Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
19
The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
(ISSN
–
2689-0984)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
19-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
32
)
(2021:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
7.856
Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
This article explores ways to improve the performance of transmission oils. The operating conditions of the gears
are characterized by high loads in the contact zone of the teeth, relatively high speeds of mutual movement of
rubbing surfaces, and significant temperatures in the contact zone. The antiwear properties of oils should protect
transmission parts from wear and the undesirable phenomenon of galling and abrasion of gear drives. In complex
sulfur-chlorine additives, sulfide films prevent scuffing, while chloride films, due to their elasticity, reduce wear and
energy consumption to overcome frictional forces.
KEYWORDS
Gear oil, gear drives, additives, wear, friction, physical and chemical properties, viscosity.
INTRODUCTION
Research Article
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSMISSION OILS USED IN VEHICLES
Submission Date:
January 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
January 20, 2022,
Published Date:
January 31, 2022 |
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajet/Volume04Issue01-03
Alimova Zebo Khamidullayevna
Professor, Tashkent State Transport University, Transport Power, Uzbekistan
Niyazova Gulhayo Parpiyevna
Senior Lecturer Tashkent State Transport University, Transport Power, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jet
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
20
The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
(ISSN
–
2689-0984)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
19-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
32
)
(2021:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
7.856
Publisher:
The USA Journals
Transmission oil is the lifeblood of a transmission. It
plays an extremely important role in its durability and
performance. The operating conditions of the gears
are characterized by high loads in the contact zone of
the teeth, relatively high speeds of mutual movement
of the rubbing surfaces and significant temperatures
in the contact zone.
Transmission oil must provide reliable lubrication not
only of the gear teeth themselves, but also of the
plain bearings. The quality of the lubricating oil plays
an important role in preventing surface scuffing. To
protect the rubbing surfaces from destruction, the
binding energy of the additive molecules with the
metal must provide such a shear strength of the
boundary film so that it is less than the shear strength
of the underlying metal layers. If this condition is not
met, then plastic deformation is possible. The
additives should form films of reduced shear
resistance on the metal surface and thereby prevent
plastic deformation of the metal.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This article proposes ways to improve the
performance properties of transmission oils used for
agricultural machinery. The operating conditions of
the gears are characterized by high loads in the
contact zone of the teeth, relatively high speeds of
mutual movement of rubbing surfaces and significant
temperatures in the contact zone.
Energy losses in the transmission account for up to
20% of the total power consumption of the vehicle. If
25% of the so-called net engine power goes to the
transmission without taking into account losses, then
in the general system of transmission units due to its
own losses in the units, this power transmitted to the
drive wheels is already reduced to 12%.
During the operation of gears, bearings and other
transmission units, an increase in oil temperature is
observed due to friction and mixing. This temperature
can reach 150 ºC, and under extreme conditions and in
units of heavy multi-axle machines and up to 200 ºC.
The oil temperature in the transmission units
varies widely. When the unit starts working after a
long stop, it is equal to the ambient temperature. In
steady-state operation, the oil temperature depends
on the amount of energy consumed by friction in the
unit and on the intensity of heat removal to the
environment.The operating temperature increases
with an increase in the speed of the gears, and at the
same frequency - with an increase in the viscosity of
the oil.
Transmission oils should, on the one hand, maintain
high viscosity at operating temperatures so that the
film does not collapse and the gaps are normally
sealed, and on the other hand, do not become too
viscous so that at the beginning of the mechanism,
cold oil in the unit would not interfere with the free
rotation of the gears.
Wear during jamming is the result of the combined
action of mechanical wear with molecular forces. In
this case, there is a deep tearing of the material, a
local connection (setting) of two solids, the transfer
of metal from one friction surface to another and the
impact of the resulting irregularities on the conjugate
surface.
In conditions of boundary lubrication, when lubricated
parts experience enormous pressures,
which
increases the risk of rapid wear and so-called scuffing,
it is necessary to add special additives to the oils that
increase their lubricity. This is especially important for
transmission and similar oils intended for the
lubrication of various gear, hypoid and worm gears,
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
21
The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
(ISSN
–
2689-0984)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
19-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
32
)
(2021:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
7.856
Publisher:
The USA Journals
where pressures develop up to 30000kg/cm2.
Additives that contribute to the creation of a strong
boundary layer are called anti-wear and extreme
pressure.
To form a polishing film on a metal, chemically active
substances such as phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, etc.
are required. However, there are no such components
in transmission oils. They are introduced with
additives that have polishing properties. As a result of
the chemical interaction of these substances with the
metal
surface,
new
products
are
formed,
characterized by a lower melting point and an
increase in plasticity. For example, sulfur forms metal
sulfides. The melting point of iron sulfide is 350 ° C
lower than that of iron, and iron phosphide is 515 ° C
lower. The flow of the alloy at the points of contact
produces a chemical polishing of the surface, as a
result of which the specific pressure and temperature
decrease.
Sulfide and chloride films have lower melting points
compared to metals, therefore, in the contact zone of
parts, they easily pass into a molten state. The
presence of a melt of sulfides or chlorides in the gap
between the parts reduces the coefficient of friction,
and the spreading of the melt between the surfaces
leads to an expansion of the contact zone of the
parts. Substances containing sulfur, chlorine,
phosphorus in one combination or another are
currently used as polishing additives - all of them are
capable of producing compounds with more
favorable antifriction properties with metals.
Under
conditions
of
increased
loads
and
temperatures,
sulfur-containing
compounds:
disulfides, polysulfides compounds interact with the
metal. On the rubbing surfaces, a film of iron sulfide is
formed, which has a lower melting point than the
base. As the temperature rises, this film melts and
serves as an additional lubricant to prevent wear and
tear.
The combination of propping and polishing is
especially effective when the effect of chemical
polishing agents and polar substances with long
chains
is
simultaneously
manifested.
This
circumstance is a consequence of the formation of an
adsorbed film of polar substances on a chemically
polished surface.
The adsorption layer, getting into the microcracks of a
solid, quickly spreads deep into the crack and has a
significant wedging effect on the walls, which
contributes to the destruction of the surface layers.
The best extreme pressure properties are possessed
by bromine compounds, however, they are in short
supply, therefore, the compounds of the more
accessible element chlorine are practically used.
During the decomposition of chloride compounds,
free chlorine or hydrogen chloride is liberated, which
form chlorides with the metal. The advantages of
chlorides include plasticity at elevated temperatures.
From substances containing both sulfur and chlorine
in the molecule, we chose the additive LZ-309 (Sulfur
1.7%, chlorine 2.7%, phosphorus 1%). Testing several
dozen of these compounds as oil additives has shown
that they are very effective for gear oils used for
agricultural machinery. We studied samples of
industrial oils, and samples with additives LZ-309:
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
22
The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
(ISSN
–
2689-0984)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
19-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
32
)
(2021:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
7.856
Publisher:
The USA Journals
In complex sulfur-chlorine additives, sulfide films
prevent scuffing, while chloride films, due to their
elasticity, reduce wear and energy consumption to
overcome friction.
RESULTS
As the object of the study was chosen: transmission
oil TSp-14, TAp-15, and additive LZ-309 (3-6%). To carry
out the experiments, oils TSp-14, TAp-15 with an
additive LZ-309 (3-6%) were analyzed for physical and
chemical indicators in accordance with
the
requirements and standards of GOST 10541.The results
of testing gear oils with an additive are shown in Table
1
Table 1.
Transmission Oil Test Results with LZ-309 additive
Quality indicators
TAp-15
TSp-14
LZ-309 additive content,%
3
4
5
6
3
4
5
6
Viscosity, mm
2
/ s at
t=100
C
15
16
17
18
14
16
15
17
Antiwear properties,%
20
25
35
45
19
22
33
42
CONCLUSIONS
According to the results of laboratory studies, when
the additive was introduced into TSp-14, TAp-15 oils,
the physicochemical indicators gave positive results in
comparison with base oils.
From the results of the analysis, we selected the
content of additives LZ-309 5%, which shows the
optimal value of viscosity and flashpoint. With a
further increase in the concentration of LZ-309, the
viscosity increased significantly, which can lead to
increased friction losses. The higher the viscosity, the
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
23
The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
(ISSN
–
2689-0984)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
19-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
32
)
(2021:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
7.856
Publisher:
The USA Journals
better the anti-wear properties and the greater the
load the rubbing parts can withstand.
Further, the physicochemical properties of the TAp-15
and TSp-14 transmission oils with 5 % LZ-309 additive
were determined.
In the future, these oils can be admitted to the next
stage - to operational tests on special equipment.
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