The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 06-2021
153
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
June 30, 2021 |
Pages:
153-158
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue06-23
I
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ACTOR
2021:
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952
‘
ABSTRACT
The article deals with the characteristic features of the Caspian region. The article analyzes the
geopolitical understanding of the history of Russia's relations in the Caspian region in the context of
the Eurasian geopolitical school. The evolution of the Russian approach to determining the
international legal status of the Caspian Sea is determined, and the main mechanisms of Russian
diplomacy in the region are studied based on the analysis of dissertation studies of foreign scientists.
KEYWORDS
Geopolitics, region, relations, diplomacy, law.
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of the problem.
The political relations of the countries of the
Caspian region are one of the most important
and complex problems of modern geopolitics.
Recently, many new questions have been
raised in scientific publications about the
Caspian region regarding the direction of its
development, possible scenarios, and factors
determining its development. There is an
urgent need for a deep rethinking of the
situation, conducting its comprehensive
geopolitical analysis, studying the political
mechanisms, means and methods of Russia's
struggle in conducting a foreign policy course
that meets the interests of the country in the
Caspian region, its role and the place assigned
by Russian diplomacy in the future
The subject of the study is the mechanisms of
conducting political and diplomatic relations
between Russia and the Caspian countries on
the problems of the Caspian region.
Comparative Analysis Of Geopolitical Interests In The Caspian
Region: Research, Conclusions And Mechanisms For Their
Protection
Juraeva Kamola Saifiddinovna
Leading Specialist Of The School Of Business, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
http://theamericanjour
nals.com/index.php/taj
pslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 06-2021
154
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
June 30, 2021 |
Pages:
153-158
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue06-23
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The methodology of the research is a
systematic, comparative and structural-
functional analysis.
The importance of the Caspian region on a
global scale is determined primarily not by its
resources, but by its special geographical
location, which has made it one of the most
important global geopolitical nodes. Thus,
regional scientists V. A. Dergachev and J. B.
Vardomsky consider the "Big Caspian" as part
of the world's geopolitical regions. According
to their analysis, we see that oil is the largest
geo - economic problem of the Caspian Sea,
around which there is a struggle for
geopolitical influence in the region. On the
one hand, remote from the world's largest
consumers, such as the United States, EU
countries, Japan, as well as from the
dynamically developing countries of East and
Southeast Asia, the Caspian region is
surrounded by them, and it has become a
node in which these interests are intertwined.
As a politically young, consisting of countries
with
economies
in
transition,
not
distinguished by a high level of socio-
economic development, the Caspian region
has many different problems. Therefore, we
decided to analyze the problems and
prospects of the Caspian region for
dissertation research.
For example, in his doctoral dissertation
scientific work Zhiltsov, Sergey Sergeevich
gives answers to these and many other
questions of the modern development of the
Caspian region. Here we see how the
dissertation analyzed literary sources as the
author relies on the latest monographic
studies of Baburin S. N. (1997), Gadzhiev K. S.
(1997), Dugin A. G. (1997), Zyuganov Ga.
(1997), Ilyin V. V. (1994), Moiseev N. N. (1996),
Panarin A. S. (1994), Pozdnyakov E. A. (1995),
Tikhomirov V. B. (1992). It is important to
emphasize the factual richness of the works of
the
neo-Eurasian
Dugin
A.
G.,
the
methodological value of the research of
Panarin A. S., Zyuganov G. A. In addition, a
significant volume of articles by both the
above-mentioned and other authors in
periodicals has been used on this problem
(Glazyev S. Yu., Dubnov A. P., Samuilov SM.,
Sorokin K. E., Ushkov A.M., Khachaturov V.,
Tsygankov P. A., etc.). From translated works,
the subject of attention and use are books,
sections and articles by historians and classics
of Western European geopolitics: Makinder X.,
Haushofer K. et al., as well as Attali J. (1993),
Brzezinski 3. (1997), Wallerstein I. (1997), Mo-
ro-Defarzha F. (1996), Pipsar. (1993), Toynbee
A (1995), HantangtonaS (1997).
Having studied the author gives his
conclusions that the significance of the
Caspian region in the context of the changing
geopolitical situation at the present stage is
analyzed by the author taking into account a
wide range of domestic and foreign studies
devoted to its general theoretical, conceptual
and practical aspects. One of the first major
Russian works in which the problems of the
Caspian region were considered in a complex
was the study of I. S. Sonn. The "Caspian
Memorandum" (1997), in which he analyzed
the
main
trends
in
the
geopolitical
development
of
the
Caspian
region,
determined the approaches of Russia and the
Caspian states to key issues.
The need
to study the geopolitical,
geostrategic, geo-economic and political-
territorial aspects of public life in this region is
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 06-2021
155
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
June 30, 2021 |
Pages:
153-158
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue06-23
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
due to the dynamics of Russia's geopolitical
position in the global balance of forces of the
last decade (the geopolitical challenge of the
West),
new
geostrategic
realities
in
international relations within the post-Soviet
space, the increasing role of the territorial
principle within the Russian Federation.
Political relations in the Caspian region is one
of the most important and complex
geopolitical problems of modern international
relations. The Caspian region was and is of
particular importance from the point of view
of Russia's state interests.
S. Zhiltsov's dissertation is devoted to the
analysis of the mechanisms of interaction
between the countries of the Caspian region
in the 90s of the XX century, the struggle for
which was conducted by political, economic
and military means for centuries by the
Caspian countries with the participation of the
leading world powers. The Caspian region is of
great importance from the point of view of
Russia's state interests. This is primarily due to
the country's geopolitical interests and their
fundamental components.
It is important that significant results have
been achieved by Russian and foreign
researchers in the field of studying the legal
status of the Caspian Sea, which has become
one of the most important elements of
geopolitics.
And in this we see the analysis of the current
state of the issue of the international legal
status of the Caspian Sea is considered in the
studies of such authors as: Akimov A.V. (1996),
Barsegov Yu. G. (1998), Bugaev A.M. (1998,
1999), Valenyan A. L. (1995), ST. Vinogradov
(1998), Gumilev L. N. (1996), Sonn I. S. (1999),
Sklyarov L. E. (1995), Fedorov Yu.E. (1996),
Kalchina E. V. (2002), Urnov A. Yu. (2000),
Kulagina L. M. (1998), Dunaeva E. V. (1998),
Mammadova D. (2002), who in their research
considered the problem from a legal point of
view. But still, the peculiarity of S. Zhiltsov's
research works is that such documents as the
Information Security Doctrine of the Russian
Federation (2000), the Concept of Foreign
Policy of the Russian Federation (2000), the
Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian
Federation in the field of naval activities for
the period up to 2010 (2000), etc.are analyzed,
which increases the scientific and practical
significance of the work.
One of the first major Russian works that
considered the problems of the Caspian
region in a complex was the study of I. S. Zon '
s "Caspian Memorandum" (1997), in which he
analyzed the main trends in the geopolitical
development
of
the
Caspian
region,
determined the approaches of Russia and the
Caspian states to key issues.
The dissertations analyze some modern
problems of the development of the Caspian
region, but they lack integrity and complexity
in assessing the current events unfolding in
the Caspian.
As the researcher notes, new independent
Caspian states have appeared on the world
map:
Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan
and
Turkmenistan, which has led to a greater
number of countries with which modern
Russia needs to conduct a political dialogue
on the problems of the Caspian region.
The "new" Caspian states have an
insignificant, by the standards of history,
period of existence of their own
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 06-2021
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The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
June 30, 2021 |
Pages:
153-158
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue06-23
I
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2021:
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statehood. In this regard, Russia should
take into account the likelihood of an
escalation of tension in the Caspian
countries of the region.
One of the priority directions of Russia's
policy in the region is to determine the
status of the Caspian Sea, which would
preserve it in common use and contribute
to the preservation of the ecology of the
Caspian Sea.
We agree that the dissertation gives his
suggestions that, with the development of
world production and international trade, we
should expect a significant increase in the
flow of commercial vessels through the
Caspian Sea in the XXI century. Taking into
account the environmental problems, it would
be necessary to start developing domestic and
international mechanisms for studying and
solving the upcoming problems of commercial
shipping in the Caspian region. Such measures
may include the modernization of equipment
for navigation, coastal equipment, the
introduction of special customs rules for cargo
transported across the Caspian Sea. Probably,
it makes sense to think about the
development of a new generation of vessels,
taking into account the natural features and
ecology of the Caspian Sea. According to the
author, since 1994-1995, the situation with the
legal status has acquired a dual character.
Thus, the Caspian countries gathered to
develop a common position. In accordance
with the protocol of the first meeting of the
Heads of Legal Departments of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Caspian States on the
legal status of the Caspian Sea, which was
held in Tehran in June 1995, the definition of
the legal status of the Caspian Sea included:
issues of navigation; use of biological
resources; environmental issues; issues of the
use of mineral resources; determination of the
limits of sovereign rights and jurisdiction. At
the same meeting, representatives of the
Caspian littoral states agreed to create a
permanent
negotiating
mechanism
for
developing the status. At the same time, the
Caspian states continued to develop deposits,
thereby creating prerequisites for the
emergence of conflict situations.
According to the author, a new stage of
Russian policy on the legal status of the
Caspian Sea, which Kazakhstan was interested
in, was the proposal to distinguish between
neighboring and opposing states along a
modified median line in order to exercise their
sovereign rights to subsurface use. S.
Zhiltsov's
dissertation
indicates
that
Turkmenistan,
unlike
Azerbaijan
and
Kazakhstan, and like Iran, initially believed
that the Caspian Sea is an internal div of
water-a lake to which the categories of
maritime law and separate sections into
national sectors cannot be applied. This
position corresponded to the provisions of the
indefinite Soviet-Iranian negotiations on the
status of the Caspian Sea in 1921 and 1940.
However, the position of Turkmenistan was
the most flexible of all the Caspian countries.
Thus, back in 1993, Turkmenistan was the first
of all the Caspian countries, when adopting
the Law on the State Border, established,
according to the provisions of maritime law, a
territorial sea with a width of 12 nautical miles
and an exclusive economic zone, thereby
extending its coastal jurisdiction to the vast
territory of the Caspian Sea. Two years later,
Turkmenistan changed its position, declaring a
course according to which the Caspian Sea
cannot be divided either by land or by water.
However,
two
years
later,
in
1997,
Turkmenistan again changed its approaches
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 06-2021
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The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
Published:
June 30, 2021 |
Pages:
153-158
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue06-23
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and began to adhere to the same positions as
Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, that is, it
advocated a sectoral division of the Caspian
Sea. But today it is already 2021 and a lot has
changed, so we want to analyze these
problems from today's point of view.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The scientific novelty of the article consists in
the analysis of dissertations on the problems
of determining the international legal status
of the Caspian Sea as a key problem of the
Caspian region along with the changing
geopolitical situation. According to the
dissertation research of scientists like S.
Zhiltsov, the article attempts to generalize all
scientific works and the concept of the
"Caspian region". The concepts of the Caspian
region proposed by various researchers over
the course of a decade were characterized by
an incomplete, fragmentary study. The paper
defines the main components of this concept
on the basis of geographical, cultural,
civilizational, economic and geopolitical
approaches.
The
Caspian
region
"is
considered, first of all, within those countries
that have direct access to the Caspian Sea.
CONCLUSION
A new point in the work is the analysis of the
role of the Caspian subjects of the Russian
Federation, which, after the appearance of
new states in the Caspian Sea, came to the
forefront of world politics, becoming the
border territory of Russia in the south of the
country. The status of the Caspian littoral
entities, which began to conduct diplomatic
activities within the framework of Russia's
foreign policy, has also changed.
From the above, we can draw conclusions, for
example, recently many new questions have
appeared in scientific publications about the
Caspian region regarding the direction of its
development, possible scenarios, factors
determining its nature of relations between
the Caspian countries. There is an urgent need
for a deep rethinking of the situation,
conducting its comprehensive geopolitical
analysis, studying the political mechanisms,
means and methods of Russia's struggle in
conducting a foreign policy course that meets
the interests of the country in the Caspian
region, its role and the place assigned by
Russian diplomacy in achieving strategic goals.
The Caspian regions of the Russian Federation
– the Republics of Dagestan and Kalmykia, the
Astrakhan Region, according to the working
version of the federal target program
"Development of domestic and inbound
tourism in the Russian Federation (2019-2025)"
will become part of the new tourist project
"Caspian", which will receive state support.
According to the program, by 2025, 45 clusters
will be created in 35 regions of the country, in
which almost 28.6 thousand people will work.
All these clusters form 15 major investment
tourism projects, including the Caspian Sea. In
accordance with the Concept, enterprises and
organizations integrated into the general
logistics scheme and engaged in the
development, production, promotion and sale
of tourist products, as well as activities related
to tourism and recreational services will be
concentrated on the territory of the cluster.
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(ISSN
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Pages:
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