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PROCESSES AND STAGES OF THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN
TOURISMPROCESSES AND STAGES OF THE EMERGENCE OF
MODERN TOURISM
Mamayunusov Temurbek Olimovich
Independent researcher of the "Silk Road" International
University of Tourism and Cultural Heritage
Author's email: Mamayunusov97@mail.ru
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15266864
Abstract.
The tourism services sector is an important strategic direction
for the development of the regions of the national economy, and is considered a
sector that has the potential to positively influence all its sectors. The author
describes the past, present, processes and stages of the emergence of modern
tourism in the article.
Key words:
tourism, service, tourist, tourist, trade, religious trips, science,
treatment, transport, hotel, catering, excursionist, historical and cultural
monuments, nature conservation, generation, international tourism, geography,
“Great Silk Road”, globalization.
Annotatsiya.
Turizm xizmatlari sohasi milliy iqtisodiyotning mintaqalarini
rivojlantirish uchun muhim strategik yo‘nalish bo‘lib, uning barcha sohalariga
o‘zining ijobiy ta’sir etish imkoniyatiga ega tarmoq hisoblanadi. Muallif
maqolada zamonaviy turizmning o‘tmishi, buguni, vujudga kelishi jarayonlari va
bosqichlarini bayon etgan .
Kalit so‘zlar:
turizm, xizmat,
sayyoh, turist, savdo-sotiq, diniy safarlar, ilm,
davolanish, transport, mehmonxona, ovqatlanish, ekskursant, tarixiy-madaniy
obidalar, tabiatni saqlash, avlod, xalqaro turizm, geografiya, “Buyuk Ipak Yo‘li”,
globallashuv.
Аннотация.
Сфера туристических
услуг является важным
стратегическим направлением развития регионов национальной
экономики и это отрасль обладающая способностью оказывать
положительное влияние на все ее отрасли. В статье автор описал прошлое,
настоящее процессы формирование и этапы современного туризма.
Ключевые слова:
туризм, сервис, турист, турист, торговля,
религиозные поездки, наука, лечение, транспорт, гостиница, питание,
экскурсант, памятники истории и культуры, охрана природы, поколение,
международный туризм, география, “Великий шелковый путь”,
глобализация.
Introduction.
When we analyze and study the processes of tourism
development, it becomes clear that it has gone through several stages in its
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development and has long been the main tool in people's lives to learn about the
world.
The first period of tourism or tourism dates back to ancient times. The
movement of people from one place to another is often associated with trade,
the desire to see and understand the world around them, gaining knowledge,
studying, religious and recreational factors. According to ancient sources, two
thousand years ago (before our era), tourism, entertainment and recreation
were a common occurrence in the lives of Egyptians.
Analysis and results.
According to the data, one of the oldest tourist
centers in the world is the Oceania region, located in the Asia-Pacific tourist
region. The inhabitants living there traveled in small, simple boats to the
Micronesia and Central (Pacific) islands of Southeast Asia, the Tuamotu
archipelago (group of islands). 500 years before our era, Polynesians sailed 2
thousand miles across the ocean to the Hawaiian Islands (Pacific Ocean). They
used the sun, stars, clouds and the movement of birds to reach their destination
during their journey. The most important problem for them during the journey
was drinking water and food.
One of the most developed centers of ancient tourism is considered to be
countries located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, such as Greece, Italy,
France, Spain, Egypt, Tunisia. The inhabitants of the sea coasts went on long sea
voyages for trade, religious pilgrimages, education, treatment, and exploration of
new territories. There is a lot of information about this, some of which has
survived to this day. For example, in Greece, scientists such as Herodotus in the
5th century BC and Pytheas in the 4th century BC went on voyages to explore
other countries.
The ancient Greek historian Herodotus visited not only Egypt, but also
many countries of the East, including Libya, Babylonia, Assyria, Asia Minor, and
even the northern coast of the Black Sea. He described his travel impressions in
his nine-volume work "History"[1].
Ancient China was also one of the highly civilized countries during this
period. Chinese travelers, scientists, wrote down a lot of geographical
information (manuscripts) about rivers, seas, and mountains. The Chinese
ambassador Zhang San went on a journey in the 2nd century BC and collected
information of great practical importance. The routes he traveled later became
the basis for the "Great Silk Road".
The ancient Roman Empire is a country that made a great contribution to
the development of tourism. Factors such as the establishment of a strong
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empire here, wealth, abundance, the size of its territory, and its location on the
sea coast were considered necessary for the development of tourism. The
Romans built an amazing network of roads at that time. Horse riding up to 100
miles per day, visiting temples, etc. were performed.
In ancient times, the development of tourism was very complicated. The
duration of the trip also had its own characteristics. The average speed of people
traveling did not exceed 6 km per hour. The total distance covered in a day's
journey was around 50-60 km. The privilege and necessity of traveling was only
available to merchants, the wealthy, small traders, nobles, and nobles.
Travelers mainly used horse-drawn vehicles (horses, camels, donkeys, etc.),
boats, and ships during their journeys. They traveled alone or joined trade
caravans to reach their destinations.
Marco Polo (1254-1323) was a Venetian (Italian) traveler who was one of
the first Europeans to explore Asia. His father, Niccolò, and his uncle Matteo
were engaged in trade and accidentally ended up at the residence of the
Mongolian Khan Kublai (son of Genghis Khan).[2] In 1271, Niccolò and Matteo
set out on a second journey, taking Marco Polo with them, who had learned the
Mongolian language and local customs. Marco Polo gained the khan's favor and
appointed him as a close friend and servant. The Khan invites Marco Polo to
collect various information in the places under his rule. He uses this opportunity
to collect a lot of information about the country and its people. In 1292, the
Mongol Khan gives three travelers a large gift - greetings and sends them back to
their homeland. The travelers return to Venice in 1295 through the Pacific
Ocean, through Cochinchina, Sumatra, Ceylon, Trapezud and Constantinople, and
with their wealth they achieve a high position. Later, Marco Polo is promoted to
the position of a member of the Grand Council in Venice. In 1307, he prints his
revised travel impressions. In his impressions, he writes that he was interested
in Chinese inventions and became acquainted with the compass, the conquest
board, and bills of exchange.
Central Asia also made its due contribution to the development of tourism
and trade, and the empire created by the great commander Sahibkiran Amur
Timur during this period was also of great importance. Amir Timur's state
established contacts with almost all the land states known at that time. It was
during the time of Amur Timur that the status of the "Great Silk Road" was
raised, which led to the development of cultural ties between states and peoples.
By the 16th century, traveling around Europe began to become a tradition.
Organizing such trips was included in the "Program for the Education of Young
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Aristocrats", which provided for the goals of study and education. The route of
such trips began in London, England, and continued to Paris, France, and then to
Genoa, Milan, Florence, and Rome in Italy. The return route passed through
Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. During their travels, young
aristocrats began to establish economic and political connections with
prominent foreign families. They traveled not only to gain knowledge, but also to
relax and have fun.
In the course of these movements, a number of changes began to occur, and
now, as a result of the development of science and technology, conditions began
to arise for the planned, scientifically based implementation of tourism.
The realization of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe implementation of tourism
on a scientific basis fell on the middle of the 19th century, and this process is
associated with the development of industry and the improvement of
production. By this time, tourist trips began to be carried out on trains, cars and
steamships, and tourism began to develop as an integrated infrastructure. The
organization of tourism began to differ fundamentally from its predecessors. It is
characterized by the movement of tourists and the improvement of means of
transport. It was during this period that sufficient conditions began to appear for
tourism, one of the important areas of the social strategy aimed at preserving
and developing people's working capacity, to function significantly. During this
period, in the countries of Europe and the Americas, which had established
themselves economically, people began to travel to different corners of the
world in order to learn more about the world. The first person to introduce a
new stage of tourism in the world based on a modern, comprehensively
developed plan was British Thomas Cook, who originally worked as a carpenter
(artisan) in 1841.[3] Thomas Cook expanded his activities in 1846 and opened
his own tourism company in 1860, which was named "Thomas Cook Travel".
This tourism company continues to operate in more than 50 countries around
the world today.[4]
A little later, tourism companies and agencies began to appear in France,
Italy, Switzerland and other European countries.
As a result of his tourism activities, Thomas Cook introduced the following
innovations to the industry[5]: mass travel, including transportation, hotel, food
and other expenses; travel on credit; spiritual and educational trips for young
people; organizing special trips for workers; currency exchange operations, etc.
Along with the rapid development of tourism, certain political situations
began to cause problems in its development. The first serious problem in the
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development of tourism was the outbreak of the First World War. With the
outbreak of the First World War, the formation and development of tourism
infrastructure, as well as the activities of travel agencies and tour operators,
almost stopped. With the end of the four-year war, starting in 1919, as a result of
the adaptation of military aircraft to the transportation of citizens, the activities
of travel agencies and tour operators began to revive.
There were a number of sufficient grounds for the recovery and
development of tourism in a short time. During this period, the flow of tourists
from the American region was directed to Europe and Asia, and visits increased
in connection with the destruction of the war and investments in their
restoration and mutually beneficial cooperation. This period did not last long,
because the intensification of the world economic crisis (crisis) of 1929-1933
was associated with the aggravation of the political situation in Europe, the
coming to power in Germany of the Nazi Party led by Hitler. The tourism sector
became a source of information of various state importance and subversive
activities. For example, during the Spanish Civil War, a special tourism
department was established in the German Ministry of Propaganda and
Propaganda. Its main task was to send Polish soldiers to Spain as tourists.
The Second World War of 1939-1945 sharply reduced the volume of
international tourism. During the war, many European cities were reduced to
ruins. The shortage of money, fuel and energy resources, food and qualified
personnel had a huge impact on the national economies of the countries. In this
regard, the aggravation of the political situation in the countries of the world, the
incessant intensification of the military arms race had a negative impact on the
development of international tourism.
After the end of World War II, international tourism began to revive in
some European countries, the USA and Canada. By 1951, the total number of
tourists registered worldwide had reached the pre-war level and amounted to
more than 25 million people[6].
As a result of the growing demand for a strong holiday, the tourism
infrastructure was rapidly formed. This period was characterized by the active
activation of tourist companies, characterized by the mass construction of
hotels, motels, holiday homes and entertainment venues. In 1947, the
International Union of Tourism Organizations (IUTO) was established in Paris
and its charter was approved. Its full members are state and non-governmental
organizations. The union includes more than 120 countries.
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In 1969, in accordance with the resolution of the UN General Assembly, the
Special Union of Non-Governmental International Tourism Organizations (IUTO)
was reorganized and transformed into the World Tourism Organization (WTO).
WTO adopted its charter on January 2, 1975. Today, it includes more than 160
countries. The main goal of the WTO is to establish cooperation between states
in the field of tourism, to promote the development of tourism, to protect peace,
progress and human rights, and to contribute to rapid economic growth.
One of the main events in the development of tourism was the adoption of
the Convention on the Protection of World Heritage Sites and Natural Heritage
by UNESCO in 1972. In 1994, the number of countries that became members of
the Convention exceeded 112. Uzbekistan was also admitted to this Convention.
This Convention lists 411 objects from 95 countries, 305 of which are historical
and cultural sites. These include historical monuments in Florence and Rome,
the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Red Square in Moscow, the Statue of Liberty in the
USA, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Eiffel Tower in
Paris, the Registan Square in Samarkand, the Ichan Kala in Khiva and many other
historically significant monuments that represent the progress of humanity.
The importance of the United Nations (UN) in the growth of the role of
international tourism has increased and, due to its rapid development, it has
paid great attention to this area. In 1963, the First UN Conference on Tourism
and Travel was held in Rome (Italy). The conference clarified such special
concepts in tourism as “Temporary Visitor”, “Tourist”, “Excursionist”. However,
to this day, there are different approaches to defining the concept of “Tourism”
in foreign scientific literature. These approaches can be combined into several
groups depending on various characteristics[7]:
tourism - a special form of movement of people to visit a specific object
in a certain direction or to satisfy their special interest and return to their
permanent place of residence;
tourism - the movement (change of location) of people, their absence
from their permanent place of residence and temporary stay at the object of
interest (on a trip);
tourism - a special form of development of the individual, carried out
through his socio-humanitarian function (educational, educational, health and
sports);
tourism - is considered as a mass form of recreation, leisure.
Tourism as a phenomenon is so ingrained in our consciousness that it does
not fit into traditional concepts. At the 1991 World Tourism Organization
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conference in Ottawa (Canada), the direction of requirements was chosen as a
concept and the definition was given as “Tourism - the activity of a person who
travels and stays in places outside his usual environment for recreation, work-
related and other purposes for a period of not more than one year”[8].
In another part of the scientific literature, the word tourism is expressed by
the Latin word “tournus”. In Latin, the original meaning of this word
corresponds to the meanings “to turn”, “to change one’s path”. The term tourism
refers to a journey made for a specific, significant purpose, with the condition of
returning to a place of residence, for a short or long period.
Among other things, the conference considered the unification of statistical
reports and their analysis, determining the prospects for tourism development,
and simplifying the formalities for the entry and exit of tourists at the borders.
If we draw a conclusion from the factors considered above, in our opinion,
we can say that “International tourism is an industry that establishes economic
ties between nation-states, develops international relations, generates income
for the population, provides employment, promotes innovations, and changes
the spiritual and social life of people on the basis of innovations”.
In the last decade of the 20th century, international tourism has become a
single infrastructure developing on the basis of the highest technologies. During
this period, the emergence of large international Transnational Companies
(TNCs), hotel chains, modern catering establishments, and large entertainment
infrastructure, which have a significant impact on the world economy, created
very favorable conditions for the development of international tourism.
In general, in the 90s of the 20th century, the development of the
international tourism market slowed down somewhat, and its growth rate
averaged around 4 percent. One of the factors affecting the development of
international tourism remains international terrorism and extremism.
Despite such negative factors, tourism is achieving a number of successes in
development. For example, in the 21st century, the development of space
tourism, taking tourists on trips in space, and at the same time developing new
tourist destinations, is becoming one of the main directions. The first in the
world to develop and successfully implement space tourism was Russian tour
operators in 2010. Currently, a number of programs have been launched in this
direction in leading countries of the world. They aim to develop interspace
tourism in the future.
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Table 1
Stages of formation and development of modern tourism
1
Stages
Brief information about the scope of work carried out
First stage -
1840-1914
The foundation stone for the development of international tourism was
laid by Thomas Cook. A scientific approach was taken to the organization
of international tourism. Travel companies emerged. The economic
significance of tourism was revealed. The use of improved means of
transport (railways and steamships) in tourism was introduced. Local,
interstate, and intercontinental tourist routes were developed and
implemented.
Second stage
-1920-1938
With the end of World War I, tourism began to recover, the construction
of private hotels (high-class), seaside resorts and resorts accelerated. The
system of tourist transport services (military aircraft were adapted to
transport civilians, automobile production was expanded, and the
development of sea transport entered a new stage) took on a new look.
Third stage -
1950-1970
After the end of World War II, international tourism began to recover.
Integration processes began to enter international tourism. The modern
computer reservation system - Computer Reservation System (CRS) was
founded. Airline reservation systems (American Airlines and United
Airlines) were created.
Fourth stage -
1970-1990
Information and communication technologies, global distribution systems
(GDS) have been widely introduced in tourism. Transnational
corporations (TNCs) have entered tourism (hotels, catering, transport).
Integration processes in tourism have entered a new stage of
development.
Fifth stage -
1990-2010
As a result of globalization processes, the concept of "Modern Tourism"
began to be used. The share of tourism in world GDP increased, export
potential increased, and a stable flow of investment was ensured.
Strategic alliances began to appear in tourism (in hotels, air transport).
The cluster method began to be used in tourism.
Sixth stage -
2010
to
present
Digital innovations and technologies are being introduced in tourism.
Space tourism is being offered to tourists.
Conclusion.
Even in the last decade, it has become evident that in some
countries special areas (regions) adapted for tourism are being created. The
main ones are being created in mountainous areas, on the sea coasts, in places
with beautiful nature. This leads to the expansion of the geography of
destinations and the improvement of infrastructure.
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