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PUBLISHED DATE: - 10-06-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/Volume06Issue06-02
PAGE NO.: - 7-10
EVOLUTION OF SAZ SOILS OF CENTRAL
FERGHANA GRASSLAND
U.B.Mirzaev
Researcher, Fergana state university, Uzbekistan
Z.Azimov
Researcher, Fergana state university, Uzbekistan
A.Tojimatov
Researcher, Fergana state university, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
The soils of the Central Fergana desert, developed
in the 1930s-1950s, have undergone significant
changes under the direct influence of the human
factor, and their morphogenetic structure, as well
as other properties, have acquired a unique
appearance compared to their appearance. It was
formed during the stagnant period.
In the studies on the genesis and gradual
development of soils formed in the area during the
past time, it was noted that these soils are formed
and developed under the influence of specific
factors [2,83-110 b, 4, 77 b]. Now, an approach with
sufficient emphasis on the leading influence of the
anthropogenic factor in the changes in the cross-
section of soils may allow to further illuminate the
process of their gradual development.
METHODS
The object of the research is the meadow saz soils
formed in Central Fergana. The method of placing
the soil sections along the geochemical-geographic
section was used in the field research. “Methodical
recommendations”
of the Institute of Soil Science
named after V.V. Dokuchaev [3] were also used.
RESULTS
The change in ecological conditions changes the
geochemical properties of the soil, thereby shifting
it to the stage of gradual development [5, 34-37p],
and as a result, the genetic layers in the soil section,
its natural properties and characteristics begin to
change and lead to an increase in the level of
natural fertility. The gradual development of soils
is understood as the change of already developed
full-profile soils in connection with the evolution of
the entire natural environment. In this case, one
genetic type or type of soil can pass to another
genetic type or type. In the soil profile, features
characteristic of the previous stage of soil
formation gradually fade or transform, and new
features are formed corresponding to the new
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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stage of soil formation.
The irrigated soils of Central Fergana, selected for
the study of changes in the genetic layers of soils,
are mainly rich meadow saz soils, which were
developed after the 1930s and 1950s, separated at
the type level. This section of soils differs from the
section of meadow saz soils in the region by the
formation of specific layers, gypsum, arzic, chalky,
gypsum-rich, and arzyc-rich layers.
At the end of the 70s of the last century, protected
arable soils were located in the north-western
parts of the Isfayram-Shahimardonsoy contiguous
spreading cones and in small areas within the
irrigated lands of the lake-proluvial plain and in
salt marsh complexes of sandy valleys (2, 83-110
p). At present, almost all areas with rich soils have
been brought under irrigation farming. The eco-
ameliorative state and structure of the soil cross-
section of the reclaimed rich soil lands in the study
area varied widely depending on the length of the
irrigation period, the complex of applied
meliorative measures, the intensity of farming, etc.
According to the researches of M.A. Pankov [2, 84-
85 p] in 1949, the lower regions of the cone spread
and its flanks, as well as the lake-proluvial plain,
meadow scarp, swamp scarp, soft and rough scarp
and sand complexes . Soft sedges, like all other
sedges, are characterized by a soil cross section
that is not stratified into genetic strata. The
uppermost layer of the section is a soft, soft salt
layer, its thickness is 1-10 cm and more. This layer
consists
of
small
crystals
of
Na2SO4,
Na2SO4∙10H2O salts mixed with the soil mass.
Beneath the soft layer lie unstratified deposits. In
their section, a large amount of salt accumulations
in the form of spots, thin veins, salt separations in
the form of crystals of different sizes, and
sometimes druses and insect nests and veins
formed by the adhesion of gypsum crystals to each
other are clearly expressed. Often there are signs of
waterlogging in the form of yellow, rust and brown-
blue spots along the section. These soils usually
belong to the hydromorphic group, being strongly
plastered under the soft layer.
Humus staining of the upper layers is poorly
expressed. Soft salt marshes are found in the form
of spots in the fields near the cultural oases, among
the saline meadow soils, and in the lands where the
mineralized seepage waters are located close to the
earth’s surface. They are more widespread along
the outer border of the Margilan oasis, that is, the
desert part, than in other cone-shaped areas of the
valley.
Coarse-soft salt marshes occupied higher areas
with deeper seepage waters. The morphology of
dense-soft cones is distinguished by the following
characteristics: on the surface of the soil there is an
uneven, rough, brittle, 1-5 cm thick, spongy porous,
light brown layer. Lime, gypsum, and sodium
chloride salt are the majority of the aggregate. A
layer consisting of small crystals of Na2SO4-
predominant salts, mixed with soft, fine soil rock of
a light color or oozing color, with a thickness of 1-2
cm to 15-30 cm lies under the thicket. Beneath the
soft layer is a salty crust that adheres tightly to the
soil.
At the base of the salt layers, the gypsum bedrocks,
which are completely undifferentiated into genetic
layers, begin. From the top of the section, the
bedrock has rust and bluish stains, which increase
in quantity downwards. The amount and
distribution of new saline wounds depends on the
mechanical composition, the water properties of
the subsoil and the regime of seepage. A large
amount of salts, often accumulated at the junction
of layers with different mechanical composition,
broken capillary paths.
In the researches, they were analyzed as simple
slags, paying attention to the amount of gypsum
and carbonates in the sections of the separated
soils. Later, highly saline soils and salt marshes
with a large amount of gypsum and carbonate
layers in the cross-section were separated as a
separate type - the type of salt marshes. However,
in the beginning of the 80s of the 20th century, they
were preserved in the form of spots in small areas
within the reclaimed soil [1,42-83 p]. Along with
them, there was a lot of land that was prepared for
development and was in preparation for
reclamation, as well as abandoned due to the
ineffectiveness of the efforts made for
development. These soils are characterized by
heavy mechanical composition throughout the
cross section, strong salinity, gypsum and
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carbonation, and a very dense joint.
The above-described soft, soft-soft, and hard
sorghums and their rich analogues are of scientific-
historical importance in the study of past and
ongoing evolutionary processes in these soils,
because at present these soils are not found in the
Central Fergana region without reserve, the areas
where they are spread are used for irrigated
agriculture.
Only
irrigation
and
other
anthropogenic activities have had different effects
on the morphology and other properties of fertile
soils.
It has been 50-70 years since the exploitation of
fertile soils began, and 35-40 years since its
completion. As part of the above-mentioned
influence of the anthropogenic factor, depending
on the length of the development period, as well as
the applied system of activities, the soil section
underwent extensive changes.
The rate of change has now slowed down, and is
now undergoing irrigation-induced changes that
are more rapid than those in reserve soils, but
slower than those in the early stages of
development. The scale of changes over the next
30-40 years is reflected in changes in the shape of
some components in the cross-sectional structure,
their quantitative changes along the cross-
sectional layers, and again in the chemical
composition of the soil.
In particular, as a result of the research, a strong
complexity appeared in the soils, depending on the
thickness of the soil layer and the depth of the
gypsum layer. It was mentioned above that the
reason for this is land leveling. The effect of
watering on plaster forms is clearly expressed.
Gypsum layer consisting of fine and small crystals
of gypsum and their derivatives (gypsum can also
be amorphous), usually located near the earth’s
surface. The size of the crystals increases in the
deep layers of the section, they enter rhombic,
rhombohedral and coin-shaped forms. In gypsum
layers, the phenomenon of suffosis, which indicates
the washing of gypsum, is clearly expressed. This
phenomenon may increase over time.
A fine crystalline gypsum layer naturally contains a
lot of gypsum and is white in color. During the
irrigation process, irrigation water moving from
top to bottom drains the mass of fine-grained soil
from the arable layer into the gypsum layer and
deposits them in the spaces between the gypsum
crystals. From the gypsum layer, it partially melts
the gypsum crystals and washes the small crystals
down. The longer the duration of irrigation, the
more clearly the result of this process will appear.
As a result of these processes, the white gypsum
layer has turned into a mixed layer of fine rock-
gypsum clay-soil with a cloudy gray color.
The arable layer of soils has become homogeneous
under the influence of irrigation, cultivation and
other activities. Gypsum and arzic wounds were
partially washed away, the remaining crystals
became smaller in size, mixed with the soil and
became indistinguishable. The amount of organic
residue has also increased. As a result, the roots
penetrated into the subsoil layer. They are more
abundant in the upper part of the layer and sharply
decrease towards the bottom. There are small
roots in the cracks between the pieces of the
structure. In this layer, the phenomenon of leaching
of salts is more strongly expressed. Cavities,
waterways and funnels are found in the area,
formed by the washing of gypsum. They are filled
with loose soil mass. Plant roots are well developed
in them. In the lower layers of the sections, the
results of the suffocation processes can also be
observed, but they are weakly expressed and not
everywhere.
CONCLUSION
According to the above, in the course of changes in
the soil of the research object, the anthropogenic
factor activates a stagnant period in the gradual
development of the soil, and actively changes other
factors (parent rock, relief, flora and fauna)
without being able to show the effect on some
factors of soil formation and development (climate,
age of the country). it acquires its uniqueness by
appearing as a controlling factor. Now, the
movement of this factor in the right directions can
serve as a solution to all issues related to soil in the
region.
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