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GEOGRAPHY OF THE SPREAD OF VIRUS DISEASES IN UZBEKISTAN
AND NOSOGEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT WAYS TO IMPROVE
Khujamova S.B.
Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14326687
Abstract:
In this article, the geography of the spread of viral diseases and
ways to improve the nosogeographic environment are analyzed in detail, the
main factors of the spread of hepatitis from viral diseases, how they are related
to climate, geographical location, and human activity are considered. Viral
hepatitis and their spreading mechanisms, as well as environmental conditions
that play a role in the epidemic of diseases, are analyzed. The article also defines
important directions for the prevention and reduction of viral hepatitis diseases
based on modern scientific research.
Key words:
Viral diseases, distribution geography, nosogeographic
environment, epidemic, infectious diseases, health care.
The geography of the distribution of diseases in the world and the need to
protect public health is one of the most important aspects of global health issues,
the spread of diseases depends on many factors, including climate change affects
the spread of diseases, climate through changes in conditions, insects or
microorganisms that spread diseases enter new areas. The rapid development of
cities, population density and deterioration of sanitary conditions lead to the
spread of diseases. In urban areas, infectious diseases can spread faster.
Diseases can quickly move from one place to another due to population
migration and trade. In particular, pandemics (e.g., COVID-19) cause situations
of global spread. The conditions and area of providing medical services to the
population are also important, and diseases can develop faster in areas without
medical assistance.
According to the 2024 global hepatitis report of the World Health
Organization (WHO), the number of victims of this disease is constantly
increasing. Hepatitis is the second leading infectious disease killer in the world,
causing 1.3 million deaths per year, the same as tuberculosis, the leading
infectious disease killer. This report, presented at the World Hepatitis Summit,
highlights that despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment and cheaper
medical products, coverage of testing and treatment remains stagnant. But if
action is taken now, the WHO's goal of eliminating hepatitis by 2030 will be
achievable. New data from 187 countries shows that the estimated number of
deaths from viral hepatitis has increased from 1.1 million in 2019 to 1.3 million
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
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in 2022, with 83% of them caused by hepatitis B and 17% by hepatitis C.
Worldwide, 3,500 people die from hepatitis B and C every day [1]. Hepatitis is an
inflammation of the liver caused by viruses and other infections, alcohol and
certain drugs. This leads to a number of health problems, some of which can be
fatal. Worldwide, 90 percent of people living with viral hepatitis are unaware of
the disease, and 3,000 people die from the disease every day. The WHO Global
Hepatitis Strategy, endorsed by WHO member states, aims to reduce new
hepatitis infections by 90% and mortality by 65% between 2016 and 2030 [2].
According to WHO reports, children living in Central Asia are at high risk of
contracting hepatitis A. In Central Asia, the most common ways of contracting
this virus are poor hygiene and eating contaminated water or unprotected food,
especially fruits and vegetables. Other common factors contributing to the
spread of hepatitis A are migration, low levels of economic development, and
lack of access to clean drinking water. Hepatitis A is a viral infection that affects
the liver and is usually spread through contaminated water or food. The risk of
hepatitis A for children living in Central Asia depends on many factors, including
lack of hygiene, as well as lack of clean drinking water and sanitation, which can
lead to the spread of hepatitis A. A hepatitis A vaccine is available, but
distribution and uptake varies by region. The risk of infection may be higher in
areas with low vaccination rates. Food storage and preparation conditions can
also increase the risk of illness [5]. To combat this problem, measures such as
strengthening the health system, implementation of vaccination programs and
promotion of hygiene rules are being taken by countries and international
organizations.
In Uzbekistan, hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) is widespread in various
forms, especially hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis is a problem that seriously
threatens health in Uzbekistan, and several factors influence its spread [3, 4].
When analyzing the geography of the spread of hepatitis, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
- The spread of viral hepatitis diseases is directly related to carelessness in
sanitation, quality of medical services, drinking water supply and medical
practices. These factors create favorable conditions for disease transmission,
especially in rural areas. Even if medical services are well developed in big cities,
poor sanitary and hygienic conditions in rural areas and lack of qualified medical
care lead to widespread spread of viral hepatitis diseases. Kashkadarya,
Surkhandarya, Samarkand and Syrdarya regions are the leaders in terms of the
number of people infected with these diseases (2022).
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- The main way of spreading hepatitis A virus is through water and food.
This disease is most common in areas with poor water supply or sanitation. In
Uzbekistan, hepatitis A is more common in rural areas, in areas with poor
quality drinking water or poor sanitation. The prevalence of the disease is
especially high in regions such as Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, Syrdarya regions
and Tashkent city.
- The spread of hepatitis B virus is carried out mainly through blood,
including many times through incompletely sterilized instruments, sexually, and
also can be passed from mother to newborn babies. In Uzbekistan, the high level
of hepatitis B prevalence is observed in all regions, the number of people
suffering from this disease is the majority in Kashkadarya, Bukhara and
Syrdarya regions. Although medical services are developed in some urban
centers (Tashkent, Samarkand), the prevalence of this disease is high in rural
areas.
In Uzbekistan, hepatitis diseases are spread to different degrees in different
regions. In general, the spread of hepatitis mainly depends on the sanitary and
epidemiological conditions, the quality of medical services and the level of
people's knowledge about health [3]. In order to prevent the disease,
immunization, improvement of sanitary and hygienic conditions, as well as
medical examinations and diagnoses should be carried out effectively. The
spread of hepatitis in Uzbekistan depends on many factors. Sanitary-
epidemiological conditions, including drinking water supply, sewage systems,
and compliance with general hygiene rules affect the spread of hepatitis viruses.
Also, the quality of medical services is important. Non-observance of sanitary
standards in medical institutions or incorrect use of medical equipment can
increase the risk of transmission of hepatitis viruses [6, 7]. The level of
education of the population about health care also plays an important role. It is
necessary for the population to have information on leading a healthy lifestyle
and prevention of hepatitis. Therefore, preventive measures, promotion of a
healthy lifestyle and public awareness are very important. Vaccination programs
to prevent hepatitis are also appropriate. Hepatitis vaccination programs are
being implemented in Uzbekistan, which will help reduce the spread.
Renovation of medical facilities, training of qualified personnel and
expansion of health services to improve the nosogeographical environment in
general; inform the population about viral diseases, educate them on ways to
prevent them, and promote a healthy lifestyle among the population using mass
media; study personal hygiene rules and encourage those who follow them
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
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International scientific-online conference
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(especially food safety) [8]; use of modern technologies (management systems,
mobile applications) in virus detection and monitoring; to pay attention to
ecological stability, to protect the soil, water and air from pollution, in order not
to harm nature; it is desirable to cooperate with international organizations in
the fight against viral diseases, to support the production of vaccines and to
increase their use. Through these ways, it will be possible to reduce the spread
of viral diseases and improve public health.
References:
1. Трансмиссивные болезни. https://www.who.int/ru/news/item/09-04-
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