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Original Research
PAGE NO.
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10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue05-19
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SUBMITED
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ACCEPTED
19 April 2025
PUBLISHED
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VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue05 2025
CITATION
Tonubari Zigha Bornu. (2025). The challenge of national security, in a
heterogeneous state: using Nigeria as a case study. The American Journal
of Political Science Law and Criminology, 7(05), 175
–
178.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue05-19
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
The challenge of national
security, in a
heterogeneous state:
using Nigeria as a case
study
Tonubari Zigha Bornu
PhD Student, City University, Cambodia
Abstract:
The issue of national security has always been
a determining factor for every government and it has
always been an interest that is of topmost priority to
every government. The issue of National Security in
every
political
administration
cannot
be
overemphasized, as it is a determining factor in the
assessment of a political administration as to whether a
government is responsible or not.
The government owes every citizen of her state security
as to their lives, properties, etc. It is as of right -legal
right of the citizens to be protected by their
government. Using Nigeria as a case study, if the
government is not responsible enough to protect its
citizens, economy and other institutions, the
Fundamental Rights enlisted under Chapter IV of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as
amended) can never be in any way attainable, thereby
making such government irresponsible. In a
heterogeneous state like Nigeria where there are
diverse cultures, ethnicities, religions, languages,
different sensitivity traits and patterns, etc., the issue of
National Security has always been a primary concern.
Although of primary significance, it has its challenges
amidst it differences, which is what this paper seeks to
highlight. This article examines the multifaceted
challenges of national security in Nigeria, a nation
grappling with a myriad of threats including insurgency,
ethnic conflicts, banditry, and organized crime.
Historical context reveals how past events, such as civil
wars and military coups, have shaped the current
security landscape. The rise of Boko Haram and its
offshoots, coupled with communal tensions driven by
resource scarcity, underscores the complexity of the
situation. The government's response, including military
interventions and community policing initiatives, is
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analysed for effectiveness. Additionally, the socio-
economic factors contributing to insecurity, such as
poverty and youth disenfranchisement, are explored.
By evaluating these dynamics, the article underscores
the necessity of a holistic approach to national security
that integrates economic, social, and political reforms.
Ultimately, this case study of Nigeria offers insights
relevant to understanding and addressing security
challenges in similar contexts globally.
Keywords:
Challenges,
National
Security,
Heterogeneous, case study, Insurgency.
Introduction:
Security is the ability of a country’s
Government to protect its citizens, economy and other
institutions. And beyond the obvious protection, i.e.
against military attacks, national security in the 21st
century includes several non-military missions, which
includes economic security, energy security, homeland
security, cybersecurity, human security, etc.
To ensure national security, government rely on
tactics, including political, economic and military
power along with diplomacy.
Prior to this age, national security was strictly a matter
of military power and readiness, but with the
beginning of the nuclear age and cyber threat it
became clear that defining national security in a
context of conventional military warfare had become a
thing of the past.
Beyond merely maintaining domestic order, national
security is relevant and important. And its importance
extends to the health and prosperity of the people who
make up the population as well as the relationships
between all nations on a regional and international
scale. National security is a critical component of
statehood, encompassing the strategies and measures
that a nation employs to safeguard its sovereignty,
territorial integrity, and the well-being of its citizens
from various threats. In Nigeria, national security
challenges are particularly acute, shaped by the
country’s complex socio
-political landscape, ethnic
diversity, and historical legacies. As Africa’s most
populous nation, Nigeria faces a multitude of security
issues that not only threaten its stability but also
undermine the development and safety of its people.
The rise of Boko Haram, a militant Islamist group
founded in 2002, has been one of the most significant
challenges to Nigeria’s national security. Boko Haram
aims to establish a strict interpretation of Sharia law
and has been responsible for numerous violent
attacks, abductions, and terrorist acts, including the
infamous 2014 abduction of over 200 schoolgirls in
Chibok (Zenn & Pantucci, 2019). The group’s activities
have led to thousands of deaths and the displacement
of millions, creating a humanitarian crisis in
northeastern Nigeria (International Crisis Group, 2020).
In addition to insurgency, Nigeria grapples with ethnic
conflicts that arise from competition over resources and
political power. The tensions between pastoralists and
farmers, particularly in the Middle Belt region,
exemplify how resource scarcity
—
exacerbated by
climate change
—
can fuel violence (Akinwunmi, 2018).
These conflicts often take on ethnic dimensions, as
different groups vie for control over land and water,
leading to cycles of violence that further destabilize the
region (Ribadu, 2021).
Furthermore, banditry and kidnapping for ransom have
become rampant, particularly in northern Nigeria.
Criminal gangs engage in violent theft and abduction,
creating a pervasive atmosphere of fear. According to
Human Rights Watch (2020), these acts not only pose
immediate threats to lives but also disrupt economic
activities and hinder development. The government’s
response to these security challenges has included
military operations, yet critics argue that these
measures often lead to human rights abuses and fail to
address the underlying socio-economic factors that
drive insecurity (Amnesty International, 2019).
The interplay of these factors highlights the need for a
comprehensive understanding of national security
challenges in Nigeria. Addressing these issues requires
not only effective law enforcement and military
strategies but also socio-economic reforms that tackle
poverty,
unemployment,
and
youth
disenfranchisement. By examining Nigeria as a case
study, this article aims to shed light on the broader
implications
of
national
security
challenges,
emphasizing the necessity of holistic approaches that
integrate economic, social, and political dimensions to
foster stability and peace.
Purpose of National Security
By purpose in this context, it refers to the aim behind
national security or the goal that national security is
meant to achieve. The purpose of national security to
every government is of primary concern because it is a
fundamental responsibility of any government and it
encompasses a wide range of activities, including
diplomacy, defense, intelligence, law enforcement and
more. In Nigeria, Section 14(2)(b) of the Constitution of
the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended),
states that welfare of the people shall be the primary
purpose of Government.
DEFINITION AND CLARIFICATION OF KEY CONCEPTS
The subject matter under review requires definition and
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clarification of the following concepts:
‘Challenges’ in this context simply means something
that is difficult and that, which tests someone’s ability
or determination5
‘National Security’ can be defined as the ability of a
country’s government to protect
its citizens, economy
and other institutions. National security encompasses
the measures taken by a state to protect its
sovereignty, territorial integrity, and citizens from
internal and external threats. In Nigeria, this includes
addressing terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime,
which threaten social order and political stability
(Adebajo, 2016).
‘Heterogeneous’ here simply means different
individuals or species. It means differing in kind; having
unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics;
i.e. dissimilar.
It means being diverse in kind or nature; composed of
diverse parts
It also means composed of parts of different kinds;
having widely dissimilar elements.
‘Case Study’ is research performed in detail in a single
individual, group, incident or community as opposed
to, for instance, a sample of the whole population.
‘Nigeria’ As Africa's most populous country, Nigeria
faces unique security challenges due to its ethnic
diversity, economic disparities, and political instability.
The countr
y’s wealth in natural resources, particularly
oil, has also fueled corruption and conflict (Fukuyama,
2018).
‘Insurgency’ Insurgency in Nigeria, particularly from
groups like Boko Haram, represents a significant
challenge. Insurgencies involve organized movements
aimed at challenging established authority through
violent means. Boko Haram has disrupted social
cohesion and displaced millions (Baker, 2019).
‘Boko Haram’ Founded in 2002, Boko Haram seeks to
impose a strict interpretation of Sharia law in Nigeria.
The group gained international notoriety for its violent
tactics, including the 2014 Chibok schoolgirls'
kidnapping. Its actions have not only caused
widespread violence but also humanitarian crises
(Zenn & Pantucci, 2019).
‘Ethnic Conflict’ Nigeria is
home to over 250 ethnic
groups, leading to competition for resources and
power. Conflicts, such as the clashes between herders
and farmers in the Middle Belt, highlight how ethnic
identity can exacerbate tensions, especially in the face
of resource scarcity (Akinwunmi, 2018).
‘Banditry’ In northern Nigeria, banditry has emerged as
a serious security issue, characterized by kidnappings
for ransom and violent thefts. These activities are often
linked to larger socio-economic issues, including poverty
and unemployment (Human Rights Watch, 2020).
‘Organized Crime’ Organized crime in Nigeria includes
drug trafficking, human trafficking, and smuggling,
facilitated by corruption and weak law enforcement.
These activities undermine the rule of law and
contribute to a culture of impunity (United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime, 2018).
‘Community Policing’ Community policing strategies
focus on building relationships between law
enforcement and communities to enhance public
safety. In Nigeria, initiatives aimed at engaging local
communities have shown promise in addressing
security issues and improving trust in the police (Udom,
2021).
‘Socio
-
Economic Factors’ Socio
-economic challenges,
such as high unemployment rates and poverty, play a
critical role in fueling insecurity. The lack of
opportunities, particularly for youth, can lead to
disenfranchisement and vulnerability to extremist
ideologies (World Bank, 2021).
‘Regional Stability’ Nigeria's security challenges have
regional implications, affecting neighboring countries
through the spillover of violence and refugee flows.
Collaborative efforts within the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) are crucial for addressing
these issues (Aning & Okyere, 2016).
‘Security Challenges’ The diverse r
ange of security
challenges facing Nigeria includes terrorism, ethnic
conflict, and criminal activities. These challenges hinder
governance and development, requiring comprehensive
strategies to enhance national security (Obi, 2017).
‘Government Response’
The Nigerian government's
response has included military operations against
insurgents and policies aimed at addressing the root
causes of insecurity. However, critiques often point to
issues of human rights abuses and a lack of effective
community engagement (Amnesty International, 2019).
‘Terrorism’ Terrorism in Nigeria, primarily associated
with Boko Haram and other extremist groups, poses
significant threats to civilian safety and national
stability. Efforts to counter terrorism must address both
immediate security needs and long-term socio-
economic development (Hassan, 2020).
‘Resource Scarcity’ Competition for resources,
particularly land and water, has led to violent conflicts
between agricultural communities and herders. Climate
change exacerbates these challenges, highlighting the
need for sustainable resource management (Adetunji,
2020).
‘Youth Disenfranchisement’ A significant portion of
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Nigeria's population is youth, many of whom face high
unemployment and lack opportunities for meaningful
engagement. This disenfranchisement can drive young
people toward crime or extremist groups as alternative
avenues for agency (Pew Research Center, 2019).
THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL SECURITY
National security is a foundational element of state
governance, representing the measures a nation takes
to protect its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the
well-being of its citizens from various threats, both
internal and external. Understanding the importance
of national security is crucial for grasping its
implicat
ions on a nation’s stability, prosperity, and
overall functioning. In fact, national security is a vital
aspect of governance that impacts all facets of a
nation’s existence. It ensures the protection of
sovereignty, the safety of citizens, and economic
stability while promoting social cohesion and
contributing to regional and global stability. As new
threats emerge, nations must continuously adapt their
security strategies to safeguard their interests and
foster a secure environment conducive to growth and
development. In Nigeria, addressing the complex
interplay of security challenges is essential for
achieving long-term peace and prosperity.
However, the importance of National Security can be
summarily highlighted below:
Protection of Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity
:
Sovereignty is the cornerstone of national security,
ensuring that a state can govern itself without outside
interference. This includes the protection of territorial
boundaries against military aggression from other
states or non-state actors. The importance of
sovereignty is underscored by historical instances of
invasions and conflicts, which have often led to
significant loss of life and resources. For example, the
Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) was a pivotal moment
that tested Niger
ia’s unity and sovereignty,
highlighting the need for effective national security
measures to prevent similar conflicts (Fukuyama,
2018).
Safety of Citizens
: The primary goal of national security
is to ensure the safety and security of citizens. This
involves protecting individuals from crime, terrorism,
and other forms of violence that disrupt social order. A
secure environment allows citizens to pursue their
daily activities without fear. When citizens feel safe,
they are more likely to engage in productive
endeavors, which in turn contributes to social stability
and economic development. For instance, the
heightened threat of Boko Haram in Nigeria has led to
widespread fear and displacement, illustrating how
insecurity can undermine societal well-being (Baker,
2019).
Economic Stability and Growth
: Economic stability is
intrinsically linked to national security. Threats such as
terrorism, civil unrest, and organized crime can deter
investment,
disrupt
markets,
and
destabilize
economies. A secure environment fosters economic
growth by attracting foreign investment and facilitating
trade. According to a World Bank report, countries with
strong national security frameworks tend to have higher
levels of economic prosperity due to enhanced investor
confidence (World Bank, 2021). For instance, the impact
of kidnappings for ransom in Nigeria’s oil
-rich regions
has deterred foreign investment, thus affecting the
country’s economic growth trajectory.
Social Cohesion and National Unity
: National security
also plays a critical role in promoting social cohesion. By
addressing grievances that could lead to conflict
—
such
as poverty, inequality, and ethnic tensions
—
national
security strategies can help build a sense of unity among
diverse populations. In Nigeria, where over 250 ethnic
groups coexist, effective management of national
security can mitigate tensions, fostering a sense of
belonging and collective identity (Obi, 2017). For
example, inclusive policies that ensure equitable
resource distribution can reduce the likelihood of
conflicts, particularly in resource-rich regions.
Global and Regional Stability
: The implications of
national security extend beyond domestic boundaries;
they encompass regional and global stability as well. A
secure nation contributes to the overall peace and
security of its region. Conversely, nations facing severe
security challenges can destabilize their neighborhoods,
leading to conflicts that spill over borders. Nigeria’s
security issues, particularly those related to Boko Haram
and banditry, have implications for West African
stability, necessitating cooperative efforts among
neighboring countries to address common threats
(Aning & Okyere, 2016). Collaborative security
initiatives within frameworks like ECOWAS demonstrate
the importance of regional cooperation in maintaining
peace.
Response
to
Emerging
Threats
:
In
today’s
interconnected world, national security must evolve to
address new and emerging threats, including cyber
warfare, transnational crime, and environmental
challenges. These threats require comprehensive
responses that integrate military, economic, and
diplomatic strategies. For example, the rise of cyber
threats poses significant risks to national security, as
evidenced by various cyberattacks on government and
private sector entities worldwide (Libicki, 2020). As
technology
advances,
nations
must
prioritize
cybersecurity to protect critical infrastructure and
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sensitive data.
KEY EVENTS THAT HAVE SHAPED SECURITY ISSUES IN
NIGERIA
These key events have profoundly shaped Nigeria's
security issues, creating a complex interplay of
violence, socio-economic challenges, and governance
failures. Addressing these interconnected problems
requires comprehensive strategies that integrate
immediate security responses with long-term socio-
economic development and effective governance
reforms. Collaborative efforts among the government,
civil society, and international partners are essential
for building a secure and stable Nigeria.
Nigeria's security landscape has been profoundly
affected by various key events that reflect its complex
socio-political and economic dynamics. Below is an in-
depth examination of these pivotal moments:
Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970)
The Nigerian Civil War, often referred to as the Biafran
War, was a major conflict that arose from ethnic,
political, and economic tensions. The southeastern
region, primarily composed of the Igbo ethnic group,
declared independence as the Republic of Biafra,
leading to a brutal war against the Nigerian Federal
Government.
Causes: The conflict stemmed from deep-rooted
grievances over political marginalization, resource
allocation, and ethnic tensions. Following a series of
coups and violent pogroms against the Igbo people,
Biafra sought independence, leading to war.
Impact: The war resulted in the deaths of an estimated
one to three million people, largely due to starvation
and military conflict. The humanitarian crisis,
exacerbated by a blockade imposed by the Nigerian
government, drew international attention and
highlighted the need for humanitarian intervention.
The legacy of the war left lingering ethnic divisions,
fueling distrust among various groups and influencing
future conflicts, particularly in the context of resource
control and political representation.
Formation of Boko Haram (2002)
Founded in 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf, Boko Haram
initially started as a religious movement advocating for
the establishment of Sharia law in Nigeria. Over time,
it evolved into a violent insurgency.
Radicalization: By 2009, Boko Haram had begun its
armed rebellion, particularly after the killing of Yusuf
during a confrontation with the police. This marked a
significant escalation, leading to widespread violence
across northeastern Nigeria.
Impact: Boko Haram's insurgency has led to tens of
thousands of deaths and the displacement of over two
million people. The group's activities have not only
destabilized northeastern Nigeria but have also
impacted regional security, leading to concerns about
the spread of extremism across West Africa.
Chibok Kidnapping (2014)
One of the most infamous events linked to Boko Haram
was the kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls from Chibok in
April 2014. This event garnered international attention
and condemnation.
Global Reaction: The hashtag #BringBackOurGirls
became a rallying cry for global advocacy against
terrorism and for the rights of girls to education. The
incident highlighted Nigeria's security vulnerabilities
and the plight of women in conflict zones.
Impact: The kidnapping underscored the challenges the
Nigerian government faced in combating terrorism and
protecting citizens. It also triggered international
military assistance and discussions on global security
cooperation.
Fulani Herdsmen-Farmer Conflicts
The long-standing conflict between Fulani herdsmen
and
predominantly
agrarian
communities
has
intensified, particularly in the Middle Belt region.
Drivers of Conflict: Factors such as climate change,
desertification,
and
population
growth
have
exacerbated competition for land and resources. The
mobility of Fulani herdsmen in search of grazing land
often leads to violent clashes with settled farming
communities.
Impact: These conflicts have resulted in thousands of
deaths and displacements, further complicating
Nigeria’s security situation. The ethnic and religious
dimensions of these clashes often escalate tensions and
provoke retaliatory violence, creating a cycle of conflict.
Rise of Banditry and Kidnapping (2010s-Present)
In recent years, banditry and kidnappings have surged,
particularly in northern Nigeria, where armed groups
operate with relative impunity.
Nature of Banditry: Bandit groups often engage in mass
kidnappings for ransom, violent robberies, and clashes
with security forces. The lack of effective law
enforcement in rural areas has allowed these groups to
flourish.
Impact: The rise of banditry has created an environment
of fear and insecurity, significantly affecting economic
activities and community relations. Many families are
forced to pay ransoms to secure the release of
kidnapped relatives, perpetuating a cycle of crime and
violence (Human Rights Watch, 2020).
#EndSARS Protests (2020)
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The #EndSARS movement emerged in response to
widespread police brutality, particularly against the
Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), which was
notorious for extortion, torture, and extrajudicial
killings.
Protests: Beginning in October 2020, the protests drew
massive public support and attention, highlighting
broader issues of governance, corruption, and
accountability within the Nigerian police force.
Impact: The government's violent response to the
protests, including the Lekki Toll Gate shooting,
exacerbated public distrust in security forces and
highlighted the need for comprehensive police reform.
The protests reflected deep-seated frustrations
regarding governance and public safety, showing the
connection between security issues and citizen rights.
COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-Present)
The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound socio-
economic impacts on Nigeria, exacerbating existing
vulnerabilities and security challenges.
Economic Consequences: Lockdowns and economic
downturns have increased unemployment and poverty
rates, pushing more individuals towards criminal
activities as alternative means of survival.
Security Implications: The pandemic has also strained
government resources, complicating efforts to address
security threats and leading to a rise in crime rates.
Increased desperation among youth has made them
more susceptible to recruitment by extremist groups
and criminal organizations.
Military Operations and Counterinsurgency Efforts
Nigeria has engaged in numerous military operations
aimed at countering insurgency and banditry, such as
Operation Lafiya Dole and Operation Puff Adder.
Challenges: While these operations have achieved
some tactical successes, they have often been
criticized for human rights violations and a lack of
sustainable impact. Issues such as corruption within
the military, inadequate training, and poor
coordination among security agencies hinder effective
responses (Obi, 2017).
Public Sentiment: The perceived failure of the military
to secure communities against Boko Haram and
banditry has led to growing public frustration and calls
for reform within the security sector.
THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL SECURITY
The impact of national security cannot be over
emphasized as it is essential for maintaining a
country’s stability, prosperity, and the wellbeing of its
citizens. However, some of the impact of national
security in some key affected areas are:
Political Stability
: Strong National Security helps
maintain political stability by protecting against internal
and external threats. It ensures that government
institutions can functions without undue disruption.
Economic Growth
: Effective National Security measures
protect infrastructure, promote investor’s confidence,
and reduce the economic cost of crime and conflict.
Businesses are more likely to thrive in secure
environment.
Social Cohesion
: National Security Efforts can enhance
social cohesion by creating a sense of safety and trust
among citizens. However, excessive security measures
can also lead to civil liberties concerns and social
division.
International Relations
: A Country’s National Security
Policies affects its relationships with other nations.
Strong security can lead to strategic alliances, while
security issues can cause tensions and conflicts.
Crisis Management
: Effective National Security Systems
are crucial for Managing crises, such as natural disasters,
pandemics, or terrorist attacks, ensuring a coordinated
and efficient response.
Protection of Human Rights
: Balancing National
Security with human rights is essential. Overemphasis
on security can lead to infringement on personal
freedoms and privacy.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT NATIONAL SECURITY,
ESPECIALLY IN A STATE LIKE NIGERIA
Nigeria is faced with an unprecedented wave of
different but overlapping security crises from
kidnapping to extremist insurgencies, almost every
corner of the country has been hit by violence and
crime9.
The factors that affect national security especially in
Nigeria are:
Political Instability
: Political Instability, corruption and
weak governance can undermine national security by
fostering
unrest
and
weakening
institutional
effectiveness.
Economic
Conditions
:
Economic
disparity,
unemployment, and poverty can contribute to social
unrest and make individuals more susceptible to
extremist ideologies.
Ethnic and Religious Tension
: Nigeria is a diverse
country with numerous ethnic and religious groups.
Tensions and conflict between these groups can lead to
violence and disrupt social cohesion.
Terrorism and Insurgencies
: Groups such as Boko
Haram and other extremist organizations like the Niger
Delta Militants poses significant threats though act of
terrorism and insurgency, impacting both security and
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development.
Even a separatist group called the indigenous people
of Biafra (IPOB) has been clashing with Nigeria’s
security agencies. IPOB want a group of state in the
South East, mainly made up of the people from the
Igbo Ethnic group, to break away and form the
independence nation of Biafra (Aliyu T. 2012)
Criminal Activities
: Organized crime, including drug
trafficking, kidnapping, banditry and armed robbery,
can destabilize regions and strain law enforcement
resources.
Border Security
: Nigeria’s Borders with several
Countries can be porous, allowing for the smuggling of
arms and illegal migrations, which can exacerbate
security issues.
Inadequate Infrastructure and Resources
: Inadequate
Infrastructure including poor transportation and
communication networks, can hinder effective
response to security threats and emergencies.
Climate and Environmental Factors
: Environmental
Challenges such as desertification and flooding, can
lead to resource conflict and displacement of
populations, further straining security.
Foreign Policy (International Relations):
Nigeria’s
Foreign Policy and its relationship with neighboring
countries and global powers can influence its national
security, both positively and negatively.
Internal Conflict
: Regional and Local Conflict such as
those involving herders and farmers. There has been
violent dispute between nomadic herders and farmers
in Nigeria for many years. But disagreements over
issues of land and water as well as grazing route have
been exacerbated by climate change and the spread of
the Sahara Desert as herders move further South
looking for pastures. Thousands have been killed in
clashes over limited resources (Aliyu T. 2012)
CHALLENGES OF NATIONAL SECURITY
The Challenges of National Security in a heterogeneous
state like Nigeria is complex and multifaceted. Some of
the challenges includes:
Ethnic and Religious Diversity
: Nigeria has over 250
ethnic groups and a roughly equal split between
Muslims and Christians. This diversity is a challenge to
National Security as it can lead to tension and conflict
between group.
Insurgencies and Militancy
: Groups like Boko Haram
and Niger Delta Militants pose significant security
threats.
Corruption
: The challenge corruption poses on
national security cannot be over emphasized.
Corruption undermines security efforts and fuels
insecurity.
Regionalism
: Regional identities and interests can lead
to tensions and conflicts as security officials are more
loyal to their various regions than national interest.
External influences: External actors can exploit Nigeria’s
diversity and security challenges for their own interest.
EFFECTS OF NON-PRIORITIZATION OF NATIONAL
SECURITY IN NIGERIA
The non-prioritization of national security in Nigeria has
resulted in a multitude of adverse effects that
undermine societal stability, economic growth, and the
overall well-being of the population. To address these
challenges, Nigeria must adopt a comprehensive and
integrated approach to national security that
encompasses effective governance, socio-economic
development, and community engagement. Only
through such measures can the country hope to break
the cycle of violence and achieve lasting peace and
prosperity
The non-prioritization of national security in Nigeria has
resulted in profound and multifaceted consequences
that permeate various aspects of society, governance,
and economic development. Below is an in-depth
examination of the key effects of non-prioritization of
national security:
Escalation of Violence and Insecurity
Increased Terrorism and Insurgency:
The failure to prioritize national security has facilitated
the expansion of terrorist groups such as Boko Haram
and ISWAP. Initially focused on opposing Western
influence, Boko Haram has morphed into a brutal
insurgency, launching coordinated attacks on military
and civilian targets. This transformation has resulted in
thousands of deaths and massive displacements
(International Crisis Group, 2020). ISWAP has adapted
tactics to focus on military targets and engage in
governance,
further
complicating
the
security
landscape. This adaptability underscores the lack of a
cohesive national security strategy (U.N. Office of
Counter-Terrorism, 2021).
Rising Crime Rates:
The proliferation of violent crime, including kidnapping
for ransom and armed robbery, has become a hallmark
of insecurity in Nigeria. Criminal gangs exploit the weak
law enforcement framework, targeting vulnerable
populations and creating a climate of fear (Adewale,
2020). According to a report by the Nigeria Security
Tracker, kidnappings have surged, particularly in
northern states, undermining public safety and trust in
law enforcement (Nigeria Security Tracker, 2021).
Humanitarian Crises
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Displacement and Refugee Crises:
Continuous violence has resulted in significant internal
displacement. As of 2021, over two million Nigerians
have been displaced due to conflicts, particularly in the
northeast, where humanitarian conditions are dire
(UNHCR, 2021).
Displaced individuals often face inadequate shelter,
food insecurity, and lack of access to healthcare,
exacerbating the humanitarian situation and placing
additional burdens on already strained local
governments and NGOs (World Food Programme,
2021).
Food Insecurity:
Ongoing conflicts disrupt agricultural activities, leading
to severe food shortages. Violence against farmers,
particularly in the Middle Belt, and disruptions in
supply chains due to insecurity have created alarming
levels of food insecurity, affecting millions (World
Bank, 2021). The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) estimates that over 12 million people in Nigeria
are currently facing acute food insecurity due to
conflict-related disruptions (FAO, 2021).
Economic Decline
Decreased Investment:
High levels of insecurity deter both foreign and
domestic investment. Investors often seek more stable
environments, leading to significant capital flight from
Nigeria. According to the World Bank, Nigeria's foreign
direct investment has declined markedly due to the
prevailing security concerns (World Bank, 2021). The
absence of investment hinders job creation and
economic growth, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and
unrest.
Disruption of Economic Activities:
Violence and insecurity disrupt markets and trade
routes, causing severe economic losses. Small
businesses often close due to the inability to operate
safely, leading to job losses and decreased economic
productivity (Akinola, 2018). The National Bureau of
Statistics reported that insecurity has adversely
affected key sectors, including agriculture and
commerce, reducing overall GDP growth (NBS, 2021).
Erosion of Trust in Government
Loss of Public Confidence:
The government’s failure to adequately address
security
concerns
has
led
to
widespread
disillusionment among citizens. Many feel abandoned,
fostering a perception that the state is unable or
unwilling to protect its citizens (Okeke, 2019). This
disillusionment can lead to decreased civic
engagement and increased support for alternative
security arrangements, including local militias and
vigilante groups, further undermining the authority of
the state.
Weakening of Governance:
Corruption and inefficiency in security institutions thrive
in an environment where national security is not
prioritized. Resources intended for security are often
misappropriated, resulting in poorly equipped and
trained personnel (Human Rights Watch, 2021). This
mismanagement contributes to a governance crisis, as
citizens lose faith in institutions meant to provide
security and public safety (Nigerian Economic Summit
Group, 2021).
Social Fragmentation
Ethnic and Religious Tensions:
The neglect of security issues exacerbates existing
ethnic and religious tensions. Conflicts between
different groups, especially between herders and
farmers
—
have intensified, leading to violent clashes
(Akinola, 2018).
The politicization of ethnic identities further
complicates these conflicts, creating an environment
ripe for violence and social unrest (Osaghae, 2010).
Rise of Militant Groups:
As the state struggles to maintain order, non-state
actors often rise to fill the security vacuum. These
groups can become increasingly militant, challenging
government authority and contributing to further
instability (U.N. Development Programme, 2021).
The proliferation of such groups often leads to cycles of
violence that are difficult to break, as they become
entrenched in local communities.
Impact on Development Goals
Hindrance to Social Services:
Insecure environments hinder the provision of essential
services such as education and healthcare. Schools are
frequently targeted, leading to a significant increase in
out-of-school children, particularly in conflict-affected
areas (World Bank, 2021). The inability to provide basic
services contributes to long-term developmental
setbacks, as entire generations may miss out on
educational opportunities.
Obstruction of Economic Development Initiatives:
Focus on immediate security concerns often diverts
attention and resources away from long-term
developmental initiatives. Critical sectors such as
health, education, and infrastructure suffer as funds are
redirected to military and security operations (Nigerian
Economic Summit Group, 2021). This neglect can
entrench poverty and underdevelopment, perpetuating
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cycles of violence and instability.
Other effects of non-prioritization of National Security
include:
Insecurity
: Ethnic and religious tensions, insurgency,
and terrorism have led to widespread of insecurity.
Political Instability
: Nigeria
’s political landscapes is
often
unstable,
with
ethnic
and
religious
considerations influencing political decisions.
Economic
Underdevelopment
:
Insecurity
and
instability hinder economic growth and development.
AN OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA'S SECURITY CHALLENGES/
CHALLENGES OF NATIONAL SECURITY
Nigeria faces a complex array of security challenges
that undermine its stability, development, and overall
governance. These challenges are deeply intertwined,
rooted in the country's socio-economic conditions,
historical legacies, and diverse ethnic landscape. A
detailed examination reveals several key security
issues which include:
Insurgency and Terrorism
: The rise of Boko Haram has
been a significant security concern since its emergence
in the early 2000s. Initially focused on opposing
Western education and governance, the group has
evolved into a brutal insurgency, engaging in
widespread violence, bombings, and kidnappings.
Impact: Boko Haram's actions have resulted in tens of
thousands of deaths and the displacement of over 2
million people, creating a humanitarian crisis in
northeastern Nigeria (International Crisis Group,
2020). The insurgency has not only destabilized
communities but has also hindered access to education
and healthcare, further exacerbating poverty and
insecurity.
Response: The Nigerian government has implemented
military operations, such as Operation Lafiya Dole,
aimed at dismantling Boko Haram. However,
challenges remain, including a lack of coordination
among security forces, insufficient funding, and
allegations of human rights abuses by military
personnel (Baker, 2019).
Ethnic and Communal Conflicts
: Nigeria's rich ethnic
diversity often leads to tensions and violent clashes,
particularly over resources like land and water. The
conflicts between Fulani herders and agrarian
communities, especially in the Middle Belt region,
exemplify this issue.
Drivers of Conflict: These conflicts are fueled by
competition for land, exacerbated by climate change
and desertification, which push herders southward
into predominantly agricultural areas. The increasing
frequency of violent encounters has resulted in
significant loss of life and property, with thousands
displaced (Akinwunmi, 2018).
Implications: Such ethnic conflicts not only threaten
lives but also disrupt social cohesion and hinder
economic activities, leading to a cycle of violence that
can further escalate tensions between different groups
(Ribadu, 2021).
Banditry and Kidnapping
: In recent years, banditry has
surged, particularly in northern Nigeria, characterized
by violent robberies and rampant kidnappings for
ransom.
Nature of Banditry: Armed groups operate with relative
impunity, often exploiting local grievances and socio-
economic conditions. Kidnapping for ransom has
become a lucrative business, with reports of dozens of
abductions occurring weekly (Human Rights Watch,
2020).
Consequences: This wave of crime creates a pervasive
atmosphere
of
fear,
significantly
impacting
communities and disrupting daily life. Economic
activities, especially in agriculture and trade, have been
severely affected, leading to increased poverty levels in
already vulnerable areas (Adetunji, 2020).
Organized Crime
: Nigeria has become a significant hub
for various forms of organized crime, including drug
trafficking, human trafficking, and cybercrime.
Drug Trafficking: The country is a key transit point for
drugs entering Europe and other markets. Organized
crime networks exploit Nigeria's geographical location
and weak enforcement mechanisms to facilitate drug
trafficking (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
2018).
Human Trafficking: Nigeria is also one of the largest
sources of human trafficking, with individuals exploited
for forced labor and sexual exploitation both
domestically and abroad. These criminal activities
undermine the rule of law and exacerbate existing social
vulnerabilities (U.S. Department of State, 2021).
Corruption and Governance Issues
: Corruption remains
a significant impediment to effective governance and
security in Nigeria. Impact on Security: Corruption
within security institutions leads to misallocation of
resources and lack of accountability, undermining
efforts to address security challenges. Reports of funds
intended for security operations being siphoned off
have
been
widespread,
contributing
to
the
ineffectiveness of military and law enforcement
responses (Obi, 2017).
Public Trust: High levels of corruption erode public trust
in government institutions, making it challenging to
implement effective security strategies and community
engagement programs (Amnesty International, 2019).
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Socio-Economic Factor
: High levels of poverty,
unemployment, and youth disenfranchisement
significantly contribute to Nigeria's security challenges.
Economic Instability: With over 40% of the population
living below the poverty line, economic instability
fosters environments where crime and radicalization
can thrive. Disenchanted youth are particularly
vulnerable to recruitment by extremist groups or
involvement in criminal activities (World Bank, 2021).
Long-Term Solutions: Addressing these socio-
economic issues through inclusive policies, education,
and job creation is crucial for long-term stability.
Sustainable development initiatives can help mitigate
the factors that drive individuals towards violence and
crime.
Nigeria's
security
challenges
are
deeply
interconnected,
requiring
comprehensive
and
multifaceted approaches for effective resolution.
Addressing these issues necessitates not only
immediate security responses but also long-term
socio-economic reforms that tackle the root causes of
instability. Collaborative efforts among government,
civil society, and international partners will be
essential in fostering a secure environment conducive
to peace and development
Resource Competition
: Nigeria’s Oi
l Wealth has fueled
competitions for resources, leading to tension
between regions and ethnic groups.
In the oil-producing South, security challenges are
nothing new. It is Nigeria’s biggest foreign export
earner, and militants in the Niger Delta have long
agitated for greater share of the profit. They argue that
the majority of the oil comes from their region and the
environmental damage caused by its extraction has
devastated communities and made it impossible for
them to fish or farm.12For years, militants pressured
the government by kidnapping oil workers and
launching attacks on security personnel and oil
infrastructure like pipelines (Aliyu T. 2012)
Weak Institutions
: Nigeria’s Security Institutions are
often weak and ineffective exacerbating security
challenges. Looking at the Security Agencies in Nigeria
shows the existence of the following: Nigeria Police
Force, a creation of the 1999 constitution, (as
amended) under section 214; State Security Service
(SSS), created in the National Security Agencies Act
(cap N74 LFN, 2004), Armed Forces of the Federation
provided under section 217 of the 1999 Constitution
(as amended), among others. However, these bodies
often perform below expectation on related security
matters. This occurs from inadequate equipment, both
in terms of weaponry and capacity training. Also, the
altitudinal and poor behavioral disposition of
personnel (Ebiziem et al.,2021)
INTERNATIONAL
IMPLICATIONS
OF
NIGERIA'S
SECURITY CHALLENGES
Nigeria's security challenges significantly impact not
only the nation but also the broader West African region
and the international community. These implications
encompass issues of regional stability, global terrorism,
economic ramifications, humanitarian concerns, and
geopolitical dynamics. The security challenges facing
Nigeria have profound international implications that
extend beyond its borders. Addressing these challenges
requires
coordinated
efforts
among
Nigerian
authorities, regional partners, and the global
community. By implementing effective strategies that
integrate security, development, and human rights,
stakeholders can contribute to fostering a more stable
and secure Nigeria, ultimately benefiting regional and
global stability.
REGIONAL STABILITY:
Cross-Border Threats
Insurgency Spread: The activities of extremist groups
such as Boko Haram and the Islamic State West Africa
Province (ISWAP) pose significant threats to the stability
of neighbouring countries, including Cameroon, Chad,
and Niger. These groups have conducted cross-border
raids, leading to regional instability and insecurity
(International Crisis Group, 2020).
Security Cooperation: The Multinational Joint Task
Force (MNJTF), comprising troops from Nigeria, Niger,
Chad, Cameroon, and Benin, is a regional response to
combat these threats. However, the effectiveness of
this force is often hampered by differing national
priorities and resource limitations (International Crisis
Group, 2020).
Refugee Crises
Displacement Dynamics: The conflict in northeastern
Nigeria has resulted in over 2 million internally displaced
persons (IDPs) and millions more who have sought
refuge in neighbouring countries. This influx strains local
resources and can lead to tensions between host
communities and refugees (UNHCR, 2021).
Humanitarian Challenges: The increase in displaced
populations
creates
significant
humanitarian
challenges, requiring international support and
intervention to address the basic needs of affected
individuals (U.N. Development Programme, 2021).
GLOBAL TERRORISM CONCERNS:
International Terrorism Networks
Connections to Global Terrorism: Nigeria's security
challenges are part of a broader global threat landscape.
Groups like Boko Haram have pledged allegiance to ISIS,
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establishing connections with international terrorist
networks. This raises alarms regarding the potential for
transnational terrorism (U.S. Department of State,
2021).
Counterterrorism Collaboration: Nations such as the
United States and European countries are increasingly
involved in counterterrorism efforts in Nigeria. This
includes training and equipping Nigerian forces,
sharing intelligence, and providing financial assistance
to combat terrorism (U.S. Department of State, 2021).
Counter-Radicalization Strategies
Lessons
Learned:
Nigeria’s
experience
with
radicalization provides valuable insights for other
countries facing similar issues. Successful counter-
radicalization programs can serve as models for
international efforts aimed at preventing the spread of
extremism (Baker, 2021).
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS:
Impact on Trade and Investment
Investor Confidence: Ongoing insecurity in Nigeria
deters foreign direct investment (FDI), crucial for
economic development. Investors often view
instability as a significant risk, leading to decreased
capital inflow and hindered economic growth (World
Bank, 2021).
Economic Disruption: Security challenges disrupt trade
routes and local markets, increasing transportation
costs and limiting access to goods and services. This
economic strain affects not only Nigeria but also its
regional partners reliant on Nigerian trade
(International Monetary Fund, 2021).
Regional Economic Growth
Key Economic Player: As Africa's largest economy,
Nigeria’s stability is vital
for regional economic
cooperation and integration. Instability can disrupt the
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
initiatives, which aim to enhance trade across the
continent (African Union, 2021).
HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS:
Human Rights Violations
Atrocities Committed: The conflict has led to
widespread
human
rights
abuses,
including
extrajudicial killings, torture, and displacement.
Reports of abuses by both state security forces and
militant groups draw international condemnation and
concern (Amnesty International, 2020).
International Scrutiny: These human rights violations
prompt international organizations and governments
to impose sanctions or other diplomatic measures,
complicating Nigeria's foreign relations (Human Rights
Watch, 2021).
Humanitarian Aid Needs
Rising Needs: The ongoing violence and displacement
have resulted in a growing humanitarian crisis, with
millions in need of assistance. The international
community is often called upon to provide humanitarian
aid, which can strain global resources and response
capacities (OCHA, 2021).
SDGs Impact: The insecurity in Nigeria undermines
progress toward achieving the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly
those related to poverty alleviation, education, and
health (U.N. Development Programme, 2021).
GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS:
Foreign Policy Interests
Strategic Importance: Nigeria's vast oil reserves and its
role as a regional power make it a focal point for
international interests. Instability in Nigeria can
influence the geopolitical landscape, affecting
relationships between major powers like the U.S., China,
and European nations (U.S. Department of State, 2021).
Military Cooperation: As insecurity persists, there is a
tendency for foreign powers to enhance military
cooperation with Nigeria. This can involve arms sales,
military training, and intelligence-sharing agreements
aimed at bolstering Nigeria's capacity to manage its
security threats (Eme, 2020).
Great Power Competition
Influence Dynamics: The involvement of foreign nations
in Nigeria can lead to increased competition for
influence in the region. Countries like China and the U.S.
may engage in strategic partnerships, seeking to
enhance their geopolitical foothold in Africa
(Nwanosike, 2021).
CONCLUSION
Nigeria’s h
eterogeneous nature poses significant
challenges to national security. By addressing the
challenges highlighted above, Nigeria can harness its
diversity as a strength and build a more secure and
stable nation. This article highlights the complexities
and vulnerabilities inherent in managing national
security within a diverse society. It underscores that
Nigeria’s ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, while a
source of richness, also poses significant challenges to
cohesion and stability. The article emphasizes the need
for inclusive governance, effective conflict resolution
strategies and community engagement to address these
security challenges. Ultimately fostering unity and
understanding among Nigeria’s divers populations is
crucial for enhancing national security and promoting
lasting peace.
Nigeria's security challenges are deeply rooted in a
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complex interplay of socio-economic factors that
perpetuate violence and instability. The country faces
significant issues such as widespread poverty, soaring
unemployment, regional inequalities, and inadequate
access to education and healthcare. These factors not
only diminish individual and community well-being but
also contribute to a sense of disenfranchisement and
frustration among the populace.
The persistent high poverty rate, particularly in the
northern regions, creates a breeding ground for
criminal activities and recruitment into extremist
groups. Unemployment, especially among the youth,
exacerbates this situation, as many young people find
themselves with few options for legitimate livelihoods.
Furthermore, the educational disruption caused by
ongoing violence limits opportunities for personal and
professional development, making it easier for
individuals to fall into cycles of crime and militancy.
In addition to economic issues, systemic corruption
and weak governance further complicate Nigeria's
security landscape. Corruption siphons off resources
that could otherwise be used for development, while
weak institutions fail to address the grievances of
citizens effectively. As a result, many people turn to
non-state actors or violent means to assert their rights
and seek justice, leading to further instability.
Ultimately, addressing Nigeria's security challenges
requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach
that prioritizes socio-economic development alongside
traditional security measures. The focus should not
only be on immediate military responses but also on
long-term strategies aimed at addressing the root
causes of insecurity.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Invest in Education
Increase Funding: The government should allocate
more resources to the education sector, especially in
conflict-affected areas. This includes improving
infrastructure, training teachers, and providing
educational materials.
Promote Access: Implement programs aimed at
increasing
school
enrollment
and
retention,
particularly for girls and marginalized communities, to
ensure equal educational opportunities.
Enhance Economic Opportunities
Youth Employment Programs: Develop targeted job
creation initiatives that focus on vocational training
and entrepreneurship for young people. Collaborating
with the private sector to provide internships and
apprenticeships can create pathways to employment.
Support Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs):
Provide financial support and access to credit for SMEs,
which are crucial for economic growth and job creation.
Encouraging local businesses can stimulate regional
economies and reduce dependency on illicit activities.
Strengthen Healthcare Systems
Improve Infrastructure: Invest in healthcare facilities,
particularly in rural areas, to enhance access to essential
services. This includes ensuring the availability of basic
medical supplies and personnel.
Address Mental Health: Develop programs to support
mental health, particularly for those affected by
violence and conflict. Providing psychological support
can help communities heal and rebuild.
Combat Corruption
Implement Transparency Measures: Establish strict anti-
corruption policies and practices that promote
accountability in government spending and resource
allocation. This includes creating independent bodies to
oversee and audit government contracts and
expenditures.
Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate citizens about
their rights and the importance of holding government
officials accountable, fostering a culture of transparency
and integrity.
Promote Community Engagement
Foster Dialogue: Initiate community-based programs
that bring together government officials, security
forces, and local leaders to address grievances and
foster trust. Regular dialogue can help mitigate tensions
and create collaborative solutions to local issues.
Empower
Local
Governance:
Strengthen
local
governance structures to ensure that communities have
a say in decision-making processes. Empowered local
leaders can better address the specific needs and
concerns of their communities.
Enhance Security Sector Reforms
Training and Resources: Provide adequate training and
resources for law enforcement agencies to ensure they
can effectively combat crime while respecting human
rights. Building trust between communities and security
forces is essential for effective policing.
Intelligence
Sharing:
Encourage
inter-agency
collaboration and intelligence sharing to improve
responses to security threats. This can enhance
operational effectiveness and prevent violent incidents.
By implementing these recommendations, Nigeria can
work towards addressing the multifaceted security
challenges it faces. A comprehensive approach that
integrates socio-economic development, education,
healthcare, and governance reforms is essential for
creating a more stable and secure environment.
Through collaborative efforts involving government,
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civil society, and international partners, Nigeria can
build a foundation for sustainable peace and
development, ultimately allowing its citizens to thrive
in a secure and equitable society.
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