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PUBLISHED DATE: - 16-09-2024
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume06Issue09-03
PAGE NO.: - 12-16
ANGREN SECONDARY KAOLINITE CLAYS IN
THE PRODUCTION OF ALUMINOSILICATE
PROPPANTS
Bayraeva Nasiba Ashurbayevna
PhD student, Institute of General and Inorganic, Chemistry of Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Khomidov Fakhriddin Gafurovich
PhD, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of
the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Adizov Bobirjon Zamirovich
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Prof. Institute of General and Inorganic,
Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Proppant is a granular, wedging material used in
the oil industry to improve the efficiency of wells
using hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology. It
serves to maintain the permeability of cracks
obtained during HF. It is granules of similar size,
with a typical diameter of 0.25 to 2.5 mm [1, 2].
The physical characteristics of proppants that
affect fracture conductivity include parameters
such as strength, size and shape of granules,
particle size distribution, presence of impurities,
solubility in acids, and density [3].
Ordinary quartz sand, artificially synthesized on
the basis of the mineral bauxite and obtained on the
basis of aluminosilicate compounds, is used as
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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proppants [4].
Recently, proppants have been synthesized based
on various natural raw materials and waste [5].
Among them, proppants synthesized based on
kaolin raw materials are characterized by a density
close to ordinary quartz sand, higher strength
compared to sand and cheaper than proppants
obtained based on bauxite.
Taking this into account, this article studies the
physicochemical and technological properties of
Angren secondary kaolin and kaolinite clays in
order to determine the possibility of their use for
obtaining aluminosilicate proppant.
METHODS
The material composition of kaolin samples was
determined by the method of silicate chemical
analysis using the accelerated method [6]. The
mineralogical composition of basalt samples was
determined by X-ray phase analysis, which was
carried out by the powder method on a Shimadzu
LABX XRD-6100 X-
ray diffractometer with CuKα
radiation. Identification of mineral phases and
analysis of the results were carried out using
reference books and the generally accepted ICDD
PDF-2 database [7, 8].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the republic, geological reserves of kaolinite
clays are located at the Angren deposit of brown
coal, refractory clay and kaolin, where the recorded
reserves of secondary kaolin in this area are about
350 million tons [9, 10]. The volumes of industrial
reserves of secondary kaolin and kaolinite clay
make it possible to select it as a raw material
component for the production of aluminosilicate
proppants. Table 1 shows the results of chemical
analysis of secondary kaolin and kaolinite clay.
Table 1
Chemical compositions of the samples under study
Name of raw
material
Oxide content, wt.%
LOI,
wt.%
SiО
2
Аl
2
O
3
Fе
2
O
3
CaO MgO Na
2
O K
2
O SO
3
Angren
secondary
kaolin
66,31 19,37 1,29
1,67 0,23 0,52 0,81 0,17 9,63
Kaolinite clay
53,48 24,89 5,91
1,12 1,11 1,09 1,02 1,24 10,14
The results of chemical analysis showed that the
content of Al2O3 in Angren secondary kaolin is
19.37 wt.%, and in kaolinite clay - 24.89 wt.%. It
should be noted that kaolinite clay is distinguished
by the fact that the content of iron oxide is higher
than that of secondary kaolin (5.91 wt.%).
In order to study the change in the oxide content in
the chemical compositions of the initial raw
materials, heat treatments were carried out at
1000
℃
with a holding time of 60 min. The results
obtained are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Chemical compositions of the studied samples, in terms of
calcined substance
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Name of raw
material
Oxide content, wt.%
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
MgO
CaO Na
2
O K
2
O
Angren secondary kaolin
73,51
21,47
1,43
1,85
0,25
0,58
0,90
Kaolinite clay
60,35
28,09
6,67
1,26
1,25
1,23
1,15
The results show that after heat treatment at
1000
℃
with a holding time of 60 min, an increase
in silicon and aluminum oxides is observed for
Angren secondary kaolin to 73.1% (SiO2) and
21.47% (Al2O3), and for kaolinite clay to 60.35%
(SiO2) and 28.09% (Al2O3) respectively.
The phase composition of the test samples was
determined by X-ray analysis. The results of the X-
ray phase analysis are shown in Fig. 1.
X-ray phase analysis of the kaolinite clay samples
(Fig. 1a) shows that this clay mainly contains
diffraction maxima related to the minerals
kaolinite d=0.718; 0.445; 0.337; 0.279; 0.256;
0.249; 0.234; 0.228; 0.199; 0.173; 0.167 nm and
quartz with diffraction lines d= 0.425; 0.334; 0.245;
0.228; 0.223; 0.212; 0.198; 0.181; 0.154 nm, and
lines with less intensity related to the mineral
hematite d=0.268; d=0.249; d=0.167 nm.
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of the studied samples:
a)
kaolinite clay; b) Angren secondary kaolin
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The X-ray diffraction pattern of the Angren
secondary kaolin sample (Fig. 1b) also revealed
diffraction maxima related to the minerals
kaolinite and quartz, as well as a small amount of
the mineral feldspar (d=0.323; d=0.245) and
muscovite (d=1.011; 0.498 nm).
It is known that the sintering and melting
temperatures of raw materials are affected by the
material,
chemical
and
mineralogical
compositions, structures and their other physical
and chemical characteristics. It should be noted
that, especially when developing ceramic masses
for obtaining aluminosilicate proppants, the
temperature of the end of sintering and the
beginning of melting, as well as physical and
mechanical characteristics, are of particular
importance.
In this regard, the temperature of the beginning
and end of melting of raw materials, as well as their
physical and mechanical characteristics after firing
at a temperature of 1400
℃
, were determined. The
results obtained are given in Table 3.
Table 3
Temperatures of the beginning and end of melting of samples, and their physical
and mechanical characteristics when fired at 1400
℃
Name
samples
Melting point,
℃
Temperature
range,
℃
Compressive
strength, MPa
Mohs
hardness
Begin
End
Angren secondary
kaolin
1540
1610
50
105
7
Kaolinite clay
1505
1580
65
109
7
The obtained results showed that the temperatures
of the beginning and end of melting of Angren
secondary kaolin are 1540 and 1610 °C,
respectively, and kaolinite clay 1505 and 1580 °C.
At the same time, the compressive strength in the
fired at a temperature of 1400 °C reached 105-109
MPa.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the chemical-mineralogical and physical-
mechanical characteristics of Angren secondary
kaolin and kaolinite clay and their suitability for
obtaining aluminosilicate proppants were studied.
It was found that the melting point of Angren
secondary kaolin is 1540
℃
and the compressive
strength at a temperature of 1400
℃
reaches up to
105 MPa, and for kaolinite clay these indicators
showed 1505
℃
and 109 MPa, respectively.
According to these indicators, it is assumed that
these clay materials can be used as the main
component
for
obtaining
aluminosilicate
proppants.
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