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Internal features of modern phonetics
Amir ABUSHAEV
1
International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2023
Received in revised form
15 May 2023
Accepted 25 May 2023
Available online
15 June 2023
This article provides extensive information about the
phonological layer in English, the specific types of linguistics, the
department of phonology, and phonetic units. In addition,
examples are given through scientific analyzes of the units that
make up phonetics. This article covers scientifically the phonetic
features of the English language. The rules were cited and
scientifically explained.
2181-
1415/©
2023 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss4/S-pp360-364
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
phonetics,
phonology,
dialect,
contraction,
sound,
vowel,
consonant
Zamonaviy fonetikaning ichki xususiyatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
fonetika,
fonologiya,
dialekt,
qisqartma,
tovush,
unli,
undosh.
Ushbu maqolada ingliz tilining fonologik qatlami,
fonologiyaning lingvistik bo'limining o'ziga xos turlari va fonetik
birliklari haqida keng ma'lumot berilgan. Bundan tashqari,
fonetikani tashkil etuvchi birliklarni ilmiy tahlil qilib misollar
keltiriladi. Ushbu maqolada ingliz tilining fonetik xususiyatlari
ilmiy jihatdan yoritilgan. Qoidalar keltirildi va ilmiy tushuntirish
berildi.
Внутренние особенности современной фонетики
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
фонетика,
фонология,
диалект,
сокращение,
звук,
гласный,
В данной статье представлена обширная информация о
фонологическом слоге английского языка, специфических
видах лингвистического отдела фонологии, фонетических
единицах. Кроме того, приводятся примеры путем научного
анализа единиц, составляющих фонетику. В данной статье
1
Senior Teacher, International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan. E-mail: zizerion@mail.ru
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согласный.
научно освещены фонетические особенности английского
языка. Правила были процитированы и научно объяснены.
Introduction
Phonological analysis of English often focuses on one or more prestige or standard accents,
such as the adopted Pronunciation for England, General American for the United States, and
General Australian (Australia), or uses it as a reference point. Nevertheless, many other dialects
of the English language are spoken, which developed independently of these standardized
accents, particularly regional dialects. Information about this standardized accent serves as a
limited guide to all English phonology, which can later be expanded upon familiarization with
many other dialects of the English language. A phoneme of a language or dialect is an abstraction
of a speech sound or a group of different sounds, all of which are perceived by speakers of the
same language or dialect as having the same function. For example, in English, the word consists
of three phonemes: the initial sound “th”, the sound “r” and the vowel sound. Phonemes in these
and many other English words do not always come directly to the letters used in their writing
(English spelling is not as strong phonemic as in other languages). The number and distribution
of phonemes in the English language varies from dialect to dialect and also depends on the
interpretation of the individual researcher. The number of consonant phonemes is usually put 24
(or a little more, depending on the dialect). The number of vowel sounds can change more; The
system presented on this page contains 20-25 vowels in the Received Pronunciation, 14-16 in the
common American, and 19-21 vowels in Australian English. The pronunciation keys used in
dictionaries usually contain a little more character than this to account for some significant
differences that may not be phonemic, more strictly speaking, of certain sounds used in foreign
words. If the organs of speech (tongue, lips, teeth, alveoli) close up so that they completely block
the passage for air, then we pronounce the occlusive consonant. Such consonants are also called
explosives since a small explosion is heard when the speech organs are opened. The consonants
[p, b, t, d, k, g] belong to the stop plosive sounds. If air passes out through the nasal cavity, then
such occlusive sounds are called nasal sounds. Examples of nasal occlusive sounds are [n, m, ŋ]. I
f
the organs of speech do not close completely, but leave a narrow passage - a gap for air, then we
pronounce a slit consonant. In English, slit sounds are [θ, p, s, z, h, f, v, w, r, j, l]. Among the
consonants, there are slotted sounds. They are called so because the opening of the barrier occurs
slowly; the complete obstruction passes into the slit. These are the sounds [t, d]. An obstruction
in the path of exhaled air can be formed by various organs of speech. If the lower lip approaches
the upper lip, then labial consonants appear. These are the sounds [p, m, w]. If the lower lip
touches the upper teeth, then such consonants are called labiodental. These are the sounds [f, v].
If the tip of the tongue is between the lower and upper front teeth, then the interdental consonant
is pronounced:
English consonants [t, d, l, s, z] are alveolar, since the tip of the tongue touches or rises to
the alveoli, in contrast to Russian, dental consonants, since the end of the tongue rises to the inner
surface of the upper teeth. According to the work of the vocal cords, deaf and voiced consonants
are distinguished. When pronouncing voiceless consonants, the glottis is opened and the exhaled
air passes through the larynx silently. With voiced consonants, the vocal cords are drawn together
and tense. The exhaled air causes them to vibrate, resulting in a voiced consonant sound. In
English, voiced sounds include: [b, v, g, d, z, l, m, n, r], voiceless sounds -
[k, p, s, t, f, t, θ, h]. To classify
vowels, various positions of the tongue relative to the hard palate are considered, as well as which
part of the tongue is involved in articulation and how high the back of the tongue rises to the hard
palate. Vowels of the front row are distinguished, when the tip of the tongue rests against the base
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of the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is quite close to the hard palate: the vowel [i:]. If the
tongue is pulled back and the tip of the tongue is lowered, and the back of the tongue is raised to
the soft palate, we pronounce the back vowels: the English sound [a:]. The quality of the vowel
depends on the tension of the muscles of the speech organs: the more intense the articulation, the
clearer and brighter the sound. Accordingly, a distinction is made between tense and non-tense
vowels. For example, the English vowel [i:] is pronounced with more tension than [i]. Thus, we
see how diverse the phonetic structure of the English language is. But much also depends on the
correct pronunciation and its features, which is described in the next section of this work. In
English, articulation, i.e., pronunciation of vowels is almost unaffected by consonants. The vowel
sound is the leading one in articulation. In this regard, it is recommended to combine as many
different consonants as possible with the vowel when setting the English pronunciation. So, we
examined the features of the pronunciation of English sounds. The next skill needed is to label
them in writing. This is what the next section is about. Transcription Transcriptions are special
characters that represent actual spoken speech sounds. The need to master transcription is due
to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation in English. There are a large number of
words that have either unreadable letters or exceptions to the rule. In the English pronunciation
system, there are 48 sounds, therefore, there are 48 transcription symbols. Two vertical dots after
the vowel in the transcription indicate the longitude of the sound.
Literature analysis and methodology
English, like other Germanic languages, has a particularly large number of vowel
phonemes, and in addition, vowels in English differ significantly in dialects. Consequently, the
corresponding vowels can be transcribed with different characters depending on the dialect in
question. When we consider English as a whole, lexical sets are often used, each of which is
referred to by a word containing the corresponding vowels or vowels. For example, the LOT set
is made up of words that have /
ɑ/ in the Received Pronunciation as lo
t and /
ɑ/ in the General
American language. Then the "LOT vowel" refers to the vowel sound that appears in these words,
regardless of which dialect it is considered, or (at a more abstract level) the diaphoneme that
represents this dialectal correspondence. John C. A common system of lexical sets developed by
Wells is listed below; the corresponding phonemes for RP and General American for each set are
given using the characters used on this page. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the
nature of speech sounds and provides methods for their statement, classification, and imitation.
It is associated with the telling of cheerful speech sounds in the language of the world. It is a
system that imitates sounds in linguistics. These units are called phonemes. Phonetics is a
scientific study of speech sounds, which consists in describing and classifying human sounds,
understanding the creation of sounds, and comparing and comparing sounds diagonally.
Discussion
The branches of phonetics consist of three main sub-areas in terms of sound generation
(articulation), transmission (acoustic), and perception (auditive). Three classifications of sounds
must be recognized initially: telephones (human sounds), phonemes (units that distinguish
meaning in language), and allophones (units without distinction). The traditional way of
describing speech sounds depends on the movements of the vocal organs that form them.
Important in the formation of speech the main structures, which are the lungs and the respiratory
system, together with the vocal organs shown in Figure 1, the flow of air from the lungs passes
between the vocal cords, which are two small muscle folds located in the larynx. at the top of the
windpipe. The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis. The distance of the vocal cords
from each other, when breathing normally, the air emanating from the lungs passes freely in
relation to the pharynx (see Figure 1) and the oral cavity. But if the sound is tuned in such a way
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that there is a narrow passage in the middle of the vocal cords, the airflow will cause them to be
absorbed together. As soon as they are together, there is no airflow, and the pressure under them
increases until they disintegrate again. Then the airflow between them causes them to be sucked
together again and the vibration cycle continues. The sounds that are formed in the vibration of
the vocal cords are called Audible, unlike the sounds in which the vocal cords are separated from
each other, they are called Muted.
Results
The airways above the vocal cords are called the vocal tract in general terms. Phonetically,
they can be divided into the oral route within the oral cavity and pharynx, and the nasal passage
within the nose. Most speech sounds are characterized by the movement of the lower articulators,
that is, the tongue or lower lip, towards the upper articulators inside the oral cavity. The upper
surface contains several important structures in terms of speech production, such as the upper
lip and upper teeth; The alveolar ridge is a small tumor located behind the upper front teeth,
which can be easily felt with the tongue. The main part of the roof of the mouth is formed by a
hard palate at the front and a soft palate or velum at the back. The soft palate is a muscle flap that
can be raised to close the nasal passages and prevent air from escaping through the nose. Velic
closure is called when the soft palate is raised enough to press against the back wall of the
pharynx. At the lower end of the soft palate, there is a small hanging insert called the uvula. Stops
involve closing articulators to impede airflow. This method of articulation can be considered from
the point of view of nasal and oral stops. If the soft palate goes down, the air can still escape
through the nose, a nasal stop is called. Sounds like this comes at the beginning of my close words.
If, in addition to the articular closure in the oral cavity, the soft palate rises and the nasal passages
are blocked, then the flow of air is completely blocked, the pressure in the mouth increases, and a
stop of the mouth occurs. formed. When the articulators are opened, the airflow is released with
explosive quality. Such a sound is found in consonants in the words pie, tie, kye, buy, die, guy.
Many administrators call these two joints nasal, namely nasal stops (closure of articulators in the
oral cavity) and stops, i.e., mouth stops (elevation of the soft palate to form a Velic closure).
The fricative sound involves the approach of two articulators so that the airflow is partially
obstructed and a turbulent airflow is formed. The mechanisms used in the production of these
sounds can be compared to the physical forces involved when the wind "whistles" the angle. For
example, the head sounds in the words fie, number, sigh, and shame. Some organs divide into
slotted and grooved fricatives or rill and flat fricatives, depending on the form of compression in
the oral cavity required to form fricatives. Other administrators divide fricatives into sibilants
such as sighs and shyness, and no sibilants such as fie and son.
Conclusion
Having studied the literature on this topic, we can formulate some conclusions. And the
first thing we would like to draw attention to is the definition of phonetics. Phonetics is a branch
of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech and the sound structure of language. In phonetics,
categories such as the classification of sounds, their pronunciation, logical stress, and intonation
are considered. The purpose of the work was realized since the most significant and necessary
phonetic rules and features were identified in it. Having studied this topic, the author deepened
my knowledge in this area and turned my attention to some aspects that were unknown to me
before starting work. In the future, we plan to study the methodology of teaching English in
primary and secondary schools. The materials of this research work can be useful to all people
who are just starting to learn the language, as well as to everyone who wants to deepen their
knowledge of the phonetic features of this foreign language.
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