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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT OF TOURISM AND THE
PROSPECTS FOR A STRATEGY FOR ITS INTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT
Mamayunusov Temurbek Olimovich
Independent researcher of the "Silk Road" International
University of Tourism and Cultural Heritage
Author's email: Mamayunusov97@mail.ru
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15266884
Abstract.
Countries that have correctly assessed the role and prospects of
tourism in the socio-economic development of society and have understood the
need for its effective use, especially economically developed countries, are
paying serious attention to the development of this sector. Such countries are
implementing a rational macroeconomic policy aimed at the effective use of the
huge potential of tourism and are achieving exemplary results in improving the
national economy. The author of the article made scientific observations on the
socio-economic content of tourism and the prospects of its accelerated
development strategy.
Key words:
market, economy, tourism, service, tourist, tourist, currency,
income, science, treatment, transport, hotel, catering, tourism, recreation,
investment, resource.
Annotatsiya
. Turizmning jamiyat ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotidagi rolini
va istiqbollarini to‘g‘ri baholagan va undan unumli foydalanish zarurligini
tushunib yetgan davlatlar, ayniqsa, iqtisodiyoti rivojlangan mamlakatlar, ushbu
tarmoqni yuksaltirishga jiddiy e’tibor qaratmoqdalar. Bunday mamlakatlar
turizmning ulkan imkoniyatlaridan unumli foydalanishga qaratilgan oqilona
makroiqtisodiy siyosatni amalga oshirmoqdalar va milliy iqtisodiyotni
yuksaltirishda ibratli natijalarni qo‘lga kiritmoqdala. Muallif maqolada
turizmning ijtimoiy - iqtisodiy mazmuni va uni jadal rivojlantirish
strategiyasining istiqbollari haqida ilmiy mulohazalar yuritgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
bozor, iqtisodiyot, turizm, xizmat, sayyoh, turist, valyuta,
ddaromad, ilm, davolanish, transport, mehmonxona, ovqatlanish, rekriatsiya,
investitsiya, resurs.
Аннотация.
Страны правильно оценившие роль и перспективы
туризма в социально-экономическом развитии общества и понявшие
необходимость его эффективного использования особенно экономически
развитые страны уделяют серьезное внимание развитию этой отрасли.
Такие страны проводят разумную макроэкономическую политику
направленную на максимальное использование огромного потенциала
туризма и достижение образцовых результатов в оздоровлении
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национальной экономики. В статье автор сделал научные комментарии о
социально-экономическом содержании туризма и перспективах стратегии
его стабильного развития.
Ключевые слова:
рынок, экономика, туризм, услуга, турист, турист,
валюта, доход, наука, лечение, транспорт, гостиница, питание, бизнес,
отдых, инвестиции, ресурс.
Introduction.
One of the distinctive features of the modern world economy
is that tourism has become the fastest growing and most promising sector of the
economy, bringing in high profits. Countries that have correctly assessed the
role and prospects of tourism in the socio-economic development of society and
have understood the need for its effective use, especially those with developed
economies, are paying serious attention to the development of this sector. Such
countries are implementing a rational macroeconomic policy aimed at the
effective use of the huge potential of tourism and are achieving exemplary
results in improving the national economy. Many countries in the world
generate significant foreign exchange earnings precisely with the help of
tourism, and this sector occupies a leading position in the formation of GNP.
Accordingly, the number of scientific studies aimed at solving the theoretical,
methodological and everyday practical problems of tourism in the disciplines of
economics is increasing, expanding in scope, and their quality is constantly
improving.
The researchers' calculations showed that if the share of tourism revenues
in Uzbekistan's GDP were to be increased to at least 5 percent, the number of
people employed in this sector would be 2,433 people. The volume of GDP per
capita could increase by 392.1 thousand soums.
Scientific and theoretical research in all areas related to tourism, its past,
present state, and future development prospects, including the topic we have
chosen, is closely related, first of all, to the concept of "tourism". Because in
scientific research in this area, it is the concept of "tourism" that is of primary
and decisive importance compared to all other categories and concepts. For
example, without fully understanding the essence of the concept of "tourism",
without giving it a detailed and complete definition, it is impossible to assess the
volume of tourist services. Also, studying the state of the tourist services market,
identifying its development trends, and forecasting development prospects
depend on the correct interpretation of the concept of "tourism". Assessing the
role of tourism in the national economy, its impact on employment, income, and
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other important macroeconomic indicators requires a clear understanding and
theoretical knowledge of the tourism industry.
Analysis and results.
In foreign literature, scientists interpret the concept
of “tourism” differently, and most importantly, theoretical views on this concept
began much earlier, more precisely, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the
20th centuries. It would be correct to say that the first and most extensive
definition of tourism was given by professors of the University of Bern K. Krapf
and W. Hunziker, later this concept was adopted by the International
Association of Tourism Scientific Experts (XTIEA). These scientists interpreted
tourism as a set of phenomena and relationships arising from tourist travel and
not leading to permanent residence and not related to any profit [1]. Although it
is difficult to scientifically substantiate the reasons why the authors associated
tourism only with the “permanent residence” of travelers in this definition, it can
be considered as the first major success achieved by scientists in providing a
scientific definition of tourism.
Theoretical studies have shown that the term "tourism" was first used in
1830 by V. Jackmo, meaning "travel" in French. As a result of the great
importance of tourism today, the increased attention of researchers to it, its
international development and the establishment of many international tourist
organizations, we can find various definitions of the concept of "tourism".
The fact that Kurt Krapf first carried out the first study on tourism in the
"Beitraege zu einer Statistik des Fremdenverkehrs" (Contributions to tourism
statistics) published by E. Guyer-Feuler in 1895, as well as a review of the work
of the same author "Amteichter Bericht ubez das Schweizer Hotelvesen" (Report
on Swiss hotel services), published in Zurich in 1883, confirms the special
interest of scientists in tourism. In Austria, the first scientific views on tourism
were expressed in the discussions of the “Delegiertentages Zur Forderung des
Fremdenverkehrs in den Osterreichischen Alpen Laendern”, that is, “Tourism
Delegates' Day in the Austrian Alpine States”, held in Graz on March 13-14, 1884.
It is noteworthy that one of the participants in the meeting, the writer Josef
Stadner, was inspired by the results of the discussion and later expressed and
justified tourism as an economic activity. In addition, an article about the science
of tourism was published in the Italian journal “Giornale degli Economisti” in
1899, entitled “Sul movimento forestieri in Italia”, that is, “On foreign
movements in Italy”[2].
Broad opportunities appeared for increasing national wealth and improving
human well-being. By the 19th century, the process of industrial development
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had taken a sharp turn, and along with the benefits of this process, its harmful
aspects began to attract the attention of scientists. Humanity began to have a
new attitude towards nature and the environment in order to protect itself from
the dangerous and harmful effects of these processes. Thus, the need and desire
for travel, interest and enthusiasm for the environment in people have become
even stronger. After Joseph Stadner expressed tourism as an economic activity
in 1884, the scientist Hermann von Schuller was the first to emphasize the
economic aspect of tourism and express his opinion on this issue. He defined
tourism as follows: “All activities resulting from the arrival and temporary
residence of foreigners from another country, city or region are tourism”[3].
Although this simple but clearly expressed definition does not fully reveal the
essence of tourism, we strongly object to the fact that in this and all similar
definitions, tourism is associated only with one side, the actions of tourists,
which, in our opinion, is its most important feature, namely, tourism carried out
by foreigners and limited to a certain time ("temporary").
In our opinion, tourism as a general category is the actions of not only
tourists, but also workers who offer and implement tourist services related to
them. Therefore, according to our point of view, the actions of tourists and the
actions of the receiving party (i.e. workers who provide services to tourists) are
combined and create tourism. Here we would like to emphasize that the actions
of tourists in the tourism process are fundamentally different in their content,
goals and results from the actions of the receiving party and the actions of the
providing tourist services to them. Tourists, in the language of Hermann von
Schuller, are actions of “foreigners”, traveling, exploring tourist objects, that is,
consuming tourist products, in exchange for gratification[4]. In the tourist
services market, a tourist, as a consumer, purchases tourist services. And the
producers of tourist services play the role of sellers. Their actions are aimed at
creating new value and consumption value in the process of producing services,
and we believe that interpreting it as an economic activity is theoretically
scientifically sound and practically extremely important.
Indeed, European scientists were the first to try to prove that tourism is an
economic activity. Since the 1930s, economists in England have rightly begun to
pay more attention to the economic aspects of tourism. In addition, scientists
from certain fields have also paid great attention to the economic aspects of
tourism. The most prominent of these are Mathiot, Glucksmann and Krapf.
According to the definitions of these scientists, the consumption function of
tourism includes temporary residence in another destination, travel and
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overnight stays. The definition of tourism given by scientists, in particular W.
Hunziker, is considered the scientific foundation of this field: “tourism is a set of
relations that arise from the travel of foreigners to a place and their temporary
overnight stay without the aim of permanent residence or earning money” [5].
This definition is much more complete in terms of its content and essence than
the previous ones, and it is noteworthy that it considers tourism as a set of
economic relations. However, the scientist himself rightly admitted that this
definition is not very complete. We fully agree with the scientist’s critical views
on his scientific approaches, which are not far from this sound and scientifically
sound. In subsequent periods, the efforts of economists to reveal the essence of
tourism have intensified. In 1954, scientists participating in the AIEST congress
in Palermo, Italy, defined tourism as follows: “Tourism is a set of events and
phenomena resulting from the travel and temporary residence of foreigners in a
place. Permanent residence and the purpose of earning a living are not
permitted in this process.”[6]
In 1976, the British Institute (now the Tourism Organization) clarified this
concept as follows. “Tourism is a short-term movement of people, in addition to
their daily places of residence and work, to visit and engage in activities in
attractive and attractive tourist centers. It also includes various one-day
itineraries”[7]. In our opinion, the above definitions have some contradictory
aspects and at the same time some similarities. The contradiction between these
definitions is that the first definition completely ignores the concept of domestic
tourism, while the second definition places strong emphasis on domestic
tourism. The similarity is explained by the fact that they fundamentally reflect
the formation of tourism activities based on people's needs for recreation and
leisure.
A long historical period has passed since the initial definition of tourism by
Hermann von Schuller. During this period, as a result of serious attempts to
reveal the essence of tourism, the definition given to it has also been improved.
The modern market economy (mixed economy) requires the development of
new methodological approaches to the definition of the concept of “tourism”.
Because the modern market economy is characterized by the complexity of
socio-economic processes taking place in the tourism sector, its significantly
increased role in the formation of important macroeconomic indicators, the
breadth of objects and subjects of the sector, that is, the emergence of many new
types of tourism. Given the role of tourism in human society, its position in the
economy, and its special importance in solving social problems, scientists'
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interest in the interpretation of this expression has also increased. As a result,
the definition of this concept is becoming richer, broader, and more complex due
to various approaches.
In modern scientific literature, there are various approaches to defining the
concept of “tourism”. The main ones are considered in detail in the works of V.A.
Kvartalnov and I.V. Zorin[8]. Having critically studied the points of view
prevalent in the literature, they give the following definition of tourism: “The
stay of tourists from their permanent place of residence in a temporary place of
residence for the purposes of health improvement, recreation, education or
professional entrepreneurship for a period of no more than one year with paid
service activities”. Taking into account the proliferation of definitions of tourism,
the Russian scientist A.Yu. Aleksandrova rightly suggests dividing them into two
large groups:
The definitions belonging to the first group are cross-sectoral, that is,
designed to perform specific tasks by tourism, and are used in the fields of law,
management, statistical reporting, and social policy.
The second group of definitions has a conceptual basis, serves the first
group and reflects the internal content of tourism[9].
It is noteworthy that foreign experts consider the concept of “tourism” from
the point of view of a systemic approach. For example, according to the Swiss
scientist K. Kaspar, the tourism system is based on two subsystems: a tourist
subject and a tourist object, and a tourist object consists of three elements: a
tourist area, tourist enterprises and tourist organizations.
It is appropriate to separately highlight the concept of N. Leiper, a professor
at the University of Meissen in the USA, who analyzed the concept of “tourism”
from the point of view of a systemic approach. He considers tourism to be a
system consisting of the following main elements: geographical components,
tourists and the tourism industry [10].
In Uzbekistan, research on tourism has been expanding in recent years. It is
noteworthy that our local economists have also conducted a number of scientific
studies on the theoretical and methodological problems of developing the
tourism sector, the potential of tourism in Uzbekistan, ways to effectively use
them, regional problems and specific features of tourism development. Our local
scientists also pay serious attention to revealing the essence of the concept of
"tourism" in their research. For example, economists M.K. Pardayev and D.Kh.
Aslanova gave the following explanation of the concept of tourism. Tourism is an
economic category in which states sell local services to arriving tourists, create
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working conditions for their employees, and receive income from the incoming
foreign currency. In a narrow sense, the tourism sector, on the one hand, offers a
sector that directly serves tourists, and on the other hand, in a broad sense, it
defines an interconnected system of sectors such as service and material
production aimed at the tourism market. “Tourism is a unified process of
production and consumption”[11].
Professor G.H. Kudratov conducted his research on the potential of tourism
in Uzbekistan and state policy for its development. The economist indicated the
main directions of developing tourism and the tourism industry on an
innovative basis, ensuring the rights of tourists, rational use of existing tourist
resources, improving the regulatory framework for the sector, creating
conditions for tourism for children, youth, disabled people and low-income
groups of the population, policies for attracting investments for the
development of the tourism industry, creating broad opportunities for
personnel and business entities in the tourism services market[12].
Prof. I.S. Tukhliyev in his scientific research justified the expediency of
classifying modern signs of tourism, tourist flow direction, purpose, method of
movement, means of accommodation of tourists and the number of
participants[13]. He defined tourist services as follows: “Tourist services are the
result of the activities of a tourist enterprise to meet the relevant needs of
tourists.” He also explained that tourist services, like all other types of services,
are distinguished by their own characteristics, which are conventionally
designated by the “three Ss”. These characteristics are insensitivity, service and
non-salvation [14].
In her research, the economist D.Kh. Aslanova scientifically substantiated
the tourism industry and the priority areas of its development, or rather, the
processes of globalization and their impact on the tourist services market, and
the factors of development of the tourism industry on the example of the
Samarkand region. According to the results of the scientist’s research, in the
conditions of deepening globalization in the world and the predominant
development of production based on knowledge-intensive technologies, the
necessary condition for the economic growth of any country and an increase in
the quality of life of the population is determined by innovative activity.
Innovative activity, in turn, depends on the economic and scientific and technical
capabilities of the state, its innovation policy and potential, as well as the
spiritual state of society. In this regard, it is important to pay special attention to
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the development trends of the international tourism services market, including
innovative development in the sector.
Economist B.Sh. Safarov, in his research, conducted scientific research on
improving the methodological and methodological foundations of innovative
development of the national tourism services market, and paid serious attention
to the issues of studying the socio-economic essence of the concepts of the
tourism service market in the development of the tourism sector in our country
based on the requirements of innovative development, improving the
methodological and methodological approach to innovative development of the
tourism services market, substantiating the main directions of development of
the tourist and recreational cluster model, and improving economic and
organizational mechanisms [15]. However, a study of the results of the scientific
research of the scientists mentioned above showed that the issues of increasing
the efficiency of using investment resources, especially in the innovative
development of tourism, have been neglected.
The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 830-I “On Tourism” dated August
20, 1999 defines tourism as follows: “Tourism is the departure (travel) of an
individual from his permanent place of residence to a place (country) visited for
health, educational, professional, practical or other purposes for a period of no
more than one year without engaging in paid activities”[16]. In our opinion,
despite the fact that this definition fully reveals the legal and economic aspects
of tourism from the point of view of activity, it has weaknesses in terms of its
systematic nature. In the new edition of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan
No. О'RQ-549 "On Tourism" of July 18, 2019, tourism is defined as follows:
"Tourism is the departure (travel) of an individual from his permanent place of
residence without engaging in activities related to earning income from sources
in the country (place) of temporary stay" [17].
Conclusion.
In order to study the above-described scientific views and give
them an economic approach, and to further enrich the content of the definition
of tourism, we found it necessary to define it as follows: Tourism is a specific
type of human activity, which represents the economic relations that arise in the
process of production, exchange and consumption of tourist services by tourists
and those providing them with tourist services. Tourism is a trip outside the
places where individuals permanently live, work and satisfy their essential
needs. For a tourist, overnight stay is a temporary, transient necessity. A person
who has gone on a trip and stayed overnight must return to his place of
residence after a certain period of time.
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The tourism sector is distinguished by its uniqueness as a separate sector of
the national economy, the product of which is the right to use certain types of
services, which are themselves created in other sectors of the economy.[18] For
example, the positive impact of the tourism sector on the national economy is
manifested only when it is comprehensively developed, that is, the effectiveness
of the tourism sector is achieved as a result of its development in parallel and in
interaction with other socio-economic sectors of the country.
List of used literature:
1.
Ponyatiya, funktsii i tseli tourism. [Electronic resource]. – The mode is
accessible: // https://studopedia.su
2.
Tunca Toskay, Tourism Olayina Genel Yaklasim, 3- Basim, Der Yayinlari;
No. 26, Istanbul, 1989. - P.20.
3.
Tunca Toskay, Tourism Olayina Genel Yaklasim, 3- Basim, Der Yayinlari;
#26, Istanbul, 1989. - P.20.
4.
That source.
5.
Walter Hunziker, Un Siecle de Tourisme en Suisse, Berne, 1947. P.11.
6.
J. Christopher Holloway., The Business of Tourism, Third edition, Pitman
Publishing Ltd, London, 1989. R. 9.
7.
J. Christopher Holloway., The Business of Tourism, Third edition, Pitman
Publishing Ltd, London, 1989. R. 9-10.
8.
Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Encyclopedia tourism: spravochnik. - M.:
Finance and statistics, 2014. - 368 p. [Electronic resource]. – Mode dostupa: //
https://e.lanbook.com/book/69240; Kvartalnov, V. A. Tourism: uchebnik dlya
obraz, uchrejdeni turist. profile / V. A. Kvartalnov. - M.: Finance and statistics,
2001. - 320 p.; Zorin I.V., Kaverina T.P., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism kak vid
deyatelnosti // Uchebnik. - M.: Finance and statistics. 2005. – 288 p.
9.
Kuskov A.S., Djaladyan Yu.A.. Basic tourism: Uchebnik. - M.: KNORUS, 2015.
[Electronic resource]. – The mode is accessible: // https://www.litres.ru
10.
Kuskov A.S., Djaladyan Yu.A. Basic tourism: Tutorial. – M.:KNORUS, 2015.
[Electronic resource]. - The mode is accessible: https://www.litres.ru
11.
Pardaev M.Q. and others. Development of service, service and tourism
sectors: problems and their solutions, Monograph, T.: Economy and Finance,
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12.
The same source, B. 61-69.
13.
The same source, B. 160-168.
14.
The same source, B.169-172.
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15.
Safarov B.Sh. Improving the methodological and methodological
foundations of innovative development of the national tourist services market.
Abstract of DSc dissertation. – Sam., 2017. – 78 p.
16.
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 830-I “On Tourism”. August 20,
1999. [Electronic resource]. – Access: https://lex.uz/docs/75355
17.
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. ZURQ-549 “On Tourism”. July 18,
2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access: https://lex.uz/docs/4428907
18.
Zaitseva N.A. Management in social and cultural services and tourism:
Textbook. − M.: Academy, 2003. – P. 54.
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EGAMBERDIEVICH P. M., NODIROVNA M. S., OGLI J. A. E. F. PROBLEMS OF
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ILKHAMOVNA S. Z., NODIROVNA M. S. RUSLANOVICH BA THE LATEST
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