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The investigation of all possible structures of
phraseological units with proper names
Parvina OLIMZODA
Samarkand State Medical University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received February 2024
Received in revised form
28 February 2024
Accepted 20 March 2024
Available online
15 April 2024
In English speech, there is also a significant number of
unconditional formations, at first glance, which correspond to
certain features of phraseological units but in reality,
significantly differ from them. We are referring to formation,
which can be called a standard style of grammatical
constructions. Before turning to their consideration, it is
regarded to pay attention to some of the most significant
features of phraseological units derived from their essence as
units of a constant context.
2181-
1415/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-iss3/S-pp159-164
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
verbal,
comparative,
noun,
preposition,
verb,
phraseology,
analysis,
phraseological units.
Tegishli nomlar bilan frazeologik birliklarning barcha
mumkin bo‘lgan tuzilmalarini o‘rganish
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
og‘zaki,
qiyosiy,
ot,
bosh gap,
fe’l,
frazeologiya,
tahlil,
frazeologik birliklar.
Ingliz tilidagi nutqda bir qarashda frazeologik birliklarning
ma’lum xususiyatlariga mos keladigan, lekin aslida ulardan
sezilarli darajada farq qiladigan juda ko‘p shartsiz
shakllanishlar mavjud. Gap grammatik tuzilmalarning standart
uslubi deb atash mumkin bo‘lgan shakllanish haqida bormoqda.
Ularni ko‘rib chiqishga o‘tishdan oldin frazeologik birliklarning
doimiy kontekst birliklari sifatidagi mohiyatidan kelib
chiqadigan eng muhim belgilariga e’tibor qaratish lozim.
1
Department of Languages, Samarkand State Medical University.
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Исследование всех возможных структур фразеологизмов
с именами собственными
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
глагольное,
сравнительное,
существительное,
предлог,
глагол,
фразеология,
анализ,
фразеологизмы.
В английской речи имеется значительное количество
стандартных
стилей
грамматических
конструкций,
которые
на
первый
взгляд
могут
напоминать
фразеологизмы,
однако
фундаментально
от
них
отличаются. Перед рассмотрением этих конструкций, в
статье предлагается изучить ключевые особенности
фразеологизмов, которые проявляются благодаря их
природе как единиц постоянного контекста.
Phraseological units with proper names (further PUPrN) contain special group
among phraseologies. They have certain grammatical structural patterns. To investigate
structure PUPrN it is required to observe structural patterns of PUs themselves. Few
linguists had investigated grammatical structural models of phraseological expressions
and it can be found suitable structural patterns for PUPrN. In her book “Comparative
Analysis of phraseological units”, Arsentyeva offered the following structures of
phraseological units (further PUs):
1.
PUs with phrase structure
2.
PUs with sentence structure
Phraseologies with phrase structure are divided into the following types:
a)
Verbal PUs
b)
Substantial PUs
c)
Adjectival PUs
The largest class is the class of the verbal PUs, gone after substantive and adjectival
phraseologies and PUs with sentence structure.
The verbal PUs.
The verbal PU is phraseologies which functionally correlated with
the verb, in other words, the nuclear constituent of phraseology is a verb. There is
objective relation between nuclear element and dependent subordinated PUs [5, 11].
The following main subclasses are distinguished:
1.
The subclass
verb +noun,
for example,
raise Cain, shoot Niagara, to cross the
Rubicon, To astonish the Browns, To sham Abraham, take the Mickey, be a Gypsy, discover
America, to speak BBC, go Dutch.
To this same subclass of FE we include a subspecies of PUs with a prepositive
extension of a noun with possessive pronouns.
a)
The subclass
verb+ pronoun+ noun,
for example,
meets one's Waterloo.
2.
Phraseological structure
verb+adjective+noun.
A typical feature of
phraseologies with this structure is that they contain adjectives. For example,
cut the
Gordian knot,
here the word “Gordian” fulfills the role of an adjective,
be a Spanish village-
be totally unknown to somediv, be a real/true Gypsy, have green fingers, take French
leave, have kissed the Blarney Stone.
3.
The subclass with the most numerous phraseologies has the structure
verb
+preposition +noun,
for instance,
go over to Rome, go for a Burton, be off to Bedfordshire,
go to Canossa, keep up with the Joneses, be from Missouri.
This is a postpositive extension.
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4.
Phraseologies with the structure
verb +preposition +pronoun +noun.
This model considers an extension of nouns with the help of possessive pronouns.
5.
Phraseologies with the structure
verb +preposition +adjective +noun.
This structure suggests an extension of nouns due to the adjective,
6.
The class
verb +noun +preposition +noun,
for instance,
bend the bow of
Ulysses, carry coals to Newcastle, live the life of Riley, built castles in Spain, pile/heap Pelion
on Ossa, throw a sop to Cerberus.
In this class, the first dependent component is a direct
object, the second is an indirect object. It can be observed expansion of both dependent
components with the help of adjectives and possessive pronouns, subclasses
verb +pronoun + preposition +noun,
for example,
row somediv up Salt River,
tell it not in Gath, not know someone from Adam, see somediv at Jericho first;
verb +noun +preposition +pronoun,
e.g.
come Yorkshire over somediv, be Greek
to somediv;
7. Subclass
verb +adjective.
There is no PNPrN in this class, because proper
names play the role of noun in phraseologies.
8. Subclass
verb +noun +adjective.
This subclass is characterized by complex
objective postpositive type.
9. Subclass
verb +comparative +noun
is small. Role of comparative component
performs words “like” or “as”. To exemplify,
drive like Jehu;
a)
verb +comparative +adjective +noun,
e.g
., laugh like little Audrey grin like a
Cheshire cat; fight like Kilkenny cats;
b)
verb +comparative +noun + preposition +noun,
e.g.,
be like Hamlet without
the prince, be like the Black Hole of Calcutta, feel like Daniel in the lion's den;
10. Subclass of verbal PUs with subordinating sentences, e.g.,
fiddle while Rome is
burning, Is rotten in the state of Denmark.
Substantial PUs.
Substantial PUs are phrases functionally correlated with the
noun, i.e., the core component of phraseology is a noun.
There are the following subclasses of substantial PUs:
1. Subclass with structure
adjective +noun
is characterized by the attributive
connection between components. A distinctive feature of it is the interchangeability of
components, e.g.
a Roman holiday, Old Hickory, a Dear John, a Trojan horse, the real
McCoy, Black Maria.
This subclass has two forms:
a) Adjectival-nominal group, e.g.
long Tom, clever Dick, great Caesar!;
b) Substantial-nominal group, e.g.
Hermes fire, an April fool, Cordelia’s gift, a
Barmecide feast;
2. Subclass with the structure
noun +noun
, it is noted that in English PUs the use
of the proper name is both core and dependent components
:
a Mark Tapley, King Log,
Iack Horner, a Miss Nancy, Colonel Chinstrap, Colonel Blimp, Mother Bunch.
These PUs are characterized by an attributive-prepositive type with an adjunction
to the substantive-nominal group, in which the dependent component is expressed by a
noun without any morphological design [5, 21]:
a Cadmean victory.
3. Subclass with structure
noun +preposition +noun.
In this case, a combination
of noun with a noun is carried out through prepositional subordinating connection, e.g.
the tower of Babel, the vicar of Bray, the sword of Damocles.
The second member of such
phraseologies can be extended due to the usage of adjectives
noun +preposition +
adjective +noun
, e.g
., Father of English poetry
or
noun +preposition + noun +noun,
e.g.,
the Duke of Exeter’s daughter.
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The structure
noun +preposition +noun
is possible for both singular and plural
forms, for example
, Jack of all trades.
Following prepositions are used for forming phraseologies of that type:
of
, e.g.
the labors of Hercules
on
, e.g.
the man on the Clapham omnibus
for
, e.g.
a Roland for an Oliver
in
, e.g.
Alice in Wonderland
Other prepositions are used very rare.
4. Subclass with the structure
Participle I or II +noun,
for example,
a doubting
Thomas, waiting Matilda.
Phraseologies of this type in the English language correspond to the PUs of the
participial-nominal group of the attributive-prepositive type with an adjunction in which
the dependent component is expressed by participle.
5. Subclass with the structure
noun +and +noun,
which is characterized by
coherent relation between components, e.g.
Lares and Penates, Castor and Pollux, Gog and
Magog, Darby and Joan, Tom and Jerry.
In English, there are Pus with the structure
preposition +noun
with a
prepositional extension of the noun with an adjective or a numeral. The core component
of such PUs is nouns, but they can serve as an adjective and adverb in the sentence. For
instance
, by Jove! , by Jupiter! , according to Cocker, by the Lord Harry!
Adjectival PUs.
Adjectival PUs is considered functionally correlated with
adjectives. The core component in these PUs is an adjective, the dependent component is
a noun [5, 30].
Adjective +as +noun,
e.g.
patient as Job, proud as Lucifer, pleased as
Punch, happy as Larry, hot as Hades, old as Adam, poor as Lazarus, rich as Croesus.
PUs with the structure of sentence.
There are PUs with the structure of a
sentence but their number is small. A characteristic feature of both English is PUs are
constructed according to the structure of a simple sentence and have components that
are related as subject and predicate [5,32].
He thinks himself God Almighty; Daniel comes
to judgment; the Dutch have taken Holland; fiddle while Rome burns.
As a rule, PUs based on the structure of complex and compound sentences are
proverbs and sayings.
Another linguist I.V. Arnold divided expressions according to their function into
several types [4, 56]:
1.
Expressions performing the function of a noun:
Noun +noun,
e.g.
the Royal Alfred, Aunt Fanny, Uncle Tom, Madison Avenue, Botany
Bay, Annie Oakley, Tommy Atkins;
Noun’s +noun,
e.g
.
Pandora’s box, Naboth’s vineyard, Salomon’s wisdom, Penelope’s
web, Cleopatra’s needle;
Nouns’ +noun,
e.g.
Achilles’ heel, Achilles’ spear, Nessus' shirt;
Noun +preposition +noun,
e.g.
the cask of Danaides, the brand of Cain;
Noun +and +noun,
e.g.
Alpha and Omega;
Adjective +noun,
e.g.
a Smart Aleck;
2.
Expressions performing the function of verbs:
Verb +noun,
e.g.
raise Cain;
Verb +(one’s) +noun +(preposition),
e.g.
meet one's Waterloo;
Verb +subordinate clause,
e.g.
fiddle while Rome burns;
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3.
Expressions performing the function of adjectives:
Adjective +as +noun,
e.g.
happy as Larry;
Such kind expressions are frequently used as predicates, but not as attributes.
4.
Expressions performing the function of adverbs:
Noun +and +noun,
e.g.
David and Jonathan;
Preposition +noun,
e.g.
according to Hoyle;
Preposition +noun +and +noun,
e.g.
between Scylla and Charybdis;
Conjunction +noun,
e.g.
before you can say Jack Robinson.
In English speech, there is also a significant number of unconditional formations, at
first glance, which correspond to certain features of PUs, but in reality, significantly differ
from them. We are referring to formation, which can be called a standard style of
grammatical constructions. Before turning to their consideration, it is regarded to pay
attention to some of the most important peculiarities of phraseological units derived
from their essence as units of a permanent context.
The first feature. Since the result of the basis of a permanent context is the
emergence in it of the phraseologically related meaning of one of the parts or the content
of the whole unit. This has lexical meaning rather than grammatical.
The second feature. No language pattern defines both the material structure and
specific semantic result of the verbal structure reproduced on it. The structure of any
constructional type of PUs is a basic syntactic rule for constructing a word combination,
which does not provide for any other idiomatic content than originally intended. The only
simulated thing was that the variable word combination which, over time, under certain
conditions, turned into a PU.
The third feature. The lexical meaning of every PU is individual, and not typical.
Conclusion:
Thus, PUPrN has a certain structural and grammatical form
constructed according to models of free slang or sentences existing in one or another
language.
“... It is known that the phraseological units’ structures do not differentiate from
the common phrase. They are based on the model of some free syntactic constructions
existing in the language at present or existing in the past.” It is clear that PUPrN has
different structural models, however, there are PUs not correspond to any structural
models, but they have unique structures.
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