THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PROPERLY SELECTED METHODS
AND TECHNIQUES IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE PROPAGANDA
SYSTEM
R.R.Rustamov
Karshi Institute of Engineering Economics, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in
Philosophy, Associate Professor.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14233382
РЕЗЮМЕ
Мақолада замонавий тарғибот системаларининг ўзига хос
хусусиятлари таҳлил қилинади ва уларнинг таркиби, асосий вазифалари
аниқлаб берилади. Муаллифнинг фикрига кўра, бугунги кунга келиб, улар
геополитик мақсадларга хизмат қиладиган механизмга айландилар.
РЕЗЮМЕ
В статье проанализирована специфика современных систем
адвокатуры, определены их структура, основные функции. По словам
автора, они и по сей день превратились в механизм, служащий
геополитическим целям.
SUMMARY
The article analyzes the specifics of modern advocacy systems and
identifies their structure, main functions. According to the author, to this day,
they have become a mechanism that serves geopolitical purposes.
Таянч сўзлар:
тарғибот, замонавий тарғибот системалари, тарғибот
субъекти, молиявий асослари, тарғибот вазифалари
Keywords: propaganda, modern advocacy systems, subject of propaganda,
financial bases, propaganda tasks
Ключевые слова
: пропаганда, современные системы защиты,
предмет пропаганды, финансовые основы, пропагандистские задачи
The pace of economic development is declining in regions where the
interests of geopolitical blocs collide, the social situation is deteriorating, and
people's living conditions are worsening. Over the past eight years, such a
situation has been observed in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq,
Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan, Ukraine, Moldova, and other countries. Ensuring
the real independence of countries and protecting it from falling under the
influence of geopolitical powers has become a strategic task for all states.
The disruption of the balance between geopolitical forces is always caused by a
social event that has a global impact. In our time, such a process is represented
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by the global financial and economic crisis that began in the United States in
2008 and subsequently affected countries around the world.
In general, social crises have occurred many times throughout human history.
According to Professor F. Kening of Oxford University, the first social crisis
occurred in the year 88 BC in the Roman Empire." "As we entered the new
century, the nature of all types of propaganda changed fundamentally. Its social
significance increased, its goals took on a new content, its application scope
expanded, and it became a powerful tool used on a global scale by various social
groups and political forces to achieve their objectives. This did not happen
spontaneously, of course. Changes in the propaganda system occurred under the
influence of several social processes, trends, and factors. Among these, the
geopolitical competition that sharply escalated by the early 21st century became
a decisive factor. Therefore, to identify the changes in the propaganda system, it
is necessary to analyze it in the context of geopolitical competition at the
beginning of the 21st century. For this purpose, it is essential to study the
reasons that led to the intensification of competition among geopolitical powers
and its consequences.
When referring to geopolitical powers, we mean centers of power that attempt
to influence global processes, steer them towards their interests, and enhance
their positions in various regions. Such powers have existed throughout all
periods of human social development. From this perspective, the history of
humanity can be viewed as a continuous process of the successive replacement
of geopolitical periods dominated by various geopolitical forces. For instance, in
the ancient world, Rome and Carthage emerged as geopolitical powers, while in
the Middle Ages, powerful empires that arose in the East and West took their
place. In the modern era, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands, and later
England, France, and Sweden, became part of such powers. By the 20th century,
the unification of geopolitical powers into blocks became common. For example,
at the beginning of the century, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy united into
the Triple Alliance, forming a powerful geopolitical block, while the Entente,
consisting of France, England, and Russia, emerged as a rival geopolitical block.
On the eve of World War II, Germany and its allies formed one geopolitical block,
while the USSR, the USA, England, and their allies formed a second geopolitical
block. After World War II, a period known as the "bipolar world" lasted for
nearly half a century. This period was marked by the geopolitical rivalry
between the USSR and the USA.
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In all periods, geopolitical powers have aimed to "divide the world," clearly
delineate the regions under their influence, and promote their own development
models and value systems in various regions. The spheres of influence of
geopolitical powers and the fundamental rules of their interactions have been
recorded in various documents. For instance, the relations between geopolitical
powers and the rules of their interactions were noted at the Congress of Vienna
in 1814-1815, the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, and the Potsdam Agreement in
1945. However, each time these documents were violated by the will of one of
the parties, ultimately leading to the disruption of the geopolitical balance in the
world.
In the second half of the 20th century, the geopolitical situation in the world
changed again. The establishment of the European Union, the collapse of the
USSR, changes in the character of social development in China, and a number of
similar events led to the emergence of a new configuration of geopolitical
powers. Today, the activities of three main geopolitical blocks are becoming
increasingly prominent:
a) The USA and Great Britain;
b) The European Union;
c) The Russia-China alliance.
Additionally, it should be noted that in recent years, leading countries in Latin
America and states referred to as "Asian Tigers" are also emerging as
independent geopolitical powers.
The main objectives of these geopolitical powers continue to be: a) to
change global processes in accordance with their interests and to create
favorable situations; b) to keep the socio-economic development of other
geopolitical powers under control.1 "Experts mention nearly ten crises that
emerged in the 20th century. For example, the socio-economic crisis that
occurred in developed countries of Europe from 1900 to 1903 led to a sharp
decline in production levels. The crisis known as the 'Great Depression' began in
the United States in 1929, lasted for a decade, and gradually had a negative
impact on the industries of Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and France. In
Russia, the crisis that arose in 1923 due to the imbalance between the prices of
industrial and agricultural products ended with severe consequences.
Additionally, the oil crisis of 1973, the Asian stock market crisis of 1997-1998,
and similar events had a serious impact on the pace of social development.
However, among them, the global financial and economic crisis that began in
2008 and whose effects are still not fully eliminated in some countries and
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sectors has been particularly significant in terms of its scale, social, economic,
and political consequences.
'Today,' said I. Karimov during the initial phase of the financial and economic
crisis, 'the world economy is experiencing the most difficult period in its
development over the last decade. The world has faced a financial and economic
crisis that has affected almost all countries for the first time.'’1
Experts indicate various reasons for this crisis. Naturally, the financial and
economic crisis arose under the influence of a number of social, economic,
political, and spiritual-cultural factors. Among these, it is particularly important
to highlight the deepening consumer mentality among U.S. citizens.
The emergence of this consumer mentality is related to the social processes
that occurred in European countries in the second half of the 19th century.
During this period, the rising dissatisfaction among the population and the
decline in the standard of living of citizens not only led to a change in the ruling
circles but also caused a transformation in the social hierarchy. The U.S.
government, along with large companies and corporate owners, drew relevant
conclusions from these processes. They began to pay special attention to
meeting the daily needs of citizens and providing them with essential consumer
goods. The emergence of such an industry served, on one hand, to ensure
stability in the country, and on the other hand, it also increased the revenues of
companies. As a result, by the beginning of the 20th century, products that had
previously only been available to a select few became everyday consumer goods.
Additionally, in Western Europe and the U.S., doctrines that justified and
glorified people's hedonistic aspirations and consumer mentality also
developed. The transformation of goal-oriented activities into a life strategy,
evaluating intelligence as a value that implements tactics for achieving success,
the pursuit of methods that allow for the resolution of problematic situations
and adaptation to social conditions rather than identifying the foundations of
existence, understanding reality as a relative concept subject to specific
interests, using a rational ethics that serves to improve one's social status, and
recognizing individual needs and interests as primary values.
Doctrines such as instrumentalism, operationalism, pragmatism, and positivism
(later neopositivism and post-positivism) have provided a foundation for
justifying humanity's consumerist relationship with the world, creating a basis
for the deep roots of consumer mentality. Consumerism has become the main
criterion defining the lifestyle in the Western world.
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The formation of the consumer goods industry and the widespread promotion of
consumer psychology have accustomed Western individuals to adopt a
consumerist attitude towards everything. Even the mismatch between product
prices and personal material and financial capabilities could not deter them
from consumerism—this situation gave rise to a myriad of credit systems to
assist them. Housing, automobiles, luxury goods, appliances, and technical
devices became items that were purchased on credit.
Citizens began to evaluate and satisfy their housing needs from the perspective
of consumer quality. In situations where individuals had limited financial means,
the demand to meet these needs through mortgage loans increasingly grew. In
response, the U.S. Federal Reserve System offered over 500 new forms of credit
to consumers from 2000 to 2008, lowered the credit score requirements from
800 to 500, and even allowed 14-year-old boys and girls to obtain loans. Such
support for housing demand created a continuous rise in prices in the housing
market. For example, in Boston, the cost of housing per square meter was $3,000
in 2002, but by 2005 it had surged to $10,000. At the same time, construction
companies were also adequately funded by bank loans. Ultimately, by 2008, a
situation emerged in the housing market where supply exceeded demand.
Following the 'domino' principle, this led to defaults on funds in banks, a decline
in liquidity levels, bank bankruptcies, the onset of a nationwide financial crisis,
and the transition of the crisis from the financial sector to the economy as a
whole. Within six months, the U.S. financial and economic crisis spread to other
countries and took on a global character.1
The crisis led to dire consequences. All major banks, along with investment
banks, halted any lending. This did not save many large banks from disaster: one
by one, these financial institutions began to declare themselves bankrupt. Soon,
the crisis transitioned from the financial sector to the economy. The sharp
decline in the amount of credit allocated for production and consumer goods
negatively impacted many giants. For instance, the cessation of loans for
purchasing vehicles led to a significant reduction in production volumes at auto
giants like Opel and Ford. The financial crisis also affected the traditional energy
sources market: the price of oil on the global market fell from $147 per barrel to
$40.
Most notably, the financial-economic crisis created a foundation for the
decline of global economic indicators. For example, global trade contracted by
10% in 2008-2009. A decrease in gross national income was observed in all
developed countries. Admittedly, the situation seemed to improve somewhat in
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2011; however, the economic recession that began in the fall of that year led to a
prolonged negative dynamic.
The crisis resulted in a decline in economic indicators in both developed
and developing countries, followed by a rise in social problems. Even in
developed countries such as the U.S., Germany, England, Italy, France, Japan, and
Canada, the real incomes of citizens began to decrease as a result of the crisis.
Many social programs were temporarily halted, citizens’ dissatisfaction with the
existing situation grew, and the unemployment rate increased. In developing
countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the situation became
unprecedentedly severe.
In such a situation, among developed countries, there was a growing
sentiment to leverage the existing economic, financial, and especially energy
resources for their own interests to escape the consequences of the crisis, and to
attempt to alter the global situation in line with their own interests. This
fundamentally changed the balance of power in the geopolitical arena and the
competition between geopolitical blocs. Today, this competition encompasses all
areas of social life. Interestingly, geopolitical powers are not only limited to
realizing their interests but are also striving to justify them with modern
propaganda factors and means.
In conclusion, the financial-economic crisis that emerged in 2008
significantly intensified the mutual competition between various geopolitical
blocs. Geopolitical powers, whose fundamental goals consist of gaining global
leadership and altering global processes in a way that aligns with their interests,
have begun to view propaganda as a tool for achieving geopolitical objectives in
the new century. For instance, in economic competition, propaganda has become
a means of justifying the positions of geopolitical powers on the global economic
stage; in political competition, it serves as a factor that integrates their state
symbols, forms, and political regimes; in social competition, it acts as a channel
for promoting desirable lifestyles; and in ideological competition, it transforms
into a powerful means of disseminating the ideas, doctrines, traditions, and
values they are interested in.
References:
1. Grinin L.E. "On the History of Economic Crises." - Philosophy and Society,
2009, No. 1.
2. Karimov I.A. "On the Global Financial and Economic Crisis, and Measures and
Ways to Overcome It in the Conditions of Uzbekistan." Presentation to
participants of the international scientific and practical conference. In: "Ensuring
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
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the Gradual and Sustainable Development of Our Homeland is Our Supreme
Goal." Vol. 17. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 2010.
3. Khudoyberdiev D. "The Psychology of Consumerism: The History of Its
Formation." - Reports of QarDU, 2017, No. 1. - p. 91.
4. Choriyev S.I. "Interpretation of Contemporary Geopolitical Goals in the Works
of Karimov." - Lessons from Islam Karimov. - Qarshi: QarDU, 2017.
