The American Journal of Applied Sciences
37
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
37-50
10.37547/tajas/Volume07Issue05-04
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
24March 2025
ACCEPTED
18 April 2025
PUBLISHED
12 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue 05 2025
CITATION
Condé Mariame, Siéné Laopé Ambroise Casimir, Kanfany Ghislain,
Kangbe Nintoh Esther, & N’Guettia Tâh Valentin Félix. (2025). Control
Strategies Against the Infestation of Striga Hermonthica (Del.) Benth. In
Millet [Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br.] Using Existing Cultural
Management Practices in Farmers’ Fields in Northern Côte D’ivoire. The
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(05), 37
–
50.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume07Issue05-04
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Control Strategies Against
the Infestation of
Striga
Hermonthica
(Del.) Benth.
In Millet [
Pennisetum
Glaucum
(L.) R. Br.] Using
Existing Cultural
Management Practices in
Farmers' Fields in
Northern Côte D’ivoire
Condé Mariame
UFR of Biological Sciences / Department of Plant Biology / Peleforo
University GON COULIBALY, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire (BP 1328 Korhogo /
www.univ-pgc.edu.ci)
Siéné Laopé Ambroise Casimir
UFR of Biological Sciences / Department of Plant Biology / Peleforo
University GON COULIBALY, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire (BP 1328 Korhogo /
www.univ-pgc.edu.ci)
Kanfany Ghislain
Département de Productions Végétales et Agronomie, UFR des Sciences
Agronomiques, de l'Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires
(S2ATA), Université Gaston Berger, B.P. 234, Saint Louis, Sénégal)
Kangbe Nintoh Esther
UFR of Biological Sciences / Department of Plant Biology / Peleforo
University GON COULIBALY, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire (BP 1328 Korhogo /
www.univ-pgc.edu.ci)
N’Guettia Tâh Valentin Félix
UFR of Biological Sciences / Department of Plant Biology / Peleforo
University GON COULIBALY, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire (BP 1328 Korhogo /
www.univ-pgc.edu.ci)
Abstract:
Striga hermonthica
remains one of the main
constraints to pearl millet production in Côte D’ivoire.
The aim of the study was to identify the most effective
modes and periods of application of local products such
as compost and
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder against
its infestation. Thus, a study was carried out using a
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
38
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
susceptible pearl millet variety to
Striga hermonthica
.
The experimental design was randomized complete
block design with 16 treatments in three replications.
Principal component analysis (PCA) and ascending
hierarchical classification (AHC) revealed four groups of
treatments. The first group, comprising four treatments
(T1, T2, T3 and T4), was characterized by good
development and a high number of
Striga hermonthica
plants per plot (36.01 cm in height and 36.86 plants).
Group 2, comprising three treatments (T8, T9 and T13),
was characterized by late emergence (65.96 days after
sowing) and a low number of
Striga hermonthica
plants
per plot (15.92 plants). Group 3 was made up of six
treatments (T0, T5, T6, T11, T12 and T14) which showed
no particular effect on the variables studied. Group 4,
comprising three treatments (T7, T10 and T15), was
characterized by good millet ear characteristics (12.80
g per 1 ear and 7.27 g grain weight per ear). Thus, the
treatments in groups 2 and 4 proved to be more
effective in managing
Striga hermonthica
infestation in
millet.
Keywords:
Compost, control methods, pearl millet,
Parkia biglobosa,
Striga hermonthica.
Introduction:
Pearl millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R.
Br.) is the most widely grown cereal grass in semi-arid
regions of Africa and Asia [1]. It is the main component
in traditional cropping systems and remains the staple
cereal in the diets of populations in areas where it plays
a crucial role in food security [2]. In Côte d'Ivoire,
cereals are staple crops, essential for food security [3].
Annual millet production is estimated at 67.000 tonnes
per year [4]. For a requirement of 120.000 tonnes [5].
All production is consumed locally [6]. It ranks third
among cereals produced and consumed in the country,
after rice and maize [7]. Therapeutic virtues are
attributed to its laxative, anti-malarial and anti-
hemorrhoidal properties [8]. From a cultural, economic
and social point of view, pearl millet occupies an
important place among the populations of northern
Côte d'Ivoire. It is a staple food in all northern
ceremonies, especially funerals [9]. However, pearl
millet yields are still very low, at around 500 kg/ha [7].
These low yields are essentially due to biotic and abiotic
constraints that hinder the development of cereal
crops. These include the proliferation of the parasitic
weed
Striga hermonthica
, a major biotic constraint to
cereal production. It causes significant crop losses of up
to 100% of grain yield [10]. [11] estimates pearl millet
yield losses due to Striga at between 1 and 30%,
depending on the degree of infestation of plots. It
therefore hampers pearl millet production and
represents a threat to food security in infested areas.
Faced with the threat posed by this weed, several
control methods (mechanical, physical, chemical,
cultural and biological using microorganisms) have
been tested without success [12].
Each method used in isolation has its advantages, but
also its shortcomings and limitations, particularly in
view of the impoverishment of growers. Faced with this
situation, new control strategies based on local
products, easily accessible to growers, at lower cost and
respectful of the environment, could provide an
alternative solution for managing
Striga hermonthica
infestation in millet cultivation in northern Côte
d'Ivoire. It is within this framework that this study was
initiated with the aim of identifying the most effective
methods and periods of application of local products
such as compost and
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
against
Striga hermonthica
infestation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
The study was conducted on the experimental site of
the Peleforo GON COULIBALY University of Korhogo,
located near the botanical gardens (Figure 1). This
reserve is located at -5, 63489 West longitude and 9,
43366 North latitude. Tests were conducted out under
cover during the 2022 off-season. The climate in this
area in sudanese, with a short rainy season and a long
dry season. Rainfall is 1200 mm per year with very high
interannual variability. Average annual temperature
hovers around 27 °C. Soils are essentially ferruginous
and ferralitic [13].
Plant material
The
Striga hermonthica
seeds used in this study were
collected from
Striga hermonthica
plants parasitizing a
pearl millet field in Diawala (Ouangolodougou
Department) in October 2021. The seeds were cleaned
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
39
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
of dust and capsule debris and stored in plastic bags at
room temperature (approx. 30 °C). An improved,
susceptible millet variety (SOSAT C88) was used as a
host crop for
Striga hermonthica
[14].
Experimental design
The experimental set-up was 16 treatments
randomized complete block design, with three
replications. Each experimental unit was represented
by three pots of 10 liters of 30 cm diameter and 28 cm
deep with perforated bottoms. Each block consisted of
16 experimental units corresponding to the different
treatments. These treatments were : T0 (control plot),
T1 (53 g/pot of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
ploughed
in at sowing, T2 (53 g/pot of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
ploughed in at weeding, T3 (35.33 g/pot of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
ploughed in at sowing, T4
(35.33 g/pot, of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
ploughed
in at sowing, T5 (17.66 g/pot, of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
ploughed in at sowing, T6 (17.66 g/pot, of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
ploughed in at sowing
[15], T7 (application of one gram (1g) of
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit powder
to the poquet at sowing [16], T8
(coating wet millet seeds with
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
at sowing), T9 (spreading
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
on the surface after emergence of
Striga
hermonthica
), T10 (bokashi in pot (30 g/pot) at sowing,
T11 (bokashi (35.325 g/pot) buried at sowing [17], T12
(T10+T8), T13 (T10+T7), T14 (T11+T8) and T15 : T11+T7.
Trial conduct
Before applying the treatments in the pots, each pot
was filled ¾ full with soil taken from the surface horizon
(0-30 cm) in a plot on the experimental site. It was
treated with Capsidor 3GR (Fipronil) and then covered
with black plastic sheeting, for one week, to control soil
microorganisms. Each pot was artificially infested with
5 g of
Striga hermonthica
seeds in the first 5 cm of
depth and watered regularly for two weeks. Pearl millet
grain was sown 14 days after pre-conditioning. Pearl
millet plants were thinned to one plant per pot 14 days
after emergence.
Measurements and observations
For
Striga
hermonthica
,
measurements
and
observations focused on the emergence time of
Striga
hermonthica
seedlings, which corresponds to the time
elapsed between sowing and the date of appearance of
the first
Striga hermonthica
seedling in an elementary
plot, expressed in days after sowing; the dry biomass of
a
Striga hermonthica
seedling, which was determined
from 10 seedlings taken from each elementary plot at
harvest. These plants were harvested, dried and then
weighed using a precision balance, until a constant dry
weight was obtained ; and the evolutionary dynamics
of
Striga hermonthica
plants, which consisted of weekly
counting of the number of
Striga hermonthica
plants
from the first emerged
Striga hermonthica
plant to
harvest per elementary plot.
For pearl millet, measurements were taken on the
characteristics of pearl millet panicle harvested.
Measurements were taken on panicle length (cm),
panicle diameter (mm), panicle and grain weight (g).
Physico-chemical analysis of soil samples from the
experimental site, compost and
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powde
r
Soil and compost samples were analyzed using the
standard mckeague method [18], at the plant and soil
laboratory (LAVESO) of the Ecole Supérieure
d'Agronomie (ESA) in Yamoussoukro (Côte d'Ivoire):
-
for soil samples, the following elements were analyzed:
pH water, pH Kcl, organic C (%), organic M (%), total N
(%), P (mg/kg), available K (mg/kg), assimilable
phosphorus, sand (%), clay (%), silt (%) and electrical
conductivity (µs/cm). Soil analyses were carried out
before and after the experiment, using 100 g of soil
sample ;
-
for compost, the following elements were analyzed
from 100 g of sample: organic matter (% OM), total
carbon (% C), total nitrogen (% N), total phosphorus (%
P2O5), total potassium (% K2O) and pH.
Chemical analyses of mineral salts (calcium,
phosphorus,
magnesium
potassium,
sodium,
manganese, zinc, copper, iron, iodine and selenium)
were carried out using the AOAC method (2010), while
the Sofowora method (1996) was used for
phytochemical analyses to test the presence of
phytochemical constituents (polyphenols, flavonoids,
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
40
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
tannins) from 5 g of déré powder sample.
Data analysis
The data collected were subjected to various statistical
analyses. They were subjected to an analysis of
variance to study the differences between treatments.
Then, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to
highlight the features discriminating the treatments.
Then, hierarchical ascending clustering (HAC) was
performed to elucidate existing relationships between
treatments. All these analyses were performed using R
software version 4.3.1.
RESULTS
Results of physicochemical analysis of soil samples
from the experimental site
The results of the analysis of soil samples taken at the
start of the experiment showed that the soil on the
study plot is sandy (84.43%), with an average content
higher than that of silt (11.56) and clay (4.00%). The soil
at this site had low average contents of organic matter
(0.67), organic carbon (0.39) and nitrogen (0.05), as
well as a low C/N ratio, equal to 7.8. However, it had
higher average levels of assimilable phosphorus (81.33)
and potassium (53.06). Its average electrical
conductivity was 0.19 µS, and its hydrogen water
potential (pHwater) 5.87 (Table 1).
The results of the soil analysis at the end of the
experiment are shown in Table 2. The pH was generally
acidic for all treatments, with a mean value ranging
from 5.1 for treatment T4, which represents the lowest
pH value, to the highest mean value of 6.4 for
treatment T5. The percentage of nitrogen in the soil
was very low, with mean values ranging from 0.03
(lowest value) for treatments T0, T12 and T13 to 0.08
(highest value) for treatments T4 and T8. In general,
exchangeable bases (calcium, magnesium and
potassium ions) were present in small quantities in the
soil. Average calcium ion levels were 0.644 cmol+/kg for
treatment T11, the lowest level, and 1.009 cmol+/kg for
treatment T0, the highest level. Magnesium ion
availability was highest in treatment T0 (0.443
cmol+/kg) and lowest in treatment T14 (0.266
cmol+/kg). Potassium ion availability was highest for
treatment T1, at 0.312 cmol+/kg, and lowest for
treatment T8, at 0.055 cmol+/kg. On the other hand,
assimilable phosphorus was available in large
quantities in the soil for all treatments, with a
significant increase for treatment T15 (224 ppm). The
lowest value was found in treatment T13 (23 ppm).
Results of
physicochemical analysis of “Bokashi”
compost samples
High level of nitrogen (0.50% m.s.), carbon (4.61% m.s.)
and organic matter (7.90% m.s.) was noted on the
Bokashi. The C/N ratio of the compost was average at
9.22. The respective contents of phosphorus (0.09%
m.s), total potassium (0.88% m.s), calcium (0.90% m.s)
and magnesium (0.30% m.s) were obtained (Table 3).
Results of physicochemical analysis of
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit powder
samples
The results of the physicochemical analysis of
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit
powder showed its richness in phenolic
compounds and mineral salts. The values for phenolic
compounds, namely polyphenols, tannins and
flavonoids, were 285.33 mg/100g, 49.43 mg/100g and
15.59 mg/100g respectively (Table 4).
In terms of mineral salts, macroelements are present in
greater quantities than microelements (Table 5). The
macroelements, namely calcium (86.21 mg/100g),
phosphorus (90.45 mg/100g), magnesium (66.39
mg/100g) and potassium (100.36 mg/100g), had higher
levels than sodium (4.77 mg/100g). Microelements
included manganese (0.55 mg/100g), zinc (0.09
mg/100g), copper (0.02 mg/100g), iron (0.29 mg/100g),
iodine (0.012 mg/100g) and selenium (0.004 mg/100g).
Effect of treatments on emergence time of
Striga
hermonthica
plants
Figure 2 shows the results of the statistical analysis of
Striga hermonthica
seedling emergence time. The
results show a significant difference between the
different treatments studied (P<0.05). Treatment T8
(millet seeds coated with
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
) delayed the emergence of
Striga hermonthica
plants in the treated plots. The average duration of
seedling emergence was 70 days after sowing. On the
other hand,
Striga hermonthica
seedlings emerged
early in plots receiving 53g/pot and 35.33 g/pot of
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
41
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
buried during
dethatching (treatments T2 and T4). Average
emergence times were 59 and 58 days after sowing
respectively.
Effect of treatments on dry biomass per Striga
hermonthica plant
The results of the statistical analysis of dry biomass per
plant are shown in figure 3. Significant differences were
observed between treatments (P<0.05). Treatment T3
(35.33g/pot of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
ploughed
in at sowing) produced an average dry biomass value
2.31g higher. On the other hand, treatments T10 (30
g/pot of bokashi, at sowing), T12 (T10+T8) and T15
(T11+T7) obtained the lowest dry biomass values.
These values were 0.75 g, 0.67 g and 0.68 g
respectively.
Effect of treatments on Striga plant growth dynamics
Table 6 shows the evolutionary dynamics of the
number of
Striga hermonthica
plants after emergence.
The results of the statistical analysis show a significant
difference between the different treatments for all
dates (P<0.05). At 61 days after sowing (jas), treatment
T15 (bokashi buried under the surface 35.325 g/pot +
application of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
by pinch to
poquet, at sowing) favored the emergence of a greater
number of
Striga hermonthica
plants in the treated
plots (14.22 plants). On the other hand, at the same
date, no
Striga hermonthica
seedlings emerged in
treatment T8 (coating wet millet seeds with
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit powder
at sowing). At 68 days,
treatments T15 and T1 (53g/pot of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
buried at sowing) favoured the emergence
of 24 and 24.89
Striga hermonthica
plants respectively.
However, treatments T8 and T9 resulted in the
appearance of 1.89 and 1.56
Striga hermonthica
plants
respectively. From the 75th das to harvest (at the 103th
das), treatment T3 (35.33 g/pot, of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
buried at sowing) favoured the
appearance of the greatest number of
Striga
hermonthica
plants. This number increased until it
became constant at harvest at the 103th das (38.11;
64.89; 68.11; 67.78 and 67.78 plants). On the other
hand, spreading
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
on the
surface after the emergence of
Striga hermonthica
plants (treatment T9) led to their death. This led to a
reduction in the number of
Striga hermonthica
plants
at 75 das, 82 das and 89 das respectively (9.78; 19.89
and 29.44 plants). At the end of the millet growing
cycle, at the 96th and 103th das, a lower number of
Striga hermonthica
plants was recorded in treatment
T15 (26, 67 plants and 18.89 plants).
Treatment effects on millet ear characteristics
The results of the statistical analysis of ear
characteristics showed a significant difference between
the different treatments (P<0.05). Plants treated with
T7 produced the longest ears (25.75 cm). On the other
hand, plants treated with T15 produced the shortest
ears (9.82 cm). The largest ears (12.95 mm) were
harvested from plots treated with T7, while the
smallest ears (5.43 mm) were produced by plants
treated with T5. In terms of ear dry weight, treatment
T7 produced the highest value at 18.27 g. The smallest
ears with a weight of 4.97 g were obtained in plots
treated with T5 (17.66 g/pot, of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
buried at sowing). As for grain dry weight, the
highest value was obtained with treatment T10 (7.87 g),
while the lowest values were obtained with treatments
T9 and T12 (2.66 g) (table 7).
Structuring the characteristics of the various
treatments studied
To structure and group, the treatments, the CAH
(Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante) approach was
used on the data from the principal component
analysis. This classification using the fourteen (14)
variables produced four (4) main groups. The multiple
analysis of variance showed a significant difference
between these groups, whose characteristics are
presented in Table 8. Group 1 consisted of four (4)
treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) characterized by the
greatest Striga plant heights at flowering and harvest
(19.83 cm and 36.01 cm), the highest branching
numbers at flowering and harvest (2.24 and 4.8), the
highest biomass of a Striga plant (1.76 g) and the
highest number of Striga plants at flowering (36.86
plants). Group 2, comprising three (3) treatments (T8,
T9 and T13), was characterized by late emergence of
Striga hermonthica
plants and a smaller number of
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
42
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Striga hermonthica
plants. Group 3, comprising 6 (six)
treatments (T0, T5, T6, T11, T12 and T14), was an
intermediate group with no specific characteristics.
Group four (4) comprised three (3) treatments (T7, T10
and T15). It showed the best values for ear
characteristics: ear length (17.61 cm), ear diameter
(10.50 mm), ear dry weight (12.81 g) and grain dry
weight (7.27 g).
DISCUSSION
The appearance of
Striga hermonthica
plants was
delayed in plots with millet plants grown from seeds
coated with
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
(T8)
compared with plants in control plots. On the other
hand, the plots that received 53 g/pot (T2) and 35.33
g/pot (T4) of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
buried in
the soil at the time of weeding resulted in the early
appearance of
Striga hermonthica
plants compared
with
Striga hermonthica
plants in the control plots.This
could be explained by the fact that the roots of the
millet plants did not release stimulants likely to induce
germination of
Striga hermonthica
seeds present in the
soil [19].
This result suggests that coating millet seeds with
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
has intrinsic properties
for
retarding
the
germination,
growth
and
development of
Striga hermonthica
grains. In fact, the
results of the analysis of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
samples showed the presence of phenolic compounds
such as polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins, which are
secondary defense metabolites. These elements would
have prevented the host's roots from releasing
stimulants that could induce germination of
Striga
hermonthica
seeds in the soil. In contrast, the control
plants do not have sufficient mineral elements. This
result is in agreement with that of Olivier [19], who
states that germination of
Striga hermonthica
seeds
only occurs when the host roots secrete a substance
called strigol around 4 mm from the
Striga hermonthica
seeds.
Observation of the dry biomass results showed that the
application of 35.33 g/pot of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder ploughed in at sowing (T3) produced the
highest dry biomass (2.31g). Although
Striga
hermonthica
has green leaves, it is not fully
photosynthetically functional [20]. It therefore takes
the solutes required for growth from its host [21]. Thus,
the increase in dry biomass for this treatment could be
explained by the richness of the
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder in mineral salts that can be directly assimilated
by the plant. This would have provided
Striga
hermonthica
plants with a large quantity of
carbohydrates synthesized by the host plant for its own
growth and development, in contrast to treatments
T10, T12 and T15, which were less rich in mineral salts
and obtained the lowest biomass respectively.
Concerning the evolutionary dynamics of
Striga
hermonthica
plants, at flowering, the application of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
to the surface after
emergence of
Striga hermonthica
(T9) resulted in the
lowest population density of
Striga hermonthica
(19.89
plants/pot). The reduction in population density
following the application of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
to the surface after emergence of
Striga
hermonthica
suggests that
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
has herbicidal properties that reduce the
number of
Striga hermonthica
plants after emergence
in the plots. In fact, its application led to the death of
Striga hermonthica
plants emerging in the pots, giving
it a phytotoxic role. According to [15],
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
contains an active ingredient that affects
the physiological and morphological development of
Striga grains, which can be degraded by biotic and
abiotic factors.
The values for millet ear characteristics were influenced
by the treatments. In fact, the application of
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit powder
by pinch at sowing (T7) enabled
the millet plants to produce long, large and heavy ears.
The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
showed that it contains
mineral salts such as phosphorus and potassium, which
are necessary for good plant development. In addition,
according to [22], the technique of localized application
of fertilizer by the packet (microdoses) is particularly
promising in terms of the efficiency of fertilizer use by
the plant. The high values of dry weight of grains per
ear obtained with the application of 30 g of bokashi to
the sowing spot (T10) would result from the availability
of mineral elements for the millet plants and the
density of
Striga hermonthica
plants, which was lower
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
43
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
during flowering. The results of compost analysis
showed high levels of nitrogen (0.50%), organic matter
(7.90%) and organic carbon (4.61%). [23], assert that
organic matter is an important source of nutrients for
plants.
CONCLUSION
This study has enabled us to distinguish two groups of
treatments of interest in the management of
Striga
hermonthica
infestation in millet crops. These are the
group of treatments (T8, T9 and T13) corresponding
respectively to the coating of millet seeds with
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit powder
, the spreading of
Parkia
biglobosa
fruit powder
after Striga emergence, and the
application of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit powder
and
compost to the pocket. It was characterized by late
emergence of
Striga hermonthica
plants and a reduced
number of
Striga hermonthica
plants at millet
flowering. And the group formed by treatments (T7,
T10 and T15) corresponding respectively to the
application of one gram of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
per pinch, to the application of compost to the
millet and to the combination of
Parkia biglobosa
fruit
powder
to the millet and compost on the surface. He
presented the best characteristics of millet ears. Group
2 is the treatment group par excellence for controlling
Striga hermonthica infestation, as it not only delays the
emergence of
Striga hermonthica
, but also reduces
their numbers. To better determine the efficacy of
these different treatments, further tests will be
necessary in the farming environment, in order to
promote them to growers in infested crop zones in Côte
d'Ivoire.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr Konaté Zié
Kassoum, technician specialized in annual crops at the
ANADER (National Agency for Rural Support and
Development) zone in Ferkessédougou, for his help in
treating the soil used for the experiment. We would
also like to thank Mr. Silué Sériba, regional trainer at
Inades-formation Côte d'Ivoire, for his help in making
the compost.
AUTHORS'CONTRIBUTIONS
Condé Mariame participated in drafting the
experimental protocol, setting up the experimental set-
up, collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting results
and writing the document. Siéné Laopé
Ambroise Casimir corrected the experimental protocol,
took part in setting up the experimental set-up,
analyzing the data and reading the document.
Kanfany
Ghislain and
N'Guettia Tâh Valentin Félix helped set up
the experimental set-up and analyze the data. Kangbe
Nintoh Esther participated in setting up the
experimental set-up and collecting data.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
Segnou, J.; Akoa, A.; Youmbi, E. and Njoya, J. Effect of
mineral and organic fertilization on fruit yield of chilli
pepper (
Capsicum annuum
L. solanaceae) in lowland
forest zone of Cameroon. 2012, 10.
Gowda, C. L. L. ; Rai, K. N.
Evolution of hybrid parents’
research. In : Hybrid parents research at ICRISAT. 2006,
ICRISAT, Center Patancheru, 1-10.
Sangaré, A.; Koffi, E.; Akamou, F.; Fall, C. A. National
Report on the State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture. 2009, Ministry of Agriculture, Côte
d'Ivoire, 65.
Faostat.
2021
(Accessed 05/24/2023)
Faostat.
http://www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/QC
2018 (Accessed 06/19/2021)
Béninga, M. B.; Dadié, A. Evaluation of millet grain
losses due to insects. 2015,
European Scientific Journal,
11 (21) : 266-275. ISSN : 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN
1857-
743.
https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/6000
/5783.
Beninga, M. B. Genetics, improvement and extension of
millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R. Br.) in Côte d'Ivoire.
2007, Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat, UFR Biosciences,
Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 179.
Amané, N. D.; Assidjo, N. E.; Gbongue, M. A.;
Bohoussou,
K. ;
Cardot,
P.
Physicochemical
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
44
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
characterization of a traditional West African beer:
tchapalo. 2005,
Agronomie Africaine
17(2) : 143-152.
Siéné, L. A. C.; Condé, M.; Nguettia, T. V. F.; Kouadio, A.
F. B. and Bayala, R. Characterization of cultivation
systems based on millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R.
Br.) in the savannah district of northern Côte d’Ivoire.
2024,
Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci
. 18(4): 1343-1365. DOI :
https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v18i4.11
Atera, E. A.; Itoh, K.; Azuma, T. & Ishii, T. Farmers'
perspectives on the biotic constraint of
Striga
hermonthica
and its control in western Kenya. 2012,
Weed Biology and Management
, 12 : 53-62.
Beninga, M. B. Diagnosis of millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R. Br.) -based cropping systems in Côte d'Ivoire and
prospects for improvement. 2014,
Journal of
Biosciences
,
79
:
6878-6886.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v79i1.3
Boussim, I.; Yonli, D.; Guinko, S. & Salle, G. Infestation
status, endogenous knowledge and systematic
approach to species of the genus Striga in Burkina Faso.
2011,
Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci.
5(4) : 1374-1386. DOI :
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v5i4.4
Koné, M. Study of woody cover variability in savannah
environnments using high-resolution satellite imagery :
the case of northern Côte d’Ivoire. 2004, Doctoral
thesis, University Felix Houphouet Boigny, cocody,
Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 135p.
RECA. Improved millet varieties in Niger : HKP
dominates the certified seed markEt. 2020, 5 p.
Kambou, G.; Ouedraogo, O.; Some, N. & Ouedraogo, S.
Effects of Parkia biglobosa pod powder on
Striga
hermonthica
emergence, Soil biological activity and
maize yield. 1999,
Science et technique, Sciences
naturelles
; 23 (2) : 60-70.
Lado, A.; Sani, F. U.; Yahaya, S. U.; Karaye, A. K. Efficacy
of Parkia biglobosa fruit powder on the control of Striga
in cowpea cropping systems in the Sudan Savanna
Nigeria.
2018,
Heliyon
,
4,
e00733.
doi
:
10.1016/j.heliyon
1.
Yonli, D. Integrated control of
Striga hermonthica
(Del.)
Benth. Combining biological control based on Fusarium
spp. with certain cultural practices in Burkina Faso.
2006, PhD thesis, University of Ouagadougou, U F R /
Life and Earth Sciences, Speciality : Applied Biological
Sciences, 192.
2.
McKeague, J.; A. Manual of soil sampling and analysis
methods.1978, Soc Can Sci Sol, 2nd ed. Ottawa, De
impe, 114 – 233.
3.
Olivier, A. Striga, a parasitic weed of African cereals :
biology and control methods. 1995,
Agronomie
, 15 :
517-525
4.
Wolfe, A. d. And Depamphilis C. w. The effect of relaxed
functional constraints on the photosynthetic gene rbcL
in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic parasitic
plants. 1998,
Mol. Biol. Evol,
15 (10) :1243-1258.
5.
Issoufou, H. B. A. and Moussa, N. N. R. Multi-site
evaluation of the effect of
Striga gesnerioides
(willd)
vatke parasitism on functional traits of cowpea
varieties. 2020,
Int. J. Adv. Res
, 8(12) : 639-649. Doi :
http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12191
6.
Buerkert, A. Effects of crop residues, phosphorus and
spatial soil variability on yield and nutrient uptake of
pearl millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R. Br.) in
southwest Niger. 1995, Thesis, Verlag Ulrich E. Grauer,
Stuttgart, 272.
Koffie, B. and Yeo, L. Journal of Geography, Regional
Planning and Development "Urban Market Gardening
and Food Safety in Korhogo". 2016, 2.
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
45
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Figure 1 : Map of the study site
Table 1
:
Physicochemical characteristics of soil samples before setting up the experiment
Clay
(%)
Fine
silt
(%)
Coarse
silt
(%)
Fine
sand
(%)
Coarse
sand
(%)
PhH
2
O
pHKcl EC
(µS)
Available
phosphorus
(ppm)
MO
(%)
C
(%)
N
(%)
C/N
K
(g/kg)
4.00
3.50
8.06
29.25 55.18 5.87
3.90
0.19
81.33
0.67 0.39
0.05 7.8 58.06
ph H2O : hydrogen potential of water; ph Kcl : hydrogen potential of potassium chloride; C-organic: organic carbon; C/N
:
carbon/nitrogen, N: total nitrogen; K available: available potassium; available phosphorus; CE: electrical conductivity; MO:
organic matter (= C x 1.72).
Table 2 :
Physicochemical characteristics of soil samples at the end of the experiment
Treatments
Ph
N (%)
P. assi
(ppm)
Ca2+ (cmol
+/kg)
Mg2+ (cmol
+/kg)
K+ (cmol +/kg)
T0
5.7
0.03
56
1,009
0.443
0.108
T1
5.3
0.04
67
0.974
0.392
0.312
T2
5.2
0.07
74
0.935
0.377
0.100
T3
5.3
0.05
103
0.985
0.396
0.227
T4
5.1
0.08
56
0.959
0.386
0.246
T5
6.4
0.06
64
0.950
0.388
0.074
T6
5.5
0.05
39
0.959
0.388
0.178
T7
5.4
0.06
40
0.974
0.395
0.116
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
46
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
T8
6.2
0.08
69
0.954
0.391
0.055
T9
5.7
0.04
76
0.998
0.401
0.218
T10
5.4
0.06
57
0.893
0.367
0.123
T11
6.3
0.05
94
0.644
0.275
0.082
T12
5.3
0.03
64
0.955
0.387
0.187
T13
6.3
0.03
23
0.665
0.287
0.076
T14
6.3
0.07
61
0.656
0.266
0.069
T15
5.3
0.03
224
0.970
0.390
0.083
ph H
2
O: hydrogen potential of water; N: total nitrogen p. assi : assimilable phosphorus; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; K:
potassium
Table 3 : Physicochemical characteristics of compost samples
Bokashi
Table 4 : Phenolic compound contained in
Parkia biglobosa fruit powder
Table 5 : Mineral salts contained in
Parkia biglobosa fruit powder
Calciu
m
(mg/1
00)
Phosph
orus
(mg/10
0)
Magnesiu
m
(mg/100)
Potassi
um
(mg/10
0)
Sodium
(mg/10
0)
Mang
anese
(mg/1
00)
Zinc
(mg/1
00)
Copper
(mg/10
0)
Iron
(mg/10
0)
Iodine
(µg/1
00)
Seleniu
m
(mg/10
0g)
86.21 90.45 66.39
100.36
4.77
0.55
0.09
0.02
0.29
0.012 0.004
Magnesium
(%)
Carbon
(% ms)
Total
nitrogen
(% ms)
Calcium
(% ms)
Total
potassium
(% ms)
Phosphorus
(% ms)
Matter
Organic
(% ms)
C/N
0.30
4.61
0.50
0.90
0.88
0.09
7.90
9.22
Phenolic
compound
Polyphenols
(mg/100g)
Tannins
(mg /100g)
Flavonoids
(mg /100g)
Values
285.33
49.43
15.59
Standard deviation
1.36
0.88
0.34
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
47
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Figure 2 : Emergence time of Striga plants hermonthica
Figure 3 : Dry biomass of a Striga plant hermonthica
Table 6 : Evolutionary dynamics of Striga plants hermonthica
62.77 bcd
60.44 cd
59.22 d
62.88 bcd
58.44 d
62.22 bcd
66.22 bcd
66.11 abc
70.11 a
65.65 abc
66.66 ab
63.22 bcd
61.55 bcd
62.17 bcd
66.77 ab
61.22 bcd
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
E
M
E
RG
E
NC
E
DEL
A
Y
(j
as)
TREATMENTS
0.93 bc
1.53 abc
1.21 abc
2.31 a
1.99 ab
1bc
1.15 abc
1.1 abc
1.14 abc
1.02 bc
0.75 c
0.97 bc
0.67 c
1.19 abc
1.05 bc
0.68 c
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
Dr
y
b
iom
ass (g)
Treatments
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
48
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Treatments
61 JAS
68
JAS
75 JAS
(Bloom)
82 JAS
89 JAS
96 JAS
103 JAS
T0
2.11 b
15.89
abcd
29.11ab
42.33 bcd
52.78 abcde 47.44 abcde
44.44
abcdef
T1
8.67 ab
24.89
a
38.11 a
49.78 abcd
65.33 ab
54.11abc
51.56
abcde
T2
8.22 ab
23.78
ab
35.56 a
53.56 ab
61.89 abc
49.22 abcde
47.44
abcde
T3
6.11 ab
21.56
abc
38.11 a
64.89 a
68.11 a
67.78 a
67.78 a
T4
4.22 b
22.11
abc
35.67 a
48.56 abcd 46.11abcde
36.11bcde
36.00 cdef
T5
2.78 b
17.56
abc
35.11 a
47.33 abcd
32.78 of
28.89 of
30.22 def
T6
3.56 b
16.56
abc
35.67 a
51.56 abc
54.33 abcd
58.56 ab
63.22 ab
T7
0.44 b
9.33
bcd
25.44 ab
36.44 bcde
42.67 bcde
37.00 bcde
37.44
bcdef
T8
0.00 b
1.89
d
19.78 ab
33.22 bcde 45.11 abcde 43.89 abcde
43.78
abcdef
T9
0.67 b
1.56
d
9.78 b
19.89 e
29.44 e
29.89 cde
32.11 cdef
T10
0.44 b
8.67
cd
30.33 a
31.11 cde
40.56 cde
26.67 e
27.11 ef
T11
4.89 b
14.11
abcd
37.33 a
43.33 abcd 47.22 abcde
52.00 abcd
54.78 abcd
T12
5.33 b
17.33
abc
29.56 ab
40.67 bcde 48.56 abcde
52.44 abcd
47.67
abcde
T13
3.44 b
9.00
cd
18.22 ab
29.11 of
39.56 cde
40.78 bcde
39.44
bcdef
T14
2.11 b
12.89
abcd
25.56 ab
41.89 bcd
59.78 abc
57.56 ab
57.22 abc
T15
14.22 a
24.00
a
31.44 a
43.67 abcd
38.78 cde
26.67 e
18.89 f
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
49
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Table 7 : Characteristics of millet ears
Treatments
Spike length
(cm)
Ear diameter
(mm)
Dry weight of
the cob
(g)
Dry weight of
grains
1 ear (g)
T0
17.16 abc
6.93 bcd
5.05 b
3.96 ab
T1
19.67 ab
8.45 abcd
10.37 ab
6.09 ab
T2
18.67 abc
6.33 cd
6.32 b
3.17 b
T3
16.89 abc
7.85 bcd
6.69 b
3.39 ab
T4
12.50 bc
8.77 abcd
8.97 b
5.41 ab
T5
17.05 abc
5.43 d
4.97 b
5.60 ab
T6
18.61 abc
8.91 abc
10.18 b
6.16 ab
T7
25.75 a
12.95 a
18.27 a
7.02 ab
T8
17.89 abc
7.02 bcd
6.23 b
4.86 ab
T9
20.60 ab
6.95 bcd
7.36 b
2.66 b
T10
17.25 abc
10.25 ab
11.41 ab
7.87 a
T11
16.78 abc
6.59 bcd
9.88 b
4.45 ab
T12
14.28 bc
6.39 cd
5.68 b
2.66 b
T13
17.50 abc
7.01 bcd
7.16 b
4.36 ab
T14
16.72 abc
9.26 abc
9.77 b
5.75 ab
T15
9.82 c
8.30 abcd
8.74 b
6.93 ab
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
50
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajas
The American Journal of Applied Sciences
Table 8 : Main characteristics of the different groups obtained from the hierarchical classification
into principal components
Variables
Group 1
(4
treatme
nts)
Group 2
(3
treatment
s)
Group 3
(6 treatments)
Group 4
(3 treatments)
Pr > F
Significance
Emergence delay
60.25 b
65.96 a
63.13 ab
64.667 a
0.060
Yes
Striga flowering time
28.88 a
31.33 a
30.35 a
29.265 a
0.152
Yes
Height at Flowering
19.83 a
6.45 c
12.76 b
10.701 b
0.000
Yes
Height at Harvest
36.01 a
26.79 bc
31.31 ab
24.202 b
0.027
Yes
Branching at Flowering
2.24 a
0.11 c
0.96 b
0.504 bc
0.000
Yes
Branching at harvest
4.8 a
3.35 cd
4.03 bc
3.245 b
0.039
Yes
Dry biomass 1 plant
1.76 a
1.12 b
0.96 b
0.845 b
0.003
Yes
Number of striga plants at
flowering
36.86 a
15.92 c
32.05 ab
29.074 b
0.000
Yes
Rate of presence of
symptoms
54.63 a
46.91 a
48.14 a
56,790 a
0.163
No
Mortality rate at Harvest
33.33 a
25.92 a
42.59 a
40,737 a
0.515
No
Length of ears
16.93 b
18.66 b
16.76 b
17.607 b
0.903
Yes
Diameter of ears
7.85 b
6.99 b
7.25 b
10.500 a
0.037
Yes
Dry weight of ears
8.08 b
6.91 b
7.58 b
12.807 a
0.077
Yes
Dry grain weight
4.51 b
3.96 b
4.76 b
7.273 a
0.027
Yes
