatlarda

o‘xshash tasvirlarning shakllanishiga olib keladi; ikkinchi

tomondan, bu tanlov mamlakatning madaniy va tarixiy

rivojlanishiga, uning geografik joylashuvi va siyosiy tuzilishiga

bog‘liq

.

Английские

существительные:

применение

и

использование

АННОТАЦИЯ

Ключевые слова:

фразеология

,

фразеологизм

,

существительное

,

фитоним

,

культурно

-

историческое

развитие

.

В

данной

статье

анализируется

использование

существительных в английской фразеологии, так как они

обладают наивысшей фразеологической активностью.

Особое внимание уделяется изучению фразеологизмов с

компонентом фитонимии. Группа таких фразеологизмов

является одной из самых часто используемых. Отдельные

фитонимы выявляют уникальные культурные коннотации,

свойственные для английского языка. Важное значение

растений в жизни людей и привычка проводить аналогии

между человеком и растениями находят свое отражение в

языке. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что

выбор свойств конкретного растения в качестве прототипа

для реинтерпретации обусловлен целым рядом факторов:

особенностями мышления человека, которые приводят к

формированию аналогичных образов в разных культурах, и

культурно

-

историческим развитием страны, включая

географическое положение и политическую систему.

Introduction

First spoken in early medieval England, English is a West Germanic language that has

gradually become the leading language of foreign discourse in today's world. It is named after the

Angles, one of the ancient Germanic communities that migrated to England, the region of Great

Britain that later took its name. Both names are derived from Anglia, the Baltic Sea peninsula. The

English language has a thousand-year history. During this time, the language has collected a large

number of expressions that were, in people’s opinion, successful, true and beautiful. Thu

s

phraseology, a set of stable expressions that have an independent meaning, had appeared. Sharl

Bally, a Swiss linguist of French origin, is a creator of the theory of Phraseology. He introduced the

term “Phraseology” as a section of stylistics, studying

connected word-combinations (Balli, 1991).

In linguistics, phraseology means the science of systems or types of fixed expressions like idioms,

phrases, phrasal verbs, and other kinds of multi-word lexical segments of a language (Ahmadova,

2020; Amirkulovna, 2020; Demir & Sergeevna, 2019; A. Jabbarova, 2020; A. J. Jabbarova, 2020).

The components of a phrase are connected to each other in order to make one meaning in a

sentence. Nevertheless, they cannot give that meaning when they are used independently. The

object and purpose, scope and methods of studying phraseology are still not clearly defined, and

have, therefore, not been fully elaborated. Other less developed questions are about the main

features of phraseology as compared with the free-word combinations, the classification of

phraseological units, and their relationship with the parts of speech (Nikolaevna Gilyazeva &

Mannurovna Polkina, 2019). Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the

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process of speech; they exist in the language as ready-made units. According to Koonin A.V.,

phraseological units are stable word groups with partially or fully transferred meanings (Koonin,

1970). According to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible

bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic

stability, maybe idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or intensifying

function in a text (Gläser, 1994). S. Balli called the phraseological units “combinat

ions that have

firmly entered the language” (Balli, 1991) It is known that phraseological units are based on

various realities, including also the concept of phytonym, since plants have always played an

important role in human life (Abilmazhinova, 2014; Ryabinina, 2019). Phraseological units with

a phytonym component have an emotional coloring and help to reflect the estimated attitude of

people to the reality of life better, besides, they help provide the complete picture of the world of

language speakers because they reflect the history and the habits of their life. A phraseological

unit, as a stable phrase, serves for a figurative reflection of the world.

Methodology

Phraseological units differ from free word groups semantically and structurally: They

convey a single concept, and their meaning is idiomatic, i.e., it is not a mere total of the meanings

of their components; They are characterized by structural invariability (no word can be

substituted for any component of a phraseological unit without destroying its meaning); They are

not created in speech but used as ready-made units. Unlike a word, a phraseological unit can be

divided into separately structured elements and transformed syntactically. Phraseological units

are classified in accordance with several criteria. In the classification proposed by Professor V.V.

Vinogradov, phraseological units are classified according to the semantic principle, and namely to

the degree of motivation of meaning, i.e., the relationship between the meaning of the whole unit

and the meaning of (Smirnitsky, 1998) its components. Three groups are distinguished: 1)

phraseological fusions

–

the meaning of the whole is not deduced from the meaning of the

components; 2) phraseological unities

–

the meaning expressed in the whole construction, the

metaphors on which they are based are transparent; 3) phraseological combinations

–

one of

their components is used in its direct meaning while the other can be used figuratively

(Vinogradov, 1977). Professor A.I. Smirnitsky classifies phraseological units according to the

functional principle. Two groups are distinguished: 1) phraseological units are neutral, non-

metaphorical; 2) idioms are metaphoric, stylistically colored N.N. Amosova classifies

phraseological units according to the type of context. Phraseological units are marked by a fixed

(permanent) context, which cannot be changed. Two groups are singled out: 1) Phrasemes

consist of two components, one of which is a phrase logically bound, the second serves as the

determining context; 2) idioms are characterized by idiomaticity: their meaning is created by the

whole group and is not a mere combination of the meanings of its components (Amosova, 1963).

A.V. Koonin’s classification is based on the function of the phraseological un

it in communication.

Phraseological units are classified into 1) nominative phraseological units, which are units

denoting objects, phenomena, actions, states, and qualities. They can be: substantive, adjectival,

adverbial, and prepositional; 2) nominative-communicative units containing a verb; 3)

interjectional phraseological units expressing the speaker’s emotions and attitude to things; 4)

communicative phraseological units, which are represented by proverbs and sayings (Koonin,

1970). some linguists (Amosova, 1963) do not include proverbs and sayings in their

classifications. Others (I.V. Arnold, A.V. Koonin, and V.V. Vinogradov) do on the grounds that 1)

like in phraseological units, their components are never changed and 2) phraseological units are

often formed on the basis of proverbs and sayings.

Results and Discussion

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The problem of studying phraseological units is of importance when training in the

language. It is possible to enter words relating to any part of speech into the structure of

phraseological units. Different parts of speech are used in forming phraseological units. They can

be pronouns, participles, numerals, and adjectives. But the main part of speech is the noun since

it has the highest phraseological activity (Baranov & Dobrowolski, 2008). One of the most

frequently used groups of nouns in English phraseology is phytonyms. Phraseological units with

a phytonym component reflect human observation of the flora world, describe people's attitude

to the surrounding nature, and become a cultural English vocabulary (2017). Three hundred

eighty phraseological units were selected for this study. The largest group is the group with a rose

component. It is found in more than 7% of the sample set. The rose is considered the most

honored flower in England, associated with beauty, love, and youth. It is a vivid image that is

widely used by writers and poets. The well-known Shakespearean rose by any other name would

smell as sweet, which appeared in Romeo and Juliet, which

means “no matter how you call arose

–

its fragrance will remain the same”. A young woman is usually compared with a rose. Thus, the

phraseological units English rose and as fresh as a rose are often used as a compliment and are

most often applied to girls. The rose is associated with something pleasant, light, and beautiful. By

the same token are such phraseological units as to come uprose means “to result favorably or

successfully”; the bed of roses means “a luxurious situation, an easy life”; not all roses mean “not

entirely perfect or agreeable”; and to gather life's roses –

“to pluck flowers of pleasure”. But, at the

same time, the rose is an object of admiration and often approaches less, so it is used to

characterize something rare: a blue rose

–

“something unattainable”; a rose without a thorn

means “every apparently desirable situation has its share of trouble or difficulty”. Also, a rose is

associated with health, or rather a healthy complexion: to have roses in one's cheeks

–

“to have a

healthy glow on someone’s cheeks”; to bring back the roses to one's cheeks –

“to return a healthy

glow to someone's cheeks”; to lose one's roses that means “to become weaker, to lose youth”; or

to blush like a rose means “to become red in the face”. The rose was a symbol of silence in Ancient

Rome. Here out, there are such phraseological units as (to be said) under the rose

–

“privately,

confidentially, or in secret” and (to be born) under the rose –

“to be illegitimate” in the English

language (Lyell, 1931).

Conclusion

The phraseological stock of the English language is so large that the complete studying of

it would not fit into one article. The current research shows that nouns play a very important role

in the phraseology of the English language. In speech, where phraseological units are used, nouns

perform not only an informative but also aesthetic function. Nouns are used to form a large

number of phraseological units, which make speech more expressive and picturesque. The article

considered the creativity of nouns in English phraseology in terms of phytonyms. The selected

features of phytonym phraseological units are not the total reflection of the linguistic picture of

the world; however, studying cultural features of phraseological units, it can be confirmed that

phytonyms convey to phraseological units their characteristics, such as the human nature, or

appearance. Phytonyms can also denote different kinds of action, financial and emotional states,

problems of mental health, and hierarchical relations. In English grammar, countable nouns are

individual people, animals, places, things, or ideas that can be counted. Uncountable nouns are

not individual objects, so they cannot be counted. Here, we’ll take a look at countable and

uncountable nouns and provide both countable noun examples and uncountable noun examples.

Although the concept may seem challenging, you’ll soon discover that these two different noun

types are very easy to use.

Write better and faster

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Ginger helps you write confidently.

Start writing with Ginger

Countable Noun Examples

Anything that can be counted, whether singular

–

a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural

–

a

few books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun. The following countable noun examples will

help you to see the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Notice that singular

verbs are used with singular countable nouns, while plural verbs are used with plural countable

nouns.

There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.

Megan took a lot of photographs when she went to the Grand Canyon.

Your book is on the kitchen table.

How many candles are on that birthday cake?

You have several paintings to study in the art appreciation class.

There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.

Uncountable Noun Examples

Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns

are not individual objects, they are always singular and one must always use singular verbs in

conjunction with uncountable nouns. The following uncountable noun examples will help you to

gain even more understanding of how countable and uncountable nouns differ from one another.

Notice that singular verbs are always used with uncountable nouns.

There is no more water in the pond.

Please help yourself to some cheese.

I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners.

You seem to have a high level of intelligence.

Please take good care of your equipment.

Let’s get rid of

the garbage.

Uncountable nouns can be paired with words expressing plural concept. Using these

words can make your writing more specific. Here are some examples of how to format interesting

sentences with uncountable nouns.

• Garbage –

There are nine bags of garbage on the curb.

• Water –

Try to drink at least eight glasses of water each day.

• Advice –

She gave me a useful piece of advice.

• Bread –

Please buy a loaf of bread.

• Furniture –

A couch is a piece of furniture.

• Equipment –

A backhoe is an expensive piece of equipment.

• Cheese –

Please bag ten slices of cheese for me.

Countable nouns definition

Countable nouns refer to items that can be counted, even if the number might be

extraordinarily high (like counting all the people in the world, for example). Countable nouns can

be used with articles such as a/an and the or quantifiers such as a few and many. Look at the

sentence below and pay particular attention to the countable noun:

Here is a cat.

Here’s a tip: Do you want to make sure your writing shines? Grammarly can check your

spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. It even proofreads your text, so

your work is extra polished wherever you write.

Your writing, at its best

Grammarly helps you communicate confidently

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WRITE WITH GRAMMARLY

Cat is singular and countable.

Here are a few cats.

Here are some cats.

Other examples of countable nouns include house, idea, hand, car, flower, and paper.

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns, or mass nouns, are nouns that come in a state or quantity that is

impossible to count; liquids are uncountable, as are things that act like liquids (sand, air). Abstract

ideas like creativity or courage are also uncountable. Uncountable nouns are always considered

to be singular and can stand alone or be used with some, any, a little, and much. See the examples

below for reference:

An I.Q. test measures intelligence.

Intelligence is an uncountable noun.

Students don’t seem to have

much homework these days.

Because homework is an uncountable noun, it should be modified by much or a lot of, not

many.

Students don’t seem to have much homework these days.

A lot of equipment is required to play hockey safely.

Since uncountable nouns are singular, they also req

uire singular verbs. If you’re ever trying

to decide whether to write the information is or the information are, remember that information

is an uncountable noun and therefore needs is.

Good information is necessary for making good decisions.

Good information is necessary for making good decisions.

Additional examples of uncountable nouns include water, soil, love, literature, and dust.

Both countable and uncountable nouns

Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on the context of the

sentence. Examples of these versatile nouns include light, hair, room, gear, art, and science. See

the examples below:

Did you have a good time at the party?

Here, time is countable (a time).

I don’t think I have time to do my hair before I leave.

In this sentence, time is uncountable.

There is some juice on the table.

There are some juices on the table.

In the first sentence, juice refers to a liquid beverage; thus, it is uncountable. In the second

sentence, juice refers to the different varieties of juice (e.g., apple, grape, pineapple, etc.), and

therefore, is considered a countable noun. Some examples of the commonest uncountable nouns

are advice, anger, beauty, behavior, conduct, despair, evidence, furniture, happiness, homework,

information, safety, knowledge, leisure, money, news, progress, and research.

Verbal nouns, which are formed from the present participle of verbs, can also be used as

uncountable nouns.

Why don’t you try walking to work?

Brian was told to stop smoking.

The ringing in his ears continued.

Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be countable in other languages.

Most nouns are either countable or uncountable. Some nouns, however, behave like

countable nouns in some sentences and uncountable nouns in other sentences. They usually have

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different meanings depending on how they are used. For example, time, light, history, space,

laugh, and grocery have more than one meaning.

Time passed slowly.

She did it four times.

Light travels faster than sound.

The lights in this room are too bright.

The rocket was launched into space.

There are plenty of empty spaces on the shelves.

What are countable and uncountable nouns?

Firstly, note that these are grammatical terms that describe types of nouns. Whether

something is countable or uncountable does not necessarily refer to the nature of what it

describes, but how the specific noun behaves grammatically.

Countable nouns are ones that we can count. This means we can assign a number to them

or otherwise quantify them. A noun that can be described in separate or plural terms is countable,

for example, a book or two books.

Uncountable nouns are ones that we cannot count. They do not have a plural and cannot

be described with numbers or as separate. These are typically nouns that describe masses, such

as liquids (water, milk), other substances that cover an area, such as materials (leather, metal), or

abstract properties (love, success).

How can you tell if a noun is countable or uncountable?

To test whether a noun is countable or uncountable, consider if it has a plural form or if

you can assign numbers before it. Indefinite articles, numbers, and certain quantifiers (e.g. both,

each, either, many, a few, every) can only come before countable nouns.

a chair

two chairs

both chairs

every chair

Uncountable nouns either have no article, number or quantifier, or a select few quantifiers

such as a little or much.

knowledge

a little knowledge

Note that the definite article (the) can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

When used with uncountable nouns, it can refer to a specific instance of that noun and usually

implies additional information which may need to be clarified, for example with a prepositional

phrase or defining clause.

the knowledge of museums

the knowledge which I gained from reading this article

Certain pairings of quantifiers can clearly distinguish between countable and uncountable

nouns, such as many/much and a few/a little. One way you can see the difference is by

considering whether we ask “How many?” (countable) or “How much?” (uncountable).

Countable and Uncountable Nouns with Verb Forms

As countable nouns can be either singular or plural, they will be followed by either singular

or plural verbs depending on the noun form.

a cat is

six cats are

Uncountable nouns do not have a plural, so they should be treated as singular.

love is

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Watch out for noun phrases that quantify uncountable nouns with countable units,

however, as these can form countable plurals. In such cases, you may find the uncountable noun

comes directly before a verb, but the verb should be in plural form. For example:

The jugs of water were very full.

Two pieces of the pie were sitting on the table.

Confusions Between Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Plenty of uncountable nouns relate to things we expect to be quantifiable but are not. For

example, money, time, information, hair, weather, and accommodation. Likewise, some nouns

that are uncountable in English are countable in other languages (hair is a common one for foreign

learners to trip up on!). Often, we can break uncountable nouns down with countable nouns to

quantify them:

money -> coins, pounds, collars

time -> hours, minutes, seconds

accommodation -> houses, rooms, apartments

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