The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
71
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
90-102
10.37547/tajssei/Volume07Issue05-12
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
16 March 2025
ACCEPTED
12 April 2025
PUBLISHED
22 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue 05 2025
CITATION
Maryjane Y. Oghogho, Irenen O. Ikponmwosa, O.M.C Osazuwa, Godwin P.
Onogwu, & Anthony Ofoyetan. (2025). THE POLITICS OF CHECK POINTS: A
REVIEW OF SECURITY PROTOCOLS IN SOME ESTATES IN CHEVRON DRIVE
LEKKI, LAGOS. The American Journal of Social Science and Education
Innovations, 7(05), 90
–
102.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume07Issue05-12
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
THE POLITICS OF CHECK
POINTS: A REVIEW OF
SECURITY PROTOCOLS IN
SOME ESTATES IN
CHEVRON DRIVE LEKKI,
LAGOS
Maryjane Y. Oghogho
1
, Irenen O. Ikponmwosa
2
,
O.M.C Osazuwa
3
, Godwin P. Onogwu
4
, Anthony
Ofoyetan
5
1
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
2
PhD Student, City University, Cambodia
3
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
4
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
5
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
Abstract:
In recent years, the demand for stringent
security measures in high-end residential estates has
intensified, particularly in areas like Chevron Drive,
Lekki, Lagos. This study explores the politics of security
checkpoints and their impact on estate security
protocols. The primary objective is to analyze the
effectiveness of these protocols, understand the socio-
economic influences on security measures, and identify
potential vulnerabilities. The study also aims to provide
recommendations for enhancing estate security while
maintaining social inclusion. The theoretical framework
for this research is grounded in Michel Foucault's theory
of Panopticism, which elucidates the politics of security
checkpoints in the estates along Chevron Drive. In gated
estates, checkpoints and surveillance systems,
reflecting Panopticon principles, shape behavior and
social relations by perpetually monitoring and
controlling access, thereby establishing power dynamics
and potentially marginalizing perceived outsiders, as
explained by Foucault's theory. The research design
includes a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and
personal observations as the primary data-gathering
methods. Data were collected from residents, security
personnel, and individuals living outside the estates.
The findings reveal that while the estates have
comprehensive security systems, including advanced
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access control and continuous surveillance, significant
vulnerabilities exist. These include inconsistent
enforcement of access control measures, misuse of
resident stickers, selective vehicle checks, and
manipulation of security personnel. The study also
highlights the socio-economic divide created by
stringent security measures, fostering feelings of
exclusion among neighboring communities. The thesis
statement emphasizes the need for a balanced
approach to estate security that ensures safety
without
compromising
social
inclusion.
Recommendations include stricter enforcement of
access controls, improved training for security
personnel, and the integration of advanced
identification technologies. Further research and open
discussions about inclusive security measures are
essential for developing effective security protocols in
gated communities.
Keywords:
Estate security, security checkpoints,
politics, access control, surveillance.
Introduction:
Background of the Study
The phenomenon of gated communities has
undergone a significant surge in popularity in recent
years (Hamama & Liu, 2020). Residential areas are
commonly identified by the presence of physical
barriers, such as walls and fences that serve to limit the
entry of individuals from external sources. The
increasing prevalence of gated communities can be
attributed to a larger societal transformation that
places a higher emphasis on safety and exclusivity. The
perceived need for enhanced security is influenced by
a range of factors, such as the increasing prevalence of
crime, the pursuit of privacy, and the appeal of residing
in a regulated and protected setting. Estate security
protocols encompass a range of systematic measures
that are put in place to facilitate the safety and
safeguarding of properties and their occupants (Byrne,
& McArdle, 2020). The measures discussed in this
context encompass a diverse array of activities, which
include surveillance, access control, patrolling, and the
growing utilization of checkpoints.
Checkpoints play a crucial role in maintaining control
over access points, allowing security personnel to
effectively monitor and regulate the movement of
individuals entering and exiting the premises. This
practice serves to bolster security measures and
mitigate potential threats (Walter, et al 2024). The
emergence of the concept of the politics of security has
become a crucial framework for comprehending the
implementation and management of security
measures, such as checkpoints, within various spaces.
The study of the politics of security encompasses an
analysis of the intricate power dynamics, decision-
making mechanisms, and socio-political ramifications
surrounding security practices (Sykes, 2020). These
checkpoints impact on the security measures and on
different stakeholders, such as residents, security
personnel, and the wider community. These measures
further mirror and perpetuate prevailing social
hierarchies and power dynamics.
The city of Lagos is characterized by notable socio-
economic disparities, with Lekki, the specific area where
Chevron Drive is located, experiencing rapid
development. This region showcases a diverse blend of
gated communities and less affluent neighborhoods.
Chevron Drive, in particular, is home to numerous
upscale estates designed to cater to the needs of
specific social and economic groups, offering secure and
exclusive living environments.
Among the estates located on Chevron Drive are Lekki
Paradise 1 and 2, North Pointe, Bera, Vectoria Nest,
Lekki Garden, Grey Garden, Chevyview, Dream Estate,
Bouillon Court, Hampton Lake, Victoria Crest Homes, SS
Court Estate. These estates, situated on Chevron Drive,
serve as exemplary illustrations for investigating the
"politics of checkpoints" in estate security protocols,
contributing to the overall socio-political landscape of
the area. These gated communities have adopted
security protocols that prominently feature checkpoints
as a means of ensuring the safety and exclusivity of their
environments. The juxtaposition of secure, exclusive
estates like those on Chevron Drive against less affluent
neighborhoods provides a distinctive framework for
investigating the wider ramifications of estate security
protocols. The potential disparity in socio- economic
profiles between residents of these estates and the
average Lagosian population may significantly impact
their perceptions and expectations regarding security.
This contrast offers a unique context for examining how
security measures influence social dynamics and power
relations within and around these communities.
Security checkpoints play a crucial role in the protocols
of these estates, serving as both physical barriers and
points of interaction between security personnel and
residents. These checkpoints are designed to monitor
and regulate access, thereby prioritizing the safety of
residents (Lee, 2021). The central focus of this study
revolves around comprehending the operations of
these checkpoints, encompassing their effectiveness
and the impact they have on different stakeholders,
including residents, security personnel, and members of
the surrounding Lekki community. Each estate on
Chevron drive contributes to the complex mosaic of
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security and social interaction in the area.
Statement of the Problem
The growing prevalence of estate security protocols,
specifically the implementation of checkpoints, has
significantly transformed residential spaces into
extensively regulated environments. These measures
aim to improve safety and security for residents.
However, they also bring about intricate socio-political
dynamics with significant implications for different
stakeholders (Kapoor 2023).
Despite the perceived advantages, the operational
dynamics of enhanced security protocols remain
largely unexplored. The impact of checkpoints on the
daily lives of residents, the responsibilities and
interactions of security personnel, and the wider
consequences for community relations and social
cohesion have not been thoroughly investigated
(Herrera Nájera, 2021). Questions arise regarding the
balance of power, the allocation of security
obligations, and the possibility of these measures
exacerbating social exclusion or inequality.
Furthermore, it is imperative to conduct a
comprehensive evaluation of the impact of security
politics
on
decision-making
procedures,
the
implementation of security protocols, and the general
perception of safety and welfare among residents. The
issue
extends
beyond
mere
functionality,
encompassing
broader
societal
and
political
ramifications of these security practices.
This research endeavors to fill existing gaps by
conducting a comprehensive examination of estate
security protocols implemented in various estates
along Chevron Drive, such as Lekki Paradise 1 and 2,
North Pointe, Bera, Vectoria Nest, Lekki Garden, and
others. The study focuses specifically on checkpoints,
aiming to understand their functioning and impact. It
seeks to illuminate how these protocols affect
residents, security personnel, and the wider
community.
Study Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to better understand the
relationship between security, social inclusion, and the
politics of checkpoints in gated communities. The
study will focus on several key objectives to achieve
this goal. First, it will carefully investigate the security
protocols of various estates on Chevron Drive, such as
Lekki Paradise 1 and 2, North Pointe, Bera, Vectoria
Nest, Lekki Garden, and others, with a particular focus
on the functionality of checkpoints. This involves
examining the techniques employed, their justification,
and their effectiveness in ensuring safety.
The study will explore the opinions and experiences of
residents regarding security checkpoints in these
estates. This includes understanding how these
safeguards impact their sense of security, privacy, daily
routines, and social interactions within the estate.
Additionally, it will assess the perspectives of security
personnel, examining their challenges, interactions with
residents, and views on the efficacy and broader
implications of the security measures.
The research will also investigate how security protocols
affect the surrounding Lekki community, specifically
examining nearby residents' perceptions of access,
inclusion, and social cohesion. This aspect of the study
aims to understand the broader community impacts of
security measures in gated estates. Furthermore, the
study will delve into the decision-making processes,
distribution of authority, and how these dynamics
influence social control and hierarchies within the
estates. It will critically analyze whether the checkpoints
function as effective crime prevention measures or
merely serve as "Security Theater," providing an illusion
of safety without substantially enhancing security.
Finally,
the
study
seeks
to
offer
practical
recommendations for policymakers, estate developers,
and security professionals to design more inclusive and
effective security measures. The ultimate goal is to
generate insights that can be applied to other gated
communities in Nigeria and worldwide, contributing to
a broader understanding of the complex interplay
between security, social inclusion, and checkpoint
politics in residential spaces.
Scope
This study focuses on the political dynamics surrounding
security checkpoints within the context of various
estates along Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. By
adopting a multi-stakeholder approach, it will examine
the experiences and perspectives of residents, security
personnel, and potentially, members of the surrounding
Lekki community. The scope includes a comprehensive
investigation of estates such as Lekki Paradise 1 and 2,
North Pointe, Bera, Vectoria Nest, Lekki Garden, and
others, to provide a detailed exploration of the complex
interplay between security practices, social dynamics,
and power relations within these gated communities.
This focused approach aims to yield in-depth insights
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into how security protocols influence social cohesion,
access, and inclusion in this rapidly developing area.
Significance
This investigation explores the human impact of
security checkpoints in the estates along Chevron
Drive, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria, including Lekki Paradise 1
and 2, North Pointe, Bera, Vectoria Nest, Lekki Garden,
and others. The research aims to document the lived
experiences of security personnel and residents,
highlighting how these practices affect social
interactions,
sentiments of belonging, and overall security within
the estates. This human-centered approach seeks to
provide a deeper understanding of the social
repercussions of security protocols.
Additionally, the research goes beyond merely
observing the consequences of checkpoints. It delves
into the power dynamics between the broader
community, security personnel, and residents. By
examining these power relations, the study aims to
uncover how security measures function as a form of
social control within gated communities and reveal the
underlying social hierarchies. The study does not stop
at examining social consequences; it also evaluates the
efficacy of these security protocols. It will investigate
whether checkpoints primarily serve as "Security
Theater," creating an illusion of safety without
significantly deterring crime, or if they genuinely
enhance safety. This analysis is crucial for assessing the
true value of security protocols.
Literature
Review
Conceptual
Review
Estate
Checkpoints
Estate checkpoints refer to designated security control
points strategically positioned at the entry and exit
points of gated estates. These checkpoints serve
multiple functions that are central to the security
protocols of these gated communities (Rugik Gomes
2021). Checkpoints within gated communities such as
those along Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos, are primarily
designed to control access. They monitor and regulate
the flow of individuals and vehicles entering and
exiting the estates. This involves verifying the identity
of residents, visitors, and service providers to prevent
unauthorized access, thereby enhancing the overall
safety of the community (Ikani, 2021).
Additionally, checkpoints serve as key surveillance
points where security personnel can observe and
record activities at the gates (Eshkuvatov, et al 2021).
This surveillance capability helps deter potential
criminal activities and enables a quick response in case
of security breaches. By maintaining a visible security
presence, checkpoints contribute significantly to the
deterrence of crime and the protection of residents.
Moreover, checkpoints function as critical interaction
points between security personnel and anyone entering
the estate (Kapoor, 2023). These interactions are crucial
for maintaining security protocols and ensuring
compliance with the rules and regulations set by the
estate management. The face-to-face engagement at
checkpoints not only reinforces security measures but
also helps in building a rapport between security staff
and residents, fostering a sense of community trust and
cooperation.
Furthermore, checkpoints symbolize the authority and
control exerted by the estate management and security
personnel over the residents and visitors. This dynamic
reflects broader social hierarchies and power relations
within the gated community. The presence of
checkpoints can create a sense of exclusivity, making
residents feel secure while potentially leading to social
exclusion of those who are perceived as outsiders
(Peña-Alves, 2022). This dichotomy influences the social
fabric of the estates and their surrounding communities.
Checkpoints contribute to the residents' perceptions of
safety and security. However, they may also evoke
feelings of surveillance and loss of privacy, affecting the
overall sense of community and belonging (Herrera
Nájera, 2021).
The effectiveness of checkpoints in deterring crime is a
critical aspect of this study. This involves assessing
whether these measures genuinely prevent criminal
activities or merely create an illusion of security. The
impact of checkpoints on community relations, both
within the estates and with the surrounding
neighborhoods, is another important dimension. This
includes examining how these security measures
influence social cohesion, trust, and interactions among
different groups.
Estate Security Protocol
Estate security protocols refer to the comprehensive set
of measures and procedures implemented to ensure the
safety and protection of residents within gated
communities. Central to these protocols is the
regulation of entry and exit points through checkpoints
(Landman, 2020). This involves verifying the identities of
residents, visitors, and service providers, thereby
preventing unauthorized access and ensuring the
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community's safety. Surveillance systems, including
CCTV cameras and security personnel stationed at
checkpoints, are integral components. These
systems monitor activities within the estate, deter
potential criminal behavior, and enable rapid response
to security incidents (Zahorna, 2023).
Regular patrols by security personnel and physical
barriers such as gates, fences, and walls further
enhance security. These measures help maintain a
secure perimeter and address any security concerns
promptly. Additionally, estate security protocols
include procedures for responding to emergencies
such as medical incidents, fires, or security breaches,
ensuring that residents receive timely assistance and
that any threats are swiftly neutralized (Almutairi,
2023).
Security protocols also reflect the authority of the
estate
management
and
security
personnel,
establishing a clear hierarchy and control within the
estate. This influences interactions between residents,
security staff, and visitors (Allan, 2021). The
implementation of security protocols can create a
sense of exclusivity and safety for residents while
potentially leading to social exclusion of those
perceived as outsiders. This dynamic affects the social
fabric and community relations within and around the
estate. The presence of security measures influences
residents' perceptions of safety and their behavior.
Effective protocols can enhance the feeling of security,
while overly intrusive measures may lead to discomfort
or a sense of surveillance (Prenzler, 2021).
The effectiveness of security protocols heavily relies on
the training and professionalism of security personnel.
Well-trained staffs are essential for implementing
protocols effectively and responding to incidents
appropriately.
Adequate
resources,
including
technology and manpower, are crucial for the
successful implementation of security protocols. This
includes maintaining and upgrading surveillance
systems, ensuring sufficient staffing levels, and
providing necessary equipment.
One of the key challenges in implementing security
protocols is balancing the need for security with
residents' privacy and convenience. Effective protocols
should minimize disruptions to daily life while
providing robust protection. Continuous evaluation
and adaptation of security protocols are necessary to
address emerging threats and changing needs. This
involves regular reviews of security measures,
feedback from residents, and incorporating new
technologies and strategies.
Theoretical Review
Foucault's Theory of Panopticism
Michel Foucault's theory of Panopticism, derived from
his analysis of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon, provides a
compelling lens through which to examine how
surveillance and power intersect in society (Bashir,
2021). The Panopticon, a circular prison design allowing
a single guard to observe all inmates without their
knowledge of being watched, serves as a potent
metaphor for understanding modern surveillance
dynamics.
In gated estates, checkpoints and surveillance systems
echo the Panopticon's principles. They create an
environment of perpetual observation and control,
shaping the behavior of both residents and visitors.
Through monitoring access and regulating movement,
security personnel wield authority over who enters and
exits the estates, thereby establishing power dynamics
reminiscent of the Panopticon (Nautiyal, 2021).
Foucault's theory underscores how surveillance systems
not only monitor but also shape social relations and
power structures. Within gated communities, estate
management and security personnel hold sway over
residents and visitors, influencing interactions and
perceptions of safety. This control over access can lead
to the marginalization of perceived outsiders, akin to
the divide between observers and observed in the
Panopticon, thus affecting social cohesion within both
the community and its environs (Gandy, 2021).
Moreover, just as the Panopticon induces inmates to
self-regulate their behavior, the presence of
checkpoints and surveillance in gated estates prompts
residents to conform to security expectations. This self-
regulation permeates daily life and social interactions,
reinforcing the influence of surveillance on the
community's dynamics.
Foucault's Theory of Panopticism provides a
comprehensive framework for examining surveillance
and power dynamics within Chevron Drive estates
(Hope, 2022). Firstly, the study can explore how
surveillance measures like checkpoints shape residents'
behaviors and social interactions. Secondly, it can delve
into power relations between estate management,
security personnel, residents, and the broader
community, analyzing authority dynamics and
resistance. Furthermore, the impact of constant
surveillance on residents' perceptions of safety, privacy,
and
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social inclusion/exclusion can be studied to understand
how surveillance shapes everyday experiences. Lastly,
the study can assess the effectiveness of surveillance
practices in genuinely enhancing security versus
creating an illusion of safety, contributing to
discussions about ethical and practical considerations
in gated community governance.
Empirical Review
Security Dynamics and Sustainability in Gated
Communities
In recent years, scholarly attention has increasingly
turned towards understanding the dynamics of
security protocols within gated communities,
particularly in urban settings. Makinde (2013)
investigates the interplay between urban sustainability
and security in gated communities, focusing on
Victoria Garden City Estate in Lagos State. Makinde's
research elucidates how the quest for security drives
residents towards gated communities, shaping
patterns of urban development. While highlighting the
economic benefits of such enclaves, Makinde also
underscores the importance of environmental and
social sustainability, particularly amidst criticisms
surrounding gated communities' contribution to urban
growth.
Pütz (2012) meticulously examines the concept of non-
events within the context of airport security
checkpoints. Through participant observation at
various airports, Pütz elucidates how physical
proximity at security checkpoints does not necessarily
translate into meaningful interaction. The analysis
underscores
the
significance of
standardized
procedures in creating a sense of order and
detachment, where individuals navigate security
measures with minimal face- to-face engagement. This
study provides a lens to scrutinize how security
checkpoints function as junctions of security and
mobility, with implications for understanding the
dynamics of interaction and surveillance within
enclosed spaces.
Drawing from these studies, the current study can
provide a comprehensive understanding of how
standardized security procedures shape resident
interactions and perceptions of safety within Chevron
Drive estates. Additionally, it can evaluate the balance
between maintaining security and fostering an
environmentally and socially sustainable community.
The Paradox of Security in Residential Estates
Security in residential estates encompasses everything
from traditional gated communities to the futuristic
vision of smart cities. Understanding these diverse
perspectives is crucial for navigating the complex
interplay between security, urban development, and
social inequality. One perspective to consider is the
concept of golf estates, as explored by Hopkins (2012).
While criticized for their environmental impact and
social exclusivity, golf estates often use enhanced
security as a major selling point, particularly in regions
with high crime rates. This highlights the way security
considerations shape the appeal of certain residential
developments and exposes the intricate relationship
between
security
provision,
environmental
sustainability, and socio- economic dynamics within
these communities.
The allure of safety and security is a powerful magnet,
drawing residents towards gated communities and
secured estates. However, a closer look reveals a
complex landscape where security measures, while
influencing housing choices, don't always guarantee
true safety. Studies by Osagie and Ilechukwu (2016)
demonstrate the economic impact of robust security
arrangements in gated communities. Their research
shows a clear link between strong security and higher
property values. This suggests a symbiotic relationship,
where good security attracts residents and investors,
leading to increased property valuations.
On the other hand, Monahan's (2018) examination of
smart cities raises concerns about the growing reliance
on surveillance technology as a security solution. By
questioning the neutrality of such technology and its
potential to exacerbate social inequalities, Monahan
underscores the importance of critically analyzing the
social and political implications of these security
paradigms within urban development initiatives.
However, security is not a simple equation. Geldenhuys
(2016) and Kempen (2016) delve deeper, exploring the
motivations behind choosing secure estates and the
potential shortcomings of security measures. Both
highlight the dangers of overdependence on physical
barriers and technology. These can create a false sense
of security, making residents less vigilant, which
criminals can exploit. Their findings point towards a
more holistic approach to security management. Going
beyond walls and cameras, it should address underlying
vulnerabilities and foster a sense of community
engagement. Residents who feel connected and
responsible for their environment can be a valuable
security asset.
The conversation on security in residential estates
needs to expand beyond immediate concerns. Monahan
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(2018) offers a critical perspective by analyzing the
trend of smart cities, where surveillance technology is
touted as a security solution. He questions the
underlying politics and potential for social inequalities.
Surveillance solutions driven by profit motives and
neoliberal agendas raise concerns about who benefits
and who loses in a society increasingly reliant on
technology for security. Unintended consequences
such as exacerbated social divisions need to be
considered when evaluating these solutions.
Public-Private Security Collaboration and Privatized
Urbanism
Recent studies examining the dynamics of security and
urban development, particularly in Lagos, Nigeria, have
highlighted the critical relationship between private
security companies (PSCs) and law enforcement
agencies as a fundamental aspect of crime prevention
strategies. Chinwokwu (2018) delves into this
relationship within the context of Lagos Metropolis,
emphasizing
the
importance
of
operational
collaboration and networking between PSCs and the
police. The study underscores the positive impact of
such collaboration on crime reduction, while also
revealing areas for improvement, including training,
intelligence sharing, and joint investigation and
prosecution efforts.
In parallel, Herbert and Murray (2015) provide
valuable insights into the evolving landscape of urban
development,
particularly
in
post-apartheid
Johannesburg, where privatized urbanism has become
increasingly prevalent. Their study elucidates the
emergence of new self-contained cities, such as
Waterfall City and Lanseria Airport City, which operate
outside the administrative purview of public
authorities. These privately-managed cities represent
a global trend towards privatized urbanism, wherein
real estate developers assume control over
infrastructure, security services, and governance
functions traditionally within the domain of public
institutions.
Thus, this study reflects on the insights gleaned from
both Chinwokwu's examination of public- private
collaboration in crime prevention and Herbert and
Murray's analysis of privatized urbanism. This study
can explore the potential for leveraging partnerships
between private security firms, residents' associations,
and law enforcement agencies to enhance security
measures within gated communities. By assessing the
strengths and weaknesses of existing collaborative
efforts, the study can propose recommendations for
improving interagency coordination, enhancing
training programs, and fostering greater information
sharing and joint operations.
Moreover, the study can reflect on the implications of
privatized urbanism for security governance within
gated estates, considering how the outsourcing of
security functions to private entities may impact
accountability, transparency, and access to justice. By
situating the examination within the broader context of
urban development trends in Lagos and beyond, the
study can offer valuable insights into the evolving
dynamics of security provision and governance in
rapidly changing urban landscapes
Gaps in Literature
There is dearth in knowledge as regards estate security
measures and the politics of checkpoints within estates.
The current div of research lacks dedicated empirical
studies on security protocols within Chevron Drive
estates. Existing research offers valuable theoretical
frameworks, but the intricacies of security practices,
community dynamics, and resident experiences in this
specific context remain largely unexplored. This paper
aims to fill this gap by providing empirical data and
analysis tailored to the unique socio-cultural and
geographical milieu of Chevron Drive estates. An
empirical review of security measures in these estates
can offer a comprehensive assessment of existing
practices and identify potential areas for improvement.
By focusing on Chevron Drive estates, this research aims
to bridge the gap in the current literature and provide
valuable insights applicable to gated communities
beyond Lekki.
METHODOLOGY
This study will employ a mixed-methods approach to
gain a comprehensive understanding of security
practices within residential estates along Chevron Drive,
Lekki, Lagos. Semi-structured interviews in the form of
engaging discussions will be conducted with key
stakeholders, including security personnel, residents,
and estate management representatives. A total of 30
persons will be interviewed. Observational visits to
selected estates will also be carried out to observe
security measures in action and gain firsthand insights
into resident and security personnel interactions. The
findings from all data collection methods will be
discussed
to
create
a
more
comprehensive
understanding of the security landscape in Chevron
Drive estates.
Findings
Existing Estates Security Measures
I.
Physical Security
•
Perimeter Security
The estates in Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos, prioritize a
robust perimeter security system to ensure the safety of
residents. This is achieved by erecting high fences
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around the estates, which act as a physical barrier
against unauthorized entry. Security guards are
stationed at all access points, providing constant
monitoring and quick response capabilities. These
guards are trained to handle various security scenarios,
ranging from minor disturbances to more serious
threats, ensuring that the perimeter remains secure at
all times.
•
Limited Access Points
To enhance security, the estates have minimized the
number of vehicle entry points to just two terminals:
the front and back gates. This limited access approach
reduces the potential for unauthorized entry and
makes it easier to monitor and control traffic flow. The
front gate is open to both residents and visitors,
facilitating easy access while still under the watchful
eyes of security personnel. The back gate is more
restricted, accessible only to residents who have been
issued special stickers, ensuring that only authorized
individuals can use this entry point.
•
Access Control Levels
The access control system is designed to differentiate
between residents and visitors, ensuring that security
measures are appropriately applied based on the
individual's status. At the front gate, guards are tasked
with checking the identity and purpose of visitors
before allowing entry, while residents can pass
through with minimal delay. The back gate, however,
is strictly for residents who possess the necessary
stickers, which are likely issued based on residency and
possibly background checks. This tiered access control
helps in maintaining a high level of security while also
allowing for smooth entry and exit for those who live
in the estate.
•
Surveillance
Continuous surveillance is a critical component of the
security protocols in these estates. Surveillance
cameras are strategically placed throughout the estate
to cover key areas, including entry and exit points,
common areas, and less frequented spots. The
surveillance system operates 24/7, providing real-time
monitoring and recording of activities. This constant
vigilance acts as a deterrent to potential intruders and
helps in quickly addressing any security breaches that
may occur.
•
Lighting
Adequate lighting is essential for maintaining security,
especially during nighttime. The estates are well-lit,
with streetlights and additional lighting in critical areas
ensuring that there are no dark spots where intruders
could hide. Proper lighting not only enhances the
effectiveness of surveillance cameras but also
increases the sense of safety among residents and
deters criminal activities.
•
Backup Power Supply
To ensure that security measures are not compromised
during power outages, the estates are equipped with a
backup power supply. This system kicks in automatically
when the main power supply fails, ensuring that all
security operations, including surveillance cameras,
access control systems, and lighting, continue to
function without interruption. The reliability of the
backup power supply is crucial for maintaining constant
security and peace of mind for the residents.
II.
Personnel
•
Armed Police Officers
Armed police officers are deployed within the estates
primarily for handling emergencies and critical
situations. Their presence is a crucial aspect of the
security infrastructure, providing a rapid and
authoritative response to serious threats. These officers
are equipped with firearms and receive specialized
training to deal with high-risk scenarios, including
armed robbery, violent confrontations, and other
significant security breaches. Their role is to act as a
deterrent to potential criminals and to intervene swiftly
to protect the residents and property within the estates.
•
Supernumerary Police Officers (SPY Officers)
Supernumerary police officers, commonly known as SPY
officers, play a vital role in augmenting the estate's
security operations. These officers are a unique
category within the Nigerian police force, specifically
trained to support regular police activities and provide
additional security measures. In the estates, SPY officers
supplement the work of private security guards and
ensure that security protocols are effectively enforced.
They oversee the operations of the private guards,
providing a supervisory layer that enhances the overall
security management. Their presence helps in
maintaining a seamless and coordinated security
operation, ensuring that all security personnel work
together efficiently to safeguard the estate.
•
Private Security Guards
Private security guards form the backbone of the day-
to-day security operations within the estates. These
guards are stationed at various strategic points,
including the front and back gates, and patrol the estate
regularly. Their duties include monitoring entry and exit
points, conducting routine checks, and responding to
minor security issues. Private security guards are often
the first point of contact for residents and visitors,
making their role crucial in maintaining order and
enforcing access control measures. They ensure that
only authorized individuals gain entry into the estate,
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and their visible presence serves as a deterrent to
potential intruders. Regular patrols by these guards
help in identifying and addressing any security
concerns promptly, contributing to a secure and safe
living environment for all residents.
III.
Access Control Systems
•
Technology
The estates in Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos, utilize
advanced technology to streamline and enhance their
access control systems. A key component of this
technological integration is the Clannit app, which
plays a pivotal role in granting and managing visitor
access. The Clannit app is an innovative tool that allows
residents to grant access to visitors electronically. By
installing the Clannit app on their devices, visitors can
be granted electronic access to the estate, ensuring a
smooth and controlled entry process.
The app provides a secure and efficient way to control
who enters the estate, leveraging different access
levels based on residency status and the purpose of the
visit. This not only streamlines the entry process but
also creates a digital record of all visitors for enhanced
security. This system enhances security by providing a
digital record of all entries and exits, which can be
monitored and audited. Residents can use the app to
authorize visitors in real time, reducing the need for
manual checks and paperwork. The app's user-friendly
interface makes it easy for residents to manage visitor
access, ensuring that only pre-approved individuals are
allowed into the estate. Additionally, the Clannit app
offers functionalities beyond access control, including
emergency alarms, payment management, and a
platform for community/estate announcements.
•
Access Levels
The access control system is designed with multiple
access levels to ensure that security measures are
appropriately tailored to different categories of
individuals entering the estate.
•
Permanent Resident: Permanent residents are
issued a sticker; however, domestic staffs are also
given a permanent resident card which is valid for up
to one year. This allows them seamless access to the
estate and ensures that security personnel can easily
verify their identity and residency status.
•
One-Time Password (OTP): Pre-registered
visitors receive a one-time password, which grants
them temporary access to the estate. This OTP system
ensures that only those who have been vetted and
approved by a resident can enter, adding an extra layer
of security.
•
Clannit Mobile App: Visitors can be authorized
through the Clannit mobile app, with the resident
providing electronic approval. This method allows for
quick and efficient visitor management, reducing delays
at the gate and ensuring that access is granted only to
those with proper authorization.
•
Pedestrian Access: Pedestrian access is
managed based on behavioral profiling, ensuring that
individuals entering on foot are screened and assessed
for any potential security
risks. This approach helps in identifying and preventing
unauthorized or suspicious individuals from gaining
entry to the estate.
IV.
Security Vulnerabilities
Limited Security Checks for Residents
Several issues have been observed with the
thoroughness and consistency of security checks.
•
Sticker Misuse: A significant vulnerability
identified is the misuse of resident stickers. Some
residents share their stickers with unauthorized
vehicles, which undermine the security system. This
practice allows vehicles that have not been properly
vetted to gain entry into the estate, posing potential
security risks.
•
Inadequate Vehicle Inspections: Not all vehicles
are subjected to comprehensive checks, such as
inspecting the boot or backseat. This lapse can allow
unauthorized items or individuals to enter the estate
unnoticed.
•
Bribery and Non-Compliance: Instances have
been reported where residents tip security personnel to
avoid thorough checks. This practice compromises the
integrity of the security architecture and increases the
risk of non-compliance.
•
Suspicious Deliveries: There have been cases
where dispatch riders attempted to deliver prohibited
items such as drugs or arms. This highlights the need for
more stringent screening of delivery personnel and
packages.
•
Manipulation by Residents: Female residents
have been known to use emotional intelligence to
manipulate security personnel, gaining entry without
proper checks. This vulnerability exploits the human
element of security enforcement.
•
Refusal of Checks: Some residents refuse to
have their vehicle boots checked, using their residential
number as a means of passage. Security personnel often
allow this, which compromises the security protocols.
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•
Selective Inspections: The type and condition
of a vehicle, particularly SUVs, influence whether it will
be checked. High-end vehicles or those with tinted
windows are often not inspected thoroughly, if at all.
Tinted windows in SUVs hinder thorough visual
inspections, allowing potential security threats to go
undetected.
•
Overwhelmed Security Personnel: During peak
times, long queues can overwhelm security personnel,
leading to rushed or bypassed checks. This increases
the risk of security breaches.
•
Confidence Trick: Some vehicles bypass checks
by mimicking the behavior of confirmed entries, such
as following closely behind an authorized vehicle. This
tactic exploits the trust and routines of security staff.
Non-Resident Access
Unidentified individuals sometimes gain access to the
estate without undergoing proper security checks. This
vulnerability is exacerbated by several factors:
•
Lack of Strict Enforcement: There is a lack of
strict enforcement of security protocols, such as
allowing interchangeable stickers and bypassing
checks. This makes it easier for unauthorized
individuals to gain entry.
•
Limited Vehicle Identification: The absence of
advanced vehicle identification systems, such as
barcode readers, makes it difficult to accurately track
and verify vehicles entering the estate.
•
Inconsistent
Security
Checks:
The
inconsistency in conducting security checks, especially
for tinted vehicles and SUVs, as well as during busy
periods, allows non-residents to enter without being
properly vetted. This inconsistency undermines the
overall security framework.
Discussion of Findings
The study’s findings on the security protocols at
Chevron Drive estates reveal a complex interplay of
security efficacy, socio-economic dynamics, and
exclusivity, drawing strong parallels to the div of
existing literature. Each facet of the security
framework
reflects
an
attempt
to
address
unauthorized access and maintain resident safety, yet
it also contributes to the broader socio-political
environment within and around these gated
communities. The Chevron Drive estates demonstrate
a strong emphasis on perimeter security, characterized
by high fencing, limited entry points, and stationed
security personnel, particularly with reinforced
restrictions at resident-only gates. These measures
align closely with research by Landman (2020) and Lee
(2021), which identifies perimeter fortification and
limited access as primary tools in gated communities
to deter unauthorized entry. Similarly, Makinde (2013)
suggests that these restricted entry systems foster an
environment that is both secure and self-contained, yet
also exclusory by nature. In Chevron Drive, the use of
resident-only gates and restricted access underscores
the aim of balancing accessibility and security but also
reveals an inherent exclusivity that exacerbates socio-
economic divides between residents and neighboring
communities. This exclusivity, as noted in Makinde
(2013), remains a recurring theme in the gated
community literature, where the pursuit of security
often contributes to a socio-spatial divide.
The implementation of advanced technologies, such as
the Clannit app, reflects a forward- looking approach in
Chevron Drive to streamline visitor management by
allowing electronic entry authorization and creating a
digital log. These practices resonate with the findings of
Prenzler (2021) and Zahorna (2023), who underscore
the role of digital security in augmenting surveillance
and enhancing user convenience in residential estates.
However, Herrera Nájera (2021) presents a cautionary
view, highlighting the phenomenon of “Security
The
ater,” wherein technological security can provide a
reassuring yet potentially deceptive sense of
effectiveness. This concern is echoed in Chevron Drive,
where despite the app’s efficiency in visitor
management, over-reliance on technology could lead to
a complacency that undermines security if human
vulnerabilities, such as bribery, remain unaddressed.
Hence, while technology facilitates streamlined access,
vigilant oversight and regular assessments are
necessary to avoid reliance on the mere perception of
security efficacy.
The
Chevron
Drive
estates’
round
-the-clock
surveillance, strategic lighting, and backup power
systems contribute to an environment designed for
heightened security and uninterrupted operations.
Eshkuvatov et al. (2021) affirm the value of continuous
surveillance and lighting as essential deterrents to
unauthorized access, while Geldenhuys (2016) discusses
the necessity of reliable power to prevent surveillance
gaps. The Chevron Drive estates’ comprehensive
approach confirms that while continuous surveillance
forms the backbone of estate security, as Herrera Nájera
(2021) indicates, its effectiveness ultimately depends on
operational consistency, particularly during low-traffic
hours when lapses may be more likely to occur. Thus,
these security components are foundational but rely
heavily on steady and rigorous enforcement to maintain
their intended protective function.
Chevron Drive employs a layered security model that
includes armed police, SPY officers, and private guards,
each responsible for different aspects of estate security.
However, the study reveals issues with selective
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inspections, bribery, and resident manipulation, all of
which compromise the overall security framework.
This multi-
layered approach aligns with Chinwokwu’s
(2018) observations on the complexities of multi-
agency collaboration in security, where cooperation
can enhance crime prevention but may also lead to
inconsistency and protocol gaps. Similarly, Byrne and
McArdle (2020) argue that multiple layers of security
can invite selective enforcement, particularly in areas
with diverse socio-economic populations. In Chevron
Drive, the manipulation of security personnel by
influential residents and instances of bribery point to a
need for standardized, enforced protocols and
highlight the necessity for ethical oversight. These
issues reinforce the importance of strong ethical
standards and periodic audits, as unchecked
vulnerabilities in a layered security model may
inadvertently weaken the security it seeks to uphold.
The study identifies key vulnerabilities in the form of
resident sticker misuse, inconsistent inspections, and
the influence of social hierarchies on protocol
adherence. This aligns with Peña- Alves (2022) and
Monahan (2018), who discuss how socio-economic
biases and human factors can compromise robust
security protocols. Monahan specifically cautions that
high-tech or well- resourced security measures can
sometimes obscure underlying biases, where
preferential treatment is extended based on perceived
status
. Chevron Drive’s reliance on easily manipulable
resident stickers, despite technological integration,
highlights vulnerability where socio- economic biases
are embedded within the security processes. These
findings confirm the necessity of impartial, regular
enforcement to ensure that high security standards are
consistently applied, regardless of residents’ social
influence.
The stringent security protocols in Chevron Drive
foster a socio-economic divide, promoting exclusivity
and eliciting potential resentment from neighboring
communities. This outcome reflects findings from
Herrera Nájera (2021) and Hamama and Liu (2020),
who argue that gated communities often contribute to
social exclusion and reinforce hierarchical socio-
economic structures. Further,
Foucault’s theory of
Panopticism, as discussed by Gandy (2021), sheds light
on how surveillance-oriented security protocols may
lead to feelings of exclusion among non- residents,
intensifying social divides between those ‘watched’
and ‘unwatched.’ In Che
vron Drive, the division
between residents and outsiders aligns with the
panoptic model, where surveillance facilitates a
separation between in-groups and out-groups. This
finding suggests the need for mechanisms, such as
open-access events or community programs that could
bridge the socio-economic gap and reduce tension.
Addressing these exclusory effects may require a more
inclusive approach that balances the need for security
with a commitment to fostering community integration
and cohesion.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Firstly, strengthen perimeter security and vehicle access
protocols by integrating advanced vehicle identification
technologies. Implement a system where resident
stickers have unique barcodes or RFID tags linked to the
specific vehicle and resident information. This addition
will prevent unauthorized access by ensuring that only
verified vehicles with authentic identification can enter
the estates. Conduct regular audits on sticker issuance
and usage to reduce misuse. Alongside this, establish
standardized procedures for thorough inspections on all
vehicle types, including high-end and tinted vehicles, to
ensure impartial enforcement. Training security
personnel on these inspection protocols and
incorporating random checks will further mitigate
potential socio-economic biases and reinforce the
integrity of entry control.
Secondly, invest in consistent and ongoing training
programs for security personnel, emphasizing ethics,
bias prevention, and handling of manipulation tactics.
This training should include scenario-based exercises
that prepare personnel to recognize and respond to
various security breaches, such as confidence tricks,
resident manipulation, and potential bribery attempts.
Periodic refresher courses can strengthen these skills
and support a security culture of fairness and integrity
across the estates. By equipping personnel with a strong
ethical foundation and advanced skills, security
operations will remain effective and unbiased, reducing
vulnerability to manipulation and reinforcing trust
within the gated community.
Thirdly, enhance surveillance effectiveness through a
robust real-time monitoring system complemented by
scheduled review sessions to assess recorded footage.
Integrate automated alerts that notify personnel of
unusual activities, allowing for rapid responses to
potential
security
incidents.
Conduct
routine
assessments to verify that all cameras are functional,
well- positioned, and effectively monitored around the
clock. These proactive measures, including occasional
reviews of camera footage for insights on security gaps,
will ensure that surveillance operates as an active
deterrent rather than merely as a recorded observation
tool, bolstering the overall security structure.
Finally, initiate a community outreach program that
fosters social inclusion with neighboring communities to
address the socio-economic divides heightened by
stringent security protocols. Organize events and
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collaborative
programs,
such
as
open-access
gatherings,
community
service
projects,
or
neighborhood watch partnerships that bring together
estate residents and neighboring community
members. This initiative will help cultivate a sense of
unity, improve the perception of the gated community,
and bridge gaps created by exclusivity. Strengthening
these social connections can mitigate feelings of
exclusion, creating a more inclusive environment while
maintaining necessary security standards.
CONCLUSION
The Chevron Drive estates exemplify the layered and
technology-driven security practices of modern gated
communities, with a robust combination of physical,
personnel, and digital security measures. However,
these protocols also reflect broader socio-political
dynamics, where security practices intersect with
socio-economic divides and social exclusion. The
demand for stringent security measures by high-end
estate residents creates a socio-economic divide,
fostering feelings of exclusion among neighboring
communities.
Weaknesses
in
access
control
enforcement and inconsistencies in security checks
create significant vulnerabilities. These issues
undermine the overall effectiveness of the security
protocols and compromise the safety of residents. Key
findings from the literature review highlight the
political dynamics of estate security checkpoints. The
study’s
findings
reinforce
existing
literature,
particularly regarding the relationship between gated
community security and social exclusivity, and
underscore
the
need
for careful,
unbiased
enforcement of security protocols.
The existing research on this topic has limitations and
potential biases, primarily due to the focus on high-end
estates and the reliance on qualitative data from
interviews and personal observations. Future
initiatives should consider balancing security efficacy
with social inclusivity, ensuring that security practices
support rather than hinder community cohesion.
Exploring innovative and inclusive security measures
can help balance the need for safety with the
imperative of social cohesion. Engaging residents,
security professionals, and policymakers in these
discussions can lead to more effective and equitable
security solutions. Additionally, fostering community
outreach and ensuring transparent security practices
can help create more inclusive and effective security
protocols for gated communities.
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