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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
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VOLUME
04
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31-40
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ABSTRACT
The article provides an overview of the key institutional models for the protection of intellectual property rights in
foreign countries. Three basic models of protection are justified in this articles. Special aspects of the activities of
authorized administrative and law enforcement authorities of foreign countries to protect intellectual property are
reviewed in this article. Recommendations for improving the institutional system for the protection of intellectual
property rights in the Republic of Uzbekistan were developed based on the analysis.
KEYWORDS
Protection of intellectual property rights, institutional models for protecting intellectual property rights, activities of
authorized administrative and law enforcement agencies of foreign countries to protect intellectual property rights.
INTRODUCTION
Intellectual property is the product of the human
intelligence, the result of creativity, which is protected
by law.
Protection of intellectual property rights takes on
increasing importance in the context of the
globalization of the world economy and the growth of
international trade.
Legal protection of intellectual property acquires
special relevance in the context of the formation of a
modern infrastructure of market economy in
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Submission Date:
February 27, 2022,
Accepted Date:
March 17, 2022,
Published Date:
March 29, 2022
|
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume04Issue03-06
Zufarova Sh. M.
Applicant, Academy of the General Prosecutor's Office Republic of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
32
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
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03
Pages:
31-40
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2020:
5.
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5.
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(2022:
6.
215
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OCLC
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1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
Uzbekistan and the integration of our country into the
world community.
Thus, according to the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) report in 2020, the number of
international patent applications, despite the COVID-19
pandemic, grew by 4% and amounted to 275,900
applications, reaching an all-time high, despite a
projected 3.5% decline in global GDP.
1
China (68,720 applications, +16.1% annual growth rate)
remained the largest user of WIPO's international
patent system (PCT) in the world and got ahead of the
US (59,230 applications, +3%), Japan (50,520
applications, - 4.1%), the Republic of Korea (20,060
applications, +5.2%) and Germany (18,643 applications,
-3.7%).
Undoubtedly, the institute of intellectual property is
being transformed in the light of new socio-economic
and informational realities, which certainly requires the
establishment of appropriate effective institutions to
ensure the protection of intellectual property rights.
The analysis found that, depending on the method of
protection of intellectual property objects, researchers
distinguish jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional ways of
1
International patent filings via WIPO, March 2, 2021,
PR/2021/874.
https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2021/article_00
02.html
2
Geiger Ch. The construction of intellectual property in the
European Union: searching for coherence // Constructing
European intellectual property: achievements and new
perspectives / ed. by Ch. Geiger. – Cheltenham;
Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2013. P. 5–23;
Seville
C.
European Union Intellectual Property Law and Policy. 2nd
ed. –Cheltenham; Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2016. 584 p.;
Neznamov А.V. Concepts of "method", "means", "form of
rights protection" and their interaction // Arbitration and
Civil Procedure. - 2013. - № 5. - С. 4.; Sorokin Y. A. The concept
of method of protection of civil rights. Classification of
protection (Geiger Ch., Thomas L., Pila J., Seville C.,
Neznamov A.V., Sorokin Y.A., etc.)
2
.
According to well-known experts Ch. Geiger and L.
Thomas jurisdictional method involves various
government agencies, including
judicial protection
.
Based on the consequences that led to the violation of
intellectual property rights, an appropriate method of
protection can be chosen.
3
According to the European researcher C.Seville
nonjurisdictional way of protection
is the least
expensive, but also less effective. Often after an
infringer is notified of an infringement, the copyright
holder is forced to sue in court as a result of the
infringer
ignoring
the
infringer's
notice
of
infringement.
4
In this case, in the general opinion of experts, the
jurisdictional mode of protection is characterized by
the presence of specially authorized bodies, which
include: courts of general and special jurisdiction, other
bodies (permanent and ad hoc arbitration courts)
entrusted with judicial power.
5
Non-jurisdictional method involves the protection of
the interests of the entitled person, whose right is
methods of protection of civil rights // "Black holes" in the
Russian legislation. - 2007. - № 5. - 114 p.
3
Geiger Ch. The construction of intellectual property in the
European Union: searching for coherence // Constructing
European intellectual property: achievements and new
perspectives / ed. by Ch. Geiger. – Cheltenham;
Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2013. P. 5–23; Thomas L.
Arbitration of Intellectual Property Disputes, 37 ASA Bulletin
2/2019, pp. 289-304.
4
Seville C.
European Union Intellectual Property Law and
Policy. 2nd ed. –Cheltenham; Northampton: Edward Elgar,
2016. 584 p.
5
Civil law: textbook / ed. A. P. Sergeeva, Yu. K. Tolstoy. M.,
1996. Part 1. 268 p.
33
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
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04
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violated or challenged, without recourse to state and
other authorized bodies
.6
At the same time, Article 12 of the Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property (Paris, 1883) provides
for the establishment of a special government div to
ensure the protection of intellectual property).
7
Our analysis has shown that as of the beginning of
2021, 193 WIPO member countries have established
various mechanisms and methods of intellectual
property protection,
8
involving a wide range of
instruments of protection of intellectual property
rights (civil, administrative and criminal legal
protection).
9
It should be noted that the formation of the relevant
authorized bodies has a three-hundred-year history.
For example, the Patent Office of the French Republic
was established in 1791.
10
Similar bodies were later
established in several other countries (British Patent
Office (1852),
11
Swedish Patent and Registration Board
6
ib.
7
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
of
March
20,
1883.
(official
translation)
https://wipolex.wipo.int/ru/text/379398
8
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
Official website. – URL: https://www.wipo.int/members/en/
9
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Adjudicating
intellectual property disputes. An ICC report on specialised
IP jurisdictions worldwide, 2016. – URL: https://www.ccpit-
patent.com.cn/sites/default/files/files/education/ICC%20Spe
cialised%20IP%20Jurisdictions%20EN.pdf
10
Institut national de la propriété industrielle. – URL:
https://www.inpi.fr/fr
11
Intellectual
property
office
in
UK
–
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/intellectual-
property-office
12
Patent – och registreringsverket (en. The Swedish Patent
and Registration Office). – URL: https://www.prv.se/sv/
(1855),
12
German Patent and Trademark Office (1877),
13
Japan Patent Office (1885),
14
Patent Office of the
Republic of Poland (1918),
15
US Patent and Trademark
Office (1975),
16
Spanish Patent and Trademark Office
(1991),
17
Korean Intellectual Property Office (1997).
18
In the professional literature, the formation of
institutional models for the protection of intellectual
property rights has been discussed for the past 150
years.
19
They are conventionally divided into the Anglo-Saxon
and Romano-Germanic systems for the protection of
intellectual property rights. This is due to the
difference in legal regulation and protection of
intellectual property in continental Europe and the
countries of the British Commonwealth.
At the same time in the countries of case law (Australia,
Canada, USA, UK) great attention is paid to the
fundamental principles
20
(generally binding nature;
absence of any normative act of general nature, no
13
Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA) The German
Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA). – URL:
https://www.dpma.de/
14
Japan Patent Office https://www.jpo.go.jp/
15
Patent Office of the Republic of Poland – URL:
https://uprp.gov.pl/pl
16
The United States Patent and Trademark Office
(USPTO). – URL: https://www.uspto.gov
17
Spanish Patent and Trademark Office O.A. – URL:
18
Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO). – URL:
https://kipo.go.kr
19
Baldwin, P. (2014). The Battle between Anglo-American
Copyright and European Authors’ Rights. In The Copyright
Wars: Three Centuries of Trans-Atlantic Battle (pp. 14-52).
PRINCETON;
OXFORD:
Princeton
University
Press.
doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq0z2.4
20
Malysheva A.V. Case law: Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and
Continental Law // Youth and Science: Proceedings of the IX
All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference of Students,
Postgraduate Students and Young Scientists with
34
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
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division of law into private and public law, the courts
take into account the earlier decisions and follow
them) of use and protection of intellectual property
rights.
The countries of continental Europe (France, Germany,
Spain, and Sweden) pay attention to the development
of formalized legal regulations (the Patent Act of the
Federal Republic of Germany, 1981,
21
the Intellectual
Property Code, 1992).
22
At the same time, according to the classification of the
National Intellectual Property Office of the PRC, there
are three models of protection defined by the types of
intellectual property objects - "four-in-one", "three-in-
one", as well as the model of "separate
management".
23
In
the "four-in-one" model
patents, industrial designs,
trademarks and copyright issues are managed by a
single administrative div. Such a model is developed
in 40 countries (including Canada, the Russian
Federation, and the United Kingdom).
The "three-in-one" model
prescribes that patents,
industrial designs, and trademarks are managed by an
authorized div, while copyright issues are regulated
by another independent div.
This model has been
adopted in about 100 countries (including France,
Germany, Japan, and the United States).
participation of international specialists, dedicated to the
385th anniversary of Krasnoyarsk [Electronic resource]. -
Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Federal University, 2013. – URL:
http://conf.sfu-kras.ru/sites/mn2013/section114.html
21
Mirskikh I.Y. Features of legal regulation and protection of
intellectual property in foreign countries. Priority scientific
directions: from theory to practice. 2016. № 21. 265-269 pp.
22
Le service public de la diffusion du droit français
(Légifrance).
–
URL
:
The "separate-administration" model
is applied to
systems in which patents, trademarks, and copyright
issues are handled by several authorized administrative
bodies. This model operates in about 30 countries
(including Egypt, Greece, Pakistan, and the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia).
It should be noted that, depending on the presence of
a
binding
component,
models
combining
administrative and law enforcement approaches to the
protection of intellectual property rights have recently
been increasingly adopted in a number of countries.
This kind of models operate in about 130 countries
(PRC, Armenia, Uzbekistan, and Switzerland). In
addition to the authorized administrative bodies of the
system, they also involve law enforcement agencies
(customs, internal affairs, financial institutions, tax
police, security agencies, etc.).
Thus, depending on the approaches to the protection
of intellectual property rights and ways to protect
them, it would be appropriate to classify modern
concepts into
disaggregated, integrated, unified
models
.
The first model is the disaggregated model for the
protection of intellectual property rights
(Egypt,
Greece, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia).
For example, the
Hellenic Copyright Organization
(HCO)
is the competent national authority in the field
of copyright protection. At the same time, the function
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGISCTA0000061
61665/
23
World Intellectual Property Report Intellectual Property
Basics: A Q&A for Students. China National Intellectual
Property Administration (CNIPA). Publication year:
2019.
–
URL:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_1056.p
df
35
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(2022:
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to protect patents has been assigned to the
Hellenic
Industrial Property Organization (OBI).
24
In addition, a special Committee for the Notification of
Infringement of Copyright and Related Rights on the
Internet, which allows aggrieved copyright holders to
obtain prompt removal or restriction of unauthorized
distribution of their works or other protected content
on the Internet without suspending and influencing
their claims in relevant disputes in the courts has been
established in Greece.
25
The Greek Administrative Committee on Trademarks
26
is also a quite successful example of a div that
undertakes administrative measures within the
framework of the national intellectual property
protection system.
The Greek legislative div has
analyzed the performance of existing systems in order
to create a special model that emphasizes a national
approach and national needs.
In 2012, the
Coordinating Authority for Market
Supervision and the Fight Against Illicit Trade
(SYKEAAP)
, consisting of representatives from the
public and private sectors, was established under the
supervision of the Greek Ministry of Economy and
Development. The main goal of activity is to combat
violations of intellectual property rights. SYKEAAP
coordinates its activities, collects intelligence and
24
Patent Office Hellenic Industrial Property Organization
(HIPO). – URL: http://www.obi.gr/el/
25
The Hellenic Copyright Organization (OPI). – URL:
https://opi.gr/images/library/nomothesia/ethniki/nomoi/aiti
ologiki_4481.pdf.
26
Trademark Office General Secretariat of Commerce &
Consumer’s Protection, Ministry of Development &
Investments. – URL: http://www.obi.gr/el/
27
Greek Ministry of the Economy and Development.The
Coordinating Authority for Market Supervision and the Fight
cooperates with all competent national and law
enforcement agencies.
27
The second model
includes an
integrated approach to
the protection of intellectual property rights
(France,
Germany, Japan, the United States, etc.).
For example, in France, the
National Institute of
Industrial Property (INPI)
deals with patents, industrial
designs and trademarks.
28
The Superior Council for Ownership of Literary and
Artistic Works
under the General Secretariat of the
Ministry of Culture
deals with copyright
issues
.29
The French National Institute of Industrial Property
is
a public institution under the supervision of the
Ministry of Economy, Industry and Digital Technology.
The Institute actively participates in the development
and implementation of state policy in the field of
industrial property protection and combating
counterfeit products.
30
Apart from the direct registration of trademarks,
service marks, and the granting of patents, the
Institute provides the following services: free access to
its own databases (trademarks, inventions, legal status
information and national court decisions); issuance of
licenses for commercial access to databases; fee-based
services for searching and tracking industrial property
litigation; online submission of applications; a special
Against
Illicit
Trade
(SYKEAAP).
–
URL:
http://www.mindev.gov.gr/sykeaap/
28
L’Institut national de la propriété industrielle – URL :
https://www.inpi.fr/fr
29
Conseil supérieur de la propriété littéraire et artistique
https://www.culture.gouv.fr/
30
L'Institut national de la propriété industrielle. –
URL :https://www.inpi.fr/fr
36
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The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
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Pages:
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(2022:
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215
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service is the issuance of the "Envelopes Soleau",
31
which is not a direct confirmation of the rights of the
right holder, but gives the author the opportunity to
confirm the date of creation of the intellectual
property object and the authenticity of authorship.
The Institute protects inventions, utility certificates,
industrial designs, trademarks, selection inventions,
circuit layout designs, copyright and related rights.
The basis for the legal regulation of trademarks in
France is the Seventh Book of the Code of Intellectual
Property (Code de la propriété intellectuelle, CPI),
32
in
addition to regulatory provisions contained in the
French Civil Code (Code civil),
33
Commercial Code
(Code de commerce),
34
Civil Procedure Code (Code de
procédure civile)
35
and Criminal Code (Code pénal)
36
as
well as in the European Union directives.
According to Article L.711-1 CPI, trademarks are
graphically represented symbols (marks), purpose of
which is to distinguish the goods or services of one
legal entity from those of another. However, a
trademark can be represented in all forms of
designations: words, combinations of words,
surnames and geographic names, pseudonyms,
letters, numbers, abbreviations; sound signs - sounds
and musical phrases; figurative signs - stickers, logos,
31
La
solution
de
l'enveloppe
Soleau.
https://www.inpi.fr/fr/proteger-vos-creations/lenveloppe-
soleau/enveloppe-soleau.
32
Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Livre VII: Marques de
fabrique, de commerce ou de service et autres
signes distinctifs. URL: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/code
s/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006069414/LEGISCTA0000061333
36/#LEGISCTA000039381535
33
Code
civil.
–
URL:
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT00
0006070721
34 Code de commerce. – URL: https://www.legifrance.gouv.
fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000005634379?tab_selection=al
color tones, etc. The provision of Article L.715-1 CPI
defines the availability of collective trademarks. A
collective trademark can be used by anyone who
complies with the rules of use issued by the owner of
the registered trademark.
37
The third (unified) model of protection and
enforcement of intellectual property rights can
include models in which the protection of intellectual
property rights is carried out comprehensively.
In
some 80 countries, a single administrative div
manages the defending a patent, industrial design,
trademark and copyright. This model is used by
Canada, the Russian Federation and the United
Kingdom, among others.
For example,
the Canadian Intellectual Property Office
(CIPO),
as Canada's designated agency for innovation,
science and economic development, is also in charge of
protecting intellectual property rights.
38
The legal
framework for intellectual property protection in
Canada is based on 4 self-executing laws (Copyright
l&searchField=ALL&query=code+de+commerce&page=1&in
it=true
35
Code
de
procédure
civile.
–
URL:
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT00
0006070716/
36 Code pénal. – URL:https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes
/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070719/2021-01-23/
37
Timofeeva A.V.. Legal regulation of trademarks in
European countries (by the example of France). Economics.
Law. Society. Vol. 5, No. 2 (22), 2020. p. 45
38
Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO). – URL: http
://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-
internetopic.nsf/eng/home
37
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VOLUME
04
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Pages:
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(2022:
6.
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Publisher:
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Acts, 1985)
39
- Patent Law (1985),
40
Trademarks Act
(1985),
41
Anti-Counterfeiting Act (2014),
42
, Integrated
Circuit Topography Act (1990),
43
etc.
In the United Kingdom,
the Intellectual Property
Office
44
is responsible for accepting applications and
registering patents, trademarks and industrial designs,
and is also responsible for copyright protection.
The legal basis for the protection of intellectual
property rights is constituted by 4 laws of direct action
(“On registered industrial designs” of 1949,
45
“On
copyright” of 1988,
46
“Patent Law” of 1977,
47
“On
trademarks” as amended in 1994
48
).
Based on the above, it should be assumed that there is
a unified model for the protection of intellectual
property rights in Uzbekistan. Since the protection of
rights to patents, industrial designs, trademarks and
copyrights is carried out by the Intellectual Property
Agency
49
under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, the Agency is the authorized div of
state administration, which carries out a unified state
policy in the field of protection and defense of
intellectual property rights.
50
39
Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42) (as amended up to
June 17, 2019) https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-
42/Index.html
40
Patent Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4) (as amended up to March
25,
2020)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-
4/index.html
41
Trademarks Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13) (as amended up to
June 18, 2019) https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-13/
42
Combating Counterfeit Products Act (S.C. 2014, c. 32)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2014_32/
43
Integrated Circuit Topography Act (S.C. 1990, c. 37)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-14.6/
44
Intellectual Property Office. – URL: http://www.ipo.gov.uk
45
The
Registered
Designs
Act
1949
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploa
ds/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957357/Registered
-Designs-Act-1949.pdf
The Agency coordinates the activities of the bodies in
charge, such as the General Prosecutor's Office, the
Department for Combating Economic Crimes under the
General Prosecutor's Office, the State Customs
Committee, the State Tax Committee, the Ministry of
Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, Border Troops
of the State Security Service, the Antimonopoly
Committee, the State Inspection "Uzkomnazorat," and
the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan.
Based on the
information
above, it is proposed to:
1.
Develop the National Strategy of the Republic of
Uzbekistan in the field of intellectual property
development in cooperation with WIPO.
2.
Codify legislation in this sphere based on
experience of other countries, in particular France
(1992) and the Philippines (1998).
3.
Include in the Code of Administrative Responsibility
a number of norms aimed at strengthening
sanctions of the relevant articles on infringement of
intellectual property rights, as well as supplement
the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan with a
norm defining the minimum level of moral and
material damage, at which a civil liability is imposed.
46
The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploa
ds/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957583/Copyright-
designs-and-patents-act-1988.pdf
47
The Patents Act 1977 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-
patent-act-1977
48
The
Trade
Marks
Act
1994
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploa
ds/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957352/unofficial-
trade-marks-act-1994.pdf
49
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
No. 4168 of 02.08.2019 "On measures to improve public
administration in the field of intellectual property."
50
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
№4380 of 01.07.2019 "On measures to organize the activities
of the Intellectual Property Agency under the Ministry of
Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan".
38
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
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VOLUME
04
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Pages:
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
4.
Supplement the Criminal Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan
with
norms
that
strengthens
responsibility for violations of copyright and related
rights, as well as the illegal use of someone else's
trademark, service mark, appellation of origin or
trade name.
5.
Introduce corporate liability for legal entities,
moreover provide amendments and additions to
the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On
Inventions, Utility Models and Industrial Designs",
"On Trademarks, Service Marks and Appellations of
Origin of Goods", and "On Brand Names"; together
with appropriate amendments to laws on the full
protection of copyright and related rights in
information
and
communication
networks,
including audiovisual works and phonograms.
6.
Adopt a Resolution of the Supreme Court of the
Republic of Uzbekistan aimed at strengthening the
protection of intellectual property rights, and
providing the Courts with the right to decide on the
destruction and removal of counterfeit products, as
well as on compulsory blocking of websites of
organizations that violate the rights of authors and
copyright holders.
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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
31-40
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
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453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
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The USA Journals
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measures to organize the activities of the
Intellectual Property Agency under the
Ministry of Justice of the Republic of
Uzbekistan".
