THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
46
THE ROLE OF MUKHAMMAD RAKHIMOKHAN II (FERUZ) IN THE
KHORAZM MIGHTY MOVEMENT
Ismailov Tokhirjon Khushnudbek ugli
Independent researcher of Urganch State Pedagogical Institute
E-mail: ismailovtohir4349@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13790121
Abstract:
This thesis examines the influence of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan
II on the formation of the Jadidist movement in Khorezm. In the second half of
the 19
th
century, Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II, the ruler of the Khanate of Khiva,
took an active part not only in state administration, but also in cultural and
educational reforms. His attention to science, literature and culture laid the
foundation for the emergence and spread of modernist ideas in society. The
article analyzes the historical conditions of the development of the Jadidist
movement and the policy of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II in this regard.
Historical sources and scientific literature were used during the research.
Key words:
Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II, Jadidist movement, Khorezm,
Khiva Khanate, cultural reforms, enlightenment, historical conditions.
Introduction:
The second half of the 19
th
century is distinguished as a period of rapid
development of cultural and educational reforms in Central Asia. Khorezm, with
its rich cultural heritage and historical traditions, became one of the important
centers during this period. The ruler of the Khanate of Khiva, Mukhammad
Rakhim Khan II (
Feruz
), along with strengthening the state administration, made
a great contribution to the emergence and development of the ideas of
enlightenment and modernism in the society.
The Jadidism movement aimed to promote new ideas and ideas aimed at
the development of enlightenment, education and culture in Muslim societies at
that time. The formation and development of this movement in Khorezm is
largely related to the reforms of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II. During his reign,
he paid attention to culture, science and literature and helped to establish
modern educational institutions and libraries. Therefore, studying the political
and cultural activities of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II is important for
understanding the formation process of the Jadidist movement in Khorezm.
The social, economic and cultural changes that took place in the Khiva
Khanate in the second half of the 19th century laid the groundwork for the
emergence of the Jadidist movement. During the reign of Mukhammad Rakhim
Khan II (
Feruz
), interest in education, culture and science increased in the
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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country. He was one of the leading state leaders of his time and took an active
part in both areas - state administration and cultural and educational reforms.
This situation was an important factor in the formation of the Jadidist movement
in Khorezm.
Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II, first of all, during his reign, attached great
importance to the strengthening of the state. He introduced administrative and
economic reforms to ensure fair governance. At the same time, he paid attention
to culture and literature, and through his poems written under the pseudonym
Feruz, he preached to his contemporaries the pursuit of enlightenment and
knowledge. Khan gathered advanced intellectuals and enlighteners around him
and contributed to the formation of a scientific and cultural environment in
Khiva.
In order to support cultural and educational reforms in the country,
Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II paid great attention to the opening of new schools
and madrasahs, and the establishment of libraries. He was especially in favor of
introducing a new teaching system. This helped to spread the ideas of
modernism in the society. In the schools and madrasas opened during the reign
of Rakhim Khan II, not only religious sciences, but also secular sciences began to
be taught. This new educational system was one of the main principles of the
modernist movement and encouraged the development of science and
enlightenment in society.
In the preparation of the article, archival documents, historical sources and
written monuments of the time of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II were used.
Research works and monographs on the history of the Jadidist movement in
Khorezm were also addressed. These materials allow a more complete study of
the activities of Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II in the field of education, culture
and enlightenment. On this basis, the khan's contribution to the formation of the
Jadidist movement in Khorezm was analyzed.
During the discussion, it was found that the reforms and initiatives
implemented by Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II during his time had a positive
impact on the development of Jadidism ideas. The success of this movement, in
turn, accelerated the formation of new enlightened values in Khorezm and the
processes of renewal in various spheres of social life. Thus, the cultural and
educational reforms of Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II played an important role in
increasing the intellectual potential of the society and directing the people
towards knowledge and enlightenment. His initiatives increased the interest in
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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modern knowledge in the society, created the ground for the emergence of
enlightenment and new thinking.
The main reforms of Feruz in the field of education were related to:
1. Establishment of new-style schools: During his reign, Mukhammad
Rakhim Khan II paid great attention to the establishment of new-style schools
along with traditional religious schools. As an example, "
Feruz Khan was also a
devotee of education who built a 2-story madrasa named after him in front of the
Old Arch of Khiva in 1871
" [9, p. 122]. These schools were one of the main
principles of the Jadidist movement, and secular sciences were taught in them
along with religious knowledge. The teaching of arithmetic, geography, history,
natural science and other worldly sciences in schools of the new method formed
new knowledge and views in the society. This became the foundation for
scientific and technical development and social changes in the future.
2. Development of libraries and scientific and educational environment:
During the reign of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II, the establishment of libraries
and attention to science was another important reform in the field of education.
He created a large library in his palace, where he collected books not only on
religious, but also on secular sciences. A scientific and educational environment
was formed around the scientists and educators who worked in this library,
which contributed to the development of new approaches in the field of
education.
3. Training of teachers: Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II focused on training
teachers with modern knowledge to teach in schools of the new method.
According to him, it was necessary not to be limited to traditional religious
education, but to teach and promote modern sciences. For this purpose, he sent
some teachers to other regions, including Bukhara and Samarkand, and made it
possible for them to acquire modern knowledge.
4. Popularization of education: Feruz's reforms in the field of education
were not limited to the upper classes but to the general public. The schools
established on his initiative were open to everyone, which served to increase the
level of literacy and develop the intellectual potential of society. At the same
time, science and culture in Khorezm were encouraged to reach a new level by
popularizing education.
5. Encouraging education through poetry and literature: Mukhammad
Rakhimkhan II created under his pseudonym "Feruz" and tried to arouse
interest in science and enlightenment in the society through poetry. His poems
reflect the importance of education and enlightenment, encouraging the people
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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to strive for knowledge and appreciate it. This served to change the attitude of
the people towards science and education in a positive direction.
Feruz Khan's progress in education continued even after the Russian
invasion in 1873. Especially the jaded schools of Ismail Gaspirali, which started
in Crimea, after learning about the teaching system in them, he expressed his
desire to establish these educational institutions in Khorezm [9, p. 122].
As a result of Feruz's reforms in the field of education, a favorable
environment was created for the formation and development of the Jadidist
movement in Khorezm. His activities in this regard had a positive effect on the
spread of enlightenment ideas in other regions of Central Asia at that time.
Therefore, the educational reforms of Mohammad Rakhim Khan II made a great
contribution to the educational and cultural development not only of Khorezm,
but also of the entire region.
Literature analysis (review):
Scientific studies on the role of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II (Feruz) in the
emergence of the Jadidist movement in Khorezm are rich and diverse from the
point of view of historiography and literary studies. On the basis of the research
conducted on this topic, the formation of the Jadidism movement, its social,
political and cultural factors, as well as the activities of Mukhammad Rakhim
Khan II were deeply analyzed.
Initially, when historians of Uzbekistan studied the socio-political history of
Khorezm in the 19th century, Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II's attitude and
influence on the Jadidist movement was particularly noteworthy. Sh. In the
works of researchers such as Shomukhamedov[10], S. Niyazov[7], the beginning
process of the modernist movement in Khorezm and the influence of socio-
political conditions on its development were studied. In their works, it is
emphasized that the reforms of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II as a ruler,
especially his approach to culture and enlightenment, created a foundation for
the emergence of new ideas and views in society.
In the works of scientists such as N. Torakulov[5], Kh. Bobojonov[3], based
on the research of historical sources and documents, the changes made in the
field of education during the time of Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II were analyzed
in detail. They studied the khan's attention to opening new method schools, his
motivation to teach secular subjects in these schools, and shed light on his
influence on the Jadidist movement. Especially in these sources, it is shown that
Feruz's policy aimed at supporting science and enlightenment, served the
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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intellectual development of the society. In this respect, researchers describe
Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II as a progressive thinking statesman of his time.
Within the framework of literary studies, it has been written that the
personal literary heritage of Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II, especially his poems
written under the pseudonym "Feruz", were of great importance in the
formation of Jadidism ideas. In the scientific articles of scientists such as A.
Akhmedov[1], S. Azizov[2], Feruz's poetic work, topics aimed at raising
enlightenment and moral values were analyzed. According to them,
Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II called the people to strive for knowledge, culture
and innovation through his poems and literary work. These scientific works
prove that Feruz created a spiritual ground for the Jadidism movement.
There are also scientific studies on the historical development of the
Jadidism movement in Khorezm, the intellectuals who supported it, and the
impact of this movement on the education system of the country. For example, in
the researches of M. Olimov[6], H. Ibragimov[4], the reforms of Mukhammad
Rakhimkhan II in the field of culture and education and the impact of these
reforms on the social development of Khorezm are highlighted. They think that
as a result of the khan's initiatives, secular sciences were taught in new schools
and madrasas along with religious sciences, which encouraged a new way of
thinking in society.
In general, the analysis of the literature shows that the activities and
reforms of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II are considered an important factor in
the emergence of the Jadidist movement in Khorezm. Researches dedicated to
him introduce Mukhammad Rakhimkhan II with his actions and reforms in the
field of culture and education, describing him as an advanced representative of
modernist ideas. On the basis of these scientific works, the influence of
Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II on the formation and development of the Jadidism
movement in Khorezm is sufficiently covered, and the research conducted in this
regard provides the scientific justification of the topic.
Conclusion:
The role and influence of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II (Feruz) in the
formation of the Jadidist movement in Khorezm becomes clearer through a
deeper analysis of historical processes. In the second half of the 19th century,
the Khanate of Khiva aspired to social, cultural and educational changes and
showed openness to new thoughts and ideas. These changes were largely the
result of the educational activities and reforms of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II.
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The results show that Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II implemented a number
of reforms aimed at the development of culture and education in the country
during his reign. He created important conditions for the Jadidism movement in
Khorezm, paying attention to the opening of new method schools, the
establishment of modern libraries, and the introduction of the system of
teaching secular sciences. The introduction of a new method of education, which
is one of the main principles of this movement, served to form a new generation
of intellectuals in Khorezm.
The analysis of the literature shows that Feruz's educational activity was
closely related to his personal literary work and the new values he brought to
the society. Through his poems and literary work, he called the society to
knowledge and encouraged the people to think in a new way. At the same time,
Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II, as a forward-thinking statesman of his time,
carried out political administration and cultural-educational reforms
harmoniously, paving the way for the successful development of the Jadidism
movement.
In short, the reforms and initiatives of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II were of
great importance in the formation and development of the Jadidist movement in
Khorezm. He paved the way for the introduction of new methods and ideas in
the spheres of culture and education, and made a great contribution to the
formation of a new outlook in society. Feruz's work in this regard created a
unique period in the development of science, culture and social development in
Khorezm. Therefore, the role and legacy of Mukhammad Rakhim Khan II in the
emergence of the Jadidist movement in Khorezm is still a subject worthy of deep
scientific study.
References:
1. Ahmedov, A. "Uzbekistan's revolutionary movement: historical conditions and
development factors." - Tashkent: National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan, 2000.
2. Azizov, S. "Literary heritage of the ancients." - Tashkent: Literature and Art
Publishing House, 2014.
3. Bobojonov, H. "History of Khiva Khanate." - Tashkent: Science publishing
house, 2005.
4. Ibragimov, H. "Enlighteners of Uzbekistan." - Tashkent: New century
generation, 2003.
5. Torakulov, N. "The Khanate of Khiva and the Jadidism movement." - Tashkent:
Science and Technology, 2015.
6. Olimov, M. "Jadidist movement in Central Asia and its socio-political
significance." - Tashkent: Sharq, 1999.
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PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
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7. Niyazov, S. "Modernization and educational reforms." - Tashkent: Spirituality,
2012.
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