The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
71
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
74-89
10.37547/tajssei/Volume07Issue05-11
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
16 March 2025
ACCEPTED
12 April 2025
PUBLISHED
22 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue 05 2025
CITATION
Opinion D. Iyamba, Gloria Chigbu, O.M.C Osazuwa3, & Maryjane Y.
Oghogho. (2025). Sustainable Management of Critical Resources In Nigeria:
Balancing Technological Advancement, Economic Growth, And National
Security. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations,
7(05), 74
–
89. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume07Issue05-11
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Sustainable Management
of Critical Resources In
Nigeria: Balancing
Technological
Advancement, Economic
Growth, And National
Security
Opinion D. Iyamba
1
, Gloria Chigbu
2
, O.M.C
Osazuwa
3
, Maryjane Y. Oghogho
4
1
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
2
Lecturer, ESFAM-BENIN University, Benin Republic
3
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
4
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
Abstract:
This study investigates the sustainable
management of Nigeria’s critical resources, focusing on
the integration of technological advancements,
economic growth, and national security. Given Nigeria's
heavy reliance on oil, the study addresses the challenges
of resource management, including corruption,
environmental
degradation,
and
economic
diversification. The aim is to propose strategies that
balance these factors, ensuring long-term stability and
prosperity. Methodologically, the study employs a
comparative literature review as well as analysis of
resource management practices in Nigeria and other
resource-rich nations such as Angola, Ghana, South
Africa, Norway, Canada, and Australia. This approach
allows for the identification of best practices and lessons
applicable to Nigeria. The results reveal that while
modern technologies like remote sensing and
blockchain can enhance efficiency and transparency in
resource management, their implementation is
hindered by infrastructural and financial challenges.
Moreover, the study highlights the necessity of
economic diversification and robust environmental
governance to reduce Nigeria’s dependency on oil and
mitigate associated social inequalities. The study
recommends
adopting
governance
reforms,
strengthening
environmental
regulations,
and
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
75
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
enhancing local content policies to ensure equitable
resource distribution and sustainable development.
These strategies, if implemented, will align
technological advancements with economic growth
and national security objectives.
Keywords:
Sustainable
resource
management,
technological advancements, economic growth,
national security, resources.
Introduction:
The sustainable management of
essential resources is a significant challenge for
countries around the world, particularly those with
abundant natural resources such as Nigeria. Nigeria,
also known as the "Giant of Africa," is the most densely
populated country in Africa and one of the largest
economies on the continent. Nigeria possesses huge
deposits of crude oil, natural gas, and diverse minerals,
which have played a pivotal role in its economic
progress.
Nevertheless,
the
utilization
and
administration of these resources have presented
notable obstacles to the country's economic stability,
technical advancement, and national security (Eboh &
Uduma, 2022). The pursuit of sustainable management
of these resources is additionally complicated by the
necessity
to
harmonize
economic
growth,
technological progress, and the imperatives of national
security, a delicate equilibrium that has proven
challenging to attain due to Nigeria's intricate socio-
political environment (Adeola & Boso, 2021).
The consequences of unsustainable resource
management are extensive and diverse, impacting not
just the economic prosperity of the nation but also its
security and technological development. The Nigerian
government's dependence on oil revenue has resulted
in a limited economic foundation, rendering the
economy susceptible to global oil price volatility
(Olujobi et al., 2023). Moreover, the absence of
efficient managerial strategies has led to the
deterioration of the environment, social turmoil, and a
notable security risk, especially in locations abundant
in resources such as the Niger Delta. These difficulties
highlight the immediate requirement for a
comprehensive strategy for managing resources that
can align Nigeria's economic goals with the concepts of
sustainability and national security. This paper
investigates the interaction between these aspects and
seeks to offer a full comprehension of how Nigeria
might attain a sustainable management structure that
effectively tackles these complex challenges.
Statement of the Problem
Despite Nigeria's abundance of natural resources, the
government nevertheless faces substantial difficulties in
managing these resources, achieving economic growth,
and ensuring national security. The excessive
dependence on crude oil as the main source of income
has not only hindered the expansion of the economy's
variety but has also intensified problems associated
with the exhaustion of resources, environmental
deterioration, and socio-political instability
(Ikelegbe, 2022). The economy's reliance on a solitary
commodity has rendered it susceptible to external
forces, such as variations in global oil prices, which have
traditionally resulted in economic recession and
heightened levels of poverty within the nation (Adewuyi
& Awodumi, 2020). In addition, the ineffective and
frequently corrupt management of these crucial
resources has played a role in extensive environmental
deterioration, especially in the areas where oil is
produced. The Niger Delta region has experienced
significant environmental degradation as a result of oil
spills, gas flaring, and other unsustainable activities. This
has resulted in the loss of livelihoods, health problems,
and ongoing conflicts (Onuoha, 2023). The lack of a
viable and enduring management structure has not only
endangered Nigeria's economic and security interests in
the long run but has also prolonged patterns of poverty
and violence in regions abundant in resources.
The issue is exacerbated by the requirement to include
technological developments into the resource
management procedure. Nigeria has faced challenges in
efficiently adopting and implementing technological
innovations that could enhance the efficiency and
sustainability of resource exploitation (Nwosu &
Ndubuisi, 2022). The country's inability to harness
technology for sustainable development has been
impeded by insufficient infrastructure, qualified
workforce, and regulatory frameworks. The disparity in
technology, combined with the urgent economic
incentives to quickly utilize resources, has frequently
resulted in short-term benefits at the cost of long-term
sustainability and national security. It is of utmost
importance to tackle these concerns in order to ensure
Nigeria's progress and stability in the upcoming
decades. It is crucial to have a strong framework that
guarantees the sustainable use of resources and
incorporates
technical
progress,
economic
development, and national security. Implementing such
a structure would allow Nigeria to efficiently utilize its
resources, guaranteeing that they contribute to the
country's economy while also safeguarding the ability of
future generations to satisfy their own requirements
(Oludare & Agunbiade, 2023).
Aim of Study
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
76
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
The aim of this research is to examine and propose
sustainable management strategies for Nigeria's
critical
resources
that
successfully
integrate
technological advancements, economic growth, and
national security.
Significance of Study
This study holds great significance as it centers on the
pivotal issue of resource management in Nigeria, a
nation heavily dependent on the efficient utilization of
its natural resources for both its economic functioning
and security. The results of this study are anticipated
to enhance the current understanding of resource
management and provide practical suggestions for
attaining a harmonious equilibrium between economic
advancement, technical progress, and national
defense. This study will be specifically pertinent to
policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers
who are interested in the sustainable governance of
natural resources in Nigeria and other emerging
nations that possess abundant resources.
Scope of Study
This study specifically focuses on the sustainable
management of Nigeria's essential resources,
particularly in the oil and gas sector and renewable
energy sources. The study will employ a combination
of literature review and case studies to analyze the
management practices of these resources, with a
specific focus on locations like the Niger Delta. This
region is significant due to its role in resource
extraction and the resulting conflicts, which have
implications for national security. Although the study
primarily focuses on Nigeria, its conclusions are
anticipated to have wider implications for other
countries with abundant resources that also grapple
with the delicate balance between economic growth,
technical progress, and national security.
Literature Review
Nigeria's Resource Endowment and Economic
Development
Nigeria has crude oil, natural gas, solid minerals, and
agricultural resources. Since the 1970s, the nation's oil
reserves have driven economic growth and
contributed significantly to government revenue and
foreign exchange (Eboh & Uduma, 2022). However, the
Nigerian economy's strong reliance on oil makes it
vulnerable to global oil price changes, causing
economic instability and crises (Olujobi et al., 2023).
Studies on Nigeria's resource management have found
inefficiencies
in
oil
income
administration,
environmental degradation, and socioeconomic
inequities. Ikelegbe's (2022) research examines
Nigeria's political economics of resource governance,
specifically how oil mismanagement has caused Niger
Delta conflicts. Apart from oil, Nigeria
has large natural gas and solid mineral deposits. These
reserves can boost economic diversification and
sustainability.
However,
regulatory
issues,
infrastructure issues, and security concerns have
prevented their use (Nwosu & Ndubuisi, 2022).
Research shows that addressing these issues requires
legislative reforms, institutional strengthening, and
funding for infrastructure and technology (Oludare &
Agunbiade, 2023).
Resource Dependence and National Security
Foreign disruptions and geopolitical pressures threaten
Nigeria's security due to its heavy reliance on oil and
minerals. Oil is the nation's main source of income,
making it vulnerable to global oil price movements
(Aliyev, 2023). These oscillations may destabilize the
economy, threatening the government's security.
Nigeria is vulnerable to geopolitical pressures due to its
oil and other resource dependence. Foreign companies
with a stake in a nation's resources can influence local
policy and exploit it. Although Nigeria has abundant
resources, its underdevelopment, especially in the Niger
Delta, worsens the problem. The Niger Delta, rich in oil,
has seen unequal economic growth, which has led to
isolation and military rebellion (Aliyev, 2023). The
resource gap and lack of local development increase
internal tensions and instability, threatening national
security. The illegal production and selling of oil
threatens Nigeria's security by funding insurgency
factions and criminal syndicates, perpetuating regional
instability.
Sustainable Resource Management
Sustainable resource management encourages the fair
and appropriate use of natural resources to meet
current needs without compromising future needs.
Sustainability
principles
emphasize
long-term
environmental, economic, and social factors (Manresa
& Rivera 2021). Sustainable development principles
promote environmental preservation, social fairness,
and economic feasibility, aiming for a harmonious
balance between human activities and the natural
environment (Gołębiewska et al., 2020). Studies imply
that sustainable development requires a holistic
strategy that considers economic, environmental, and
social aspects (Nuttman et al., 2019; Rendtorff, 2020).
These principles guide decision-making to sustain
natural resource use and preserve their integrity (Axon,
2024). Sustainable resource management in Nigeria
requires balancing resource exploitation, environmental
protection, economic diversification, and social justice
(Eboh & Uduma, 2022). Nigeria's vast crude oil, natural
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
77
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
gas, and solid mineral reserves provide sustainable
development but also present challenges. Our
dependency on oil money has driven economic
growth, but it has also generated environmental
degradation, social inequality, and economic
susceptibility to volatile global oil prices (Adewuyi &
Awodumi, 2020). Therefore, sustainable resource
management in Nigeria should avoid these negative
effects while using resource availability to boost
economic growth and social welfare.
National Security and Resource Management
Effective resource allocation and control are crucial to
national security. Nigeria's natural resources have
often caused violence, especially in the Niger Delta.
Environmental destruction, poverty, and political
marginalization have caused violent upheavals
(Ikelegbe, 2022). Maintaining national stability
requires protecting resource-rich regions and
addressing resource disputes at their source. Multiple
research shed light on Nigerian resource management.
Shahbaz et al. (2018) and Redmond & Nasir (2020)
examine how rich natural resources boost economic
growth, emphasizing the requirement for effective
financial development and global commerce.
Shobande and Enemona (2021) stress the importance
of sustainable financing in natural resource
management, while Chanchangi et al. (2022) suggest
that solar energy can boost energy security. Banso
(2023) for water and Egu et al. (2021) for forest
resources emphasize the need for integrated methods
for sustainable resource management. Okolie (2023)
and Udo et al. (2023) also discuss the importance of
human resource management in firms and public
expenditure on economic growth, which are important
for sustainable development. As Akonji et al. (2022)
found, foreign direct investment is vital to economic
growth. Sustainable resource management can boost
national security by reducing the environmental and
social impacts of resource exploitation, promoting
equitable profit distribution, and boosting economic
growth. Allocating resources to sustainable energy
sources like solar and wind power can improve energy
stability, reduce dependence on foreign fuels, and
reduce global energy market volatility (Onuoha, 2023).
Mismanagement of natural resources has caused
violence and instability in Nigeria, making resource
management and national security crucial. The Niger
Delta, noted for its oil wealth, has seen violent
confrontations due to environmental degradation,
poverty, and political marginalization (Ikelegbe, 2022).
These wars have threatened regional security, national
stability, and economic growth. Nigerian resource
management security studies have stressed the need
for a more comprehensive and fair resource
governance system. Onuoha (2023) and other
researchers argue that resource-related issues can be
resolved
by
improving
resource
distribution,
environmental justice, and local participation in
decision-making. The research also suggests that
investing in renewable energy and diversifying into non-
oil businesses will reduce the country's oil dependence
and reduce security risks (Akinwale, 2020).
Impact of Current Resource Management Practices on
Nigeria's National Security and Economic Development
Ineffective resource management increases security
challenges and slows economic growth in Nigeria.
Strong institutions are needed to efficiently manage
resources and extend the economy beyond natural
resources (Elisha, 2023). Poor resource management
sometimes leads to economic inequity and security
problems as the privileged class exploits the
government for personal gain, ignoring the population's
socio-economic needs (Samuel, 2024). Insurgencies,
kidnappings, and banditry have spread due to
mismanagement. These dangers damage lives and deter
domestic and international investment, slowing
economic growth (David & Binatari, 2024). The lack of
security creates an uncertainty that hinders firm
operations and economic growth, as businesses need a
stable environment (Agogbua et al., 2022). Lack of
security reduces institutional confidence and foreign
direct investment, slowing economic growth (Opuala
–
Charles & Oshilike, 2022).
The Impact of Resource Mismanagement on Ethnic
Tensions and Security in Nigeria
In Nigeria, poor resource management has caused
ethnic conflicts and security issues. Mismanagement
has caused resource inequality, worsening ethnic and
geographical disparities (Anowai, & Okebuinor). A prime
example is the Niger Delta, rich in oil, where local
development has lagged behind money extraction,
marginalizing the indigenous populace. Uneven
resource distribution has intensified disagreements and
separatist movements, such as Fulani herder-non-Fulani
farmer land disputes. This shows how resource
mismanagement can increase security vulnerabilities.
Corruption exacerbates these divisions by consolidating
money and power in a few, undermining political
institutions and sustaining social instability. Corruption
in resource management undermines governance and
the state's ability to resolve conflicts and maintain
order, compromising national security. Research shows
that corruption hinders economic growth and
development, preventing the country from achieving
sustainable prosperity (Rotimi et al., 2023; Babasanya,
2020). Nigeria is one of Africa's most corrupt nations,
making anti-corruption efforts difficult (Matthew et al.,
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
78
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
2020; Amadi, 2021). Lack of political will and anti-
corruption policies have slowed corruption fights,
perpetuating mismanagement and wrongdoing
(Omotehinse et al., 2023; Sandabe, 2021). Corruption
in Nigeria is widespread and inhibits growth in all
industries (Namo, 2024). Failure to fight corruption
hurts economic productivity, democratic institutions,
and social cohesion (Igiebor, 2019).
Impact of Critical Infrastructure Protection on
Nigeria's Security Landscape
Nigeria needs security critical resource infrastructure
to bolster its security framework. This precaution
ensures a steady flow of money for the economy and
prevents the illicit use of resources that could fund
insurgencies (Asuquo et al., 2021). Protecting
infrastructure is crucial to stabilizing conflict-prone
areas. This reduces militant activity and boosts
economic growth. Effective efforts to protect these
resources ensure the availability of key energy supplies
for internal use and export, sustaining national
stability. Asuquo et al. (2021) noted that this enhances
Nigeria's economic resilience. Nigeria's infrastructure
growth depends on government investment on capital
projects, which account for a large portion of its
revenue. The strong correlation between revenue and
infrastructure procurement spending emphasises the
importance of financial commitment to infrastructure
projects (Asuquo et al., 2021). However, research has
shown that Nigeria's transportation and healthcare
infrastructure needs further investment (Olaoye,
2023).
Nigerians depend on infrastructure including
transportation, healthcare, and other essentials,
underscoring the importance of strong infrastructure
systems. Studies show that public funding for
infrastructure development boosts Nigeria's economy
(Anderu, 2023). Madaki et al. (2022) found that
infrastructural upgrades like airports boost economic
growth. Government infrastructure spending boosts
economic growth, but some studies show that it may
not be used efficiently, raising concerns about
resource waste (Ahamba, 2024). Nigeria must
prioritise resource allocation and exploitation to
maximise infrastructure investment benefits (Azolibe
et al., 2020). Transportation and communication
networks are essential for economic growth in various
industries, including agriculture (Utuk, 2024).
Infrastructure and institutional assistance affect
Nigeria's agricultural industry, which is vital to the
economy (Effiom & Ebi, 2020).
Infrastructure investments, mainly from Chinese
companies, have helped Nigeria build power plants,
airports, railroads, and roads (Eyitope, 2020).
Infrastructure's impact on economic productivity,
especially for SMEs, is crucial. Small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) need water and transportation
facilities to operate efficiently and boost the economy
(Akor & Bamiduro 2019). Electricity, government
restrictions, and financial services accessibility help
Nigerian SMEs grow and survive (Usman et al., 2019).
Studies have indicated that infrastructure investment
drives economic growth in Nigeria (Abur, 2019). The
findings highlight the importance of infrastructure
investment for economic growth and people well-being
(Abur, 2019). Additionally, infrastructure investments
help manage disaster risks. Flood risk infrastructure
investments improve resilience and reduce disaster
damage (Ikiriko, 2024).
Security Implications of Reliance on Foreign Expertise
and Technology
Nigeria relies on foreign expertise and technology for
resource extraction and management, which has pros
and cons for national security. Foreign intervention can
improve resource extraction efficiency with advanced
technologies and skilled workers (Wachtmeister et al.,
2021). However, this dependence creates vulnerabilities
that foreign forces can exploit, threatening a nation's
autonomy (Zhang, 2024). Foreign companies and
workers in sensitive areas can increase local tensions,
especially if resource extraction benefits are unequally
allocated (Chanie, 2024). Foreign entities controlling
critical technologies and withholding or manipulating
them during geopolitical crises pose additional risks
(Nwankwo et al., 2023). Nigeria should prioritize worker
skills to reduce these dangers and boost national
security. By promoting local technical development and
citizen training and education, Nigeria can reduce its
dependence on foreign knowledge and technology and
gain control over key resources (Azu et al., 2021).
To protect the nation's resource control and ownership,
agreements with international partners must be made
to gain better terms. According to the National
Development Plan, Nigeria must expand its industrial
sector and minimize its reliance on foreign investment
(Ogbonna et al., 2023). Nigeria's situation is complicated
by its agricultural dependence before crude oil became
a major foreign currency source in the 1970s. To
improve national security, Nigeria must diversify its
economy and reduce its dependence on a single
resource. Nigeria's heavy imports highlight the need to
address resource exploitation and distribution
inequities in industries. Nigeria struggles with border
governance, migratory securitization, and foreign
security threats (Agwu, 2024). These issues emphasize
the need to strengthen internal security and reduce
foreign security involvement. Increased foreign direct
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
79
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
investment (FDI) in Nigeria can reveal vulnerabilities
that external organizations can exploit (Shi & Li, 2022).
To avoid risks, foreign direct investment (FDI) and
national security must be carefully managed.
International assistance distribution in Nigeria is vital
to poverty reduction and economic progress (Obiora et
al., 2021). To maximize their benefits and prevent
national security threats, transparency, accountability,
and appropriate management of these aids are
essential. Energy security can be improved by reducing
fossil fuel and imported energy use with geothermal
power generation (Shi et al., 2022). Renewable energy
sources like geothermal electricity may improve
Nigeria's energy security and lessen traditional energy
hazards. Financial development's role in regulating tax
income and economic development emphasizes the
necessity of domestic financial competence in national
security (Upreti, 2024).
Leveraging Critical Resources for Resource Diplomacy
and National Security
By using its rich resources in international
negotiations, Nigeria can secure favorable trade
accords, foreign investments, and strategic alliances
(Bovan et al., 2020). This approach involves using its oil
and gas assets to boost its economy and international
influence (Eseosa, 2023). Resource diplomacy requires
effective and transparent resource management to
avoid corruption's negative consequences on Nigeria's
negotiating abilities (Bovan et al., 2020). Foreign
policy's resource diplomacy affects a nation's
international relations and security strategy. Nigeria,
with large oil and gas deposits, needs energy
diplomacy to protect its economic interests.
International energy diplomacy is intricately tied to
foreign policy and national security. Energy resources
and geopolitics are interdependent (Bovan et al.,
2020). Energy diplomacy can affect Nigeria's economy
and security.
China's oil-related economic policies towards Nigeria
demonstrate resource diplomacy. China's involvement
in Nigeria's oil business shows the importance of
strategic partnerships in resource- rich countries
(Minardi & Lestari, 2019). The complex economic,
political, and diplomatic issues that underpin resource
diplomacy are highlighted by these interactions.
China's energy-related CO2 emissions and their global
implications show how energy policies affect
international relations (Zheng et al., 2019). The
transition to renewable energy and carbon neutrality
is changing energy diplomacy globally. Countries'
efforts to reduce their carbon footprint are changing
the energy landscape and diplomatic contacts,
emphasizing renewable energy (Yang & Lo, 2023).
Nigeria's international standing could improve if it
expands its energy portfolio and integrates renewables.
Energy policy alignment with global environmental
goals could boost Nigeria's stature in international
coalitions (Yang & Lo, 2023). Energy sector studies
investigate
legislative
frameworks
and
policy
developments in Nigeria, revealing the regulatory
context that promotes resource diplomacy. Nigeria
must comprehend the complicated legal and regulatory
issues of the energy sector to use its resources in
diplomatic negotiations (Otu, 2024). Transparent and
solid legal frameworks boost investor trust and indicate
Nigeria's commitment to ethical resource management,
essential to resource diplomacy. Iran's energy
diplomacy in the oil and gas sector shows how wealthy
nations protect their interests abroad. Iran's energy
diplomacy strategies can help resource-rich nations like
Nigeria maximize their diplomatic advantages. Iran's
resource diplomacy can teach Nigeria and help it avoid
mistakes (Baskakov, 2023).
Security Risks in Regional and International Resource
Competition
Nigeria's
regional
and
worldwide
resource
competitiveness complicates security. Conflicts over
valuable assets are more likely as global demand for oil,
gas, and minerals rises. These disputes may involve
geographical boundaries and resource ownership
(Abdulrasheed, 2022). Since global corporations may
prioritize profits over local stability, their presence
complicates the situation. This could lead to national
security disputes (Xiang, 2023). Nigeria's economy and
security are vulnerable to global price shifts due to its
reliance on international resource markets. Nigeria
needs aggressive diplomacy, active engagement in
regional security frameworks, and a commitment to
peacefully resolving boundary conflicts to address these
issues and lessen the associated risks (Sobseh, 2023).
Nigeria can use diplomatic techniques to form alliances
with neighbouring nations and global partners to
promote peaceful resource management and avoid
conflicts
(Boamah,
2021).
Regional
security
arrangements can foster cooperation and dispute
resolution, fostering regional stability (Bamidele &
Idowu, 2023). To maintain good ties with neighbours
and ensure long- term security, boundary conflicts must
be resolved peacefully (Ukpong-Umo et al., 2019).
Mediation and arbitration are flexible and effective
ways to resolve resource conflicts and stabilize Nigeria's
competitive resource landscape. These approaches
have shown effective in settling conflicts like cross-
border land disputes by providing quick and cost-
effective solutions (Kadagi et al., 2020). In addition,
research on the Bakassi Peninsula crisis shows that
international law is used to resolve boundary disputes.
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
80
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
Nigeria can handle border disputes and reduce security
threats by obeying international law and engaging in
arbitration
(Abdulrasheed,
2022).
Cooperative
solutions for managing shared resources, like those
found in maritime border disputes between Kenya and
Somalia, can help resolve resource problems and
promote peaceful coexistence.
Technological
Advancement
and
Sustainable
Resource Management
Modern technology is needed to manage resources in
Nigeria,
where
inefficiency,
corruption,
and
environmental harm are common. Technology can
improve resource exploitation, environmental impact,
and monitoring and governance. Recent studies have
revealed that numerous technologies can improve
Nigerian resource management. Remote sensing and
GIS have successfully monitored environmental
impacts and identified criminal behavior in natural
resource-rich regions. The above technologies provide
valuable data that can be used to protect natural
resources and ensure environmental compliance
(Oludare & Agunbiade, 2023). Blockchain technology
may increase resource governance transparency and
accountability. By keeping unchangeable records of
transactions and resource transfers, it can reduce
corruption and ensure resource allocation (Onuoha,
2023).
Nigeria needs a broad technological approach to
ensure long-term resource management. Advanced
ICTs can improve environmental monitoring and
resource management, making exploitation more
efficient and less harmful. Vocational training and local
expertise help workers run and maintain modern
technologies, increasing productivity and adopting
sustainable industrial practises (Oghuvbu et al., 2022).
Although these technologies have great potential, the
literature indicates significant barriers to their use in
Nigeria. Lack of infrastructure, technical skills, and
funding are major obstacles. According to Akinwale
(2020), Nigeria needs government infrastructure and
human capital investments to improve technological
innovation and resource management. Legal
frameworks protect future generations by preventing
economic growth from harming the environment
(Emelie, 2019).
Case Studies
Environmental Degradation and Conflict in Nigeria's
Niger Delta
The oil-rich Niger Delta has undergone severe
environmental degradation due to widespread oil
exploitation,
causing
major
ecological
and
socioeconomic repercussions. Oil spills, gas flaring, and
deforestation have destroyed local ecosystems,
diminishing biodiversity and poisoning agricultural and
fishery water sources, wiping out local livelihoods.
Studies show that multinational oil companies,
particularly Shell Petroleum, have failed to address
pollution and implement proper remediation, fueling
social unrest and the rise of militant groups like the
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
(Okringbo, et al 2022). This unrest is caused by
grievances about oil income inequality, bad
infrastructure, and government and company neglect,
which
perpetuates
poverty,
violence,
and
environmental damage (Bamidele & Erameh, 2023). Oil
theft, bunkering, and pipeline damage linked to
organized crime have caused considerable economic
losses and worsened the region's instability (Offiong et
al., 2018). Due to corruption, lack of transparency, and
insufficient funding, military interventions and the Niger
Delta Development Commission have failed to address
the region's environmental and socio- economic issues
(Nwozor, 2020).
Economic, Diplomatic, and Security Impacts of the
NLNG Project on Nigeria
The Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) project has
played a pivotal role in Nigeria's economic growth,
contributing significantly to the nation's GDP, foreign
exchange reserves, and government revenue. By
providing an alternative revenue stream through the
export of liquefied natural gas, the NLNG project has
helped diversify Nigeria's economy, reducing its
dependency on crude oil and mitigating the risks
associated with global oil price fluctuations.
Furthermore, the project has facilitated job creation and
stimulated local economies, particularly in the Niger
Delta region, where it is based (Gbakon & Ojaraida,
2020). On the international front, the success of the
NLNG project has enhanced Nigeria's standing as a key
player in the global LNG market, attracting substantial
foreign direct investment (FDI) and fostering stronger
ties with international markets by bolstering Nigeria's
competitiveness in the energy sector. Moreover, the
project has significantly influenced Nigeria's foreign
policy, allowing the country to leverage its role as a
reliable LNG supplier to strengthen diplomatic relations
and strategic alliances globally (Adekoya,et al 2024).
However, the NLNG project is not without challenges,
particularly regarding security in the volatile Niger Delta
region.
Security and Environmental Implications of Oil Theft
and Pipeline Vandalism in Nigeria
Nigeria's economy, environment, and security all
threatened by oil theft and pipeline damage. The Niger
Delta's unlawful actions cost the government billions of
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
81
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
dollars annually, lowering foreign exchange and
government
revenue
needed
for
national
development. Oil firms may lose investment and
growth due to expensive repair and security costs
(Henry & Mohammed, 2023). Regular oil spills pollute
land, water, and air, degrading local ecosystems. This
contamination affects wildlife, degrades vegetation,
and pollutes drinking, fishing, and agricultural water
bodies, causing health problems and economic
challenges for local residents. Organized crime
networks are actively involved in oil theft, worsening
regional security. These networks support violent
groups, disrupting the Niger Delta and threatening
national security (Akpomera, 2024). The Nigerian
government and oil firms have used surveillance
technologies and community participation, but the
problem remains massive. Corruption and the Niger
Delta's difficult terrain make it harder to tackle these
criminal activities, resulting in uneven results in
security and environmental protection (Olujobi et al.,
2022).
Security Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria's
Solid Mineral Sector
Nigeria's solid mineral sector, rich in resources such as
gold, limestone, and tin, offers significant economic
diversification opportunities, yet it is hindered by
security challenges, inadequate infrastructure, and
regulatory issues. The potential for economic growth
through mining is substantial, but the sector's
development is hampered by illegal mining activities,
which are often linked to organized crime (Otoijamun
et al., 2021). These activities not only divert revenue
from the government but also exacerbate security
concerns, particularly in remote mining areas. Illegal
miners exploit valuable resources, funding criminal
activities and armed groups that destabilize regions,
further complicating efforts to secure these areas.
Moreover, illegal mining contributes to severe
environmental degradation, including deforestation
and water contamination, which have long-term
impacts on local ecosystems and public health (Godwin
& Umaru, 2018). The economic losses from illegal
mining are compounded by the deterrence of
legitimate investment, as the risky environment
discourages both domestic and foreign investors.
Water Resources and Conflict
In dry and semi-arid regions like the North-East, water
scarcity in Nigeria threatens unrest and national
security. Water disputes between farmers, herders,
and urbanites often turn violent (Kamta et al., 2021).
Water inequality causes water conflicts as people or
areas compete for scarce resources (Eryani, 2024).
Climate change, population increase, and poor water
management intensify these problems. Big dams are
necessary for water management, agriculture, and
power generation, but they often displace local
residents, causing social instability and violence (Kamta
et al., 2020). Dams displace populations and generate
infrastructure security problems. Dam sabotage could
destroy downstream towns, highlighting the need for
protection. Poorly managed relocation initiatives raise
population grievances and instability. Dam construction
benefits must be balanced with community rights and
needs to maintain social harmony and national security
(Kamta et al., 2020). Developing solutions to water
scarcity and violent conflicts requires understanding
their links (Nkiaka, 2024).
Technological Advancement and Security
Cyberattacks
on
pipelines,
refineries,
and
communication systems endanger national security, oil
production, financial losses, and environmental
calamities as Nigeria's oil and gas industry digitizes
(Hugyik, 2020). Data theft may undermine Nigerian
companies'
global
competitiveness.
Critical
infrastructure
needs
advanced
defenses,
risk
assessments, and government-industry cooperation.
Remote sensing technology for resource monitoring
addresses environmental and resource issues to
improve national security (Hugyik, 2020). Protection of
critical infrastructure requires cyber disaster survival,
response, and recovery (Czuryk, 2023). To defend vital
and non- critical infrastructure from cyberattacks, all
security levels must be reinforced (Toapanta et al.,
2020). Machine learning in IoT threat avoidance can
boost cybersecurity in oil and gas (Kumar et al., 2021).
Critical infrastructure cybersecurity requires innovative
sensing and security technologies (Kim et al., 2021).
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) provide remote
infrastructure management but are subject to
cyberattacks, requiring risk assessments and anomaly
detection (Gómez et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2022).
Unsupervised learning can detect and mitigate critical
infrastructure
IoT
cyberattacks.
Cryptography
strengthens Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)
systems, which defend energy, transportation, and
communication infrastructure and national security
(Iqbal, 2024). Better cybersecurity is needed because
deep generative models can detect and prevent critical
infrastructure attacks (Chandy et al., 2019). Modern
warfare emphasizes cybersecurity's role in national
security and key infrastructure (Korda, 2023).
Comparative Case Studies
Comparative Case Studies of African Countries: Nigeria
vs. Angola, Ghana, and South Africa Nigeria and Angola,
major African oil producers, struggle to manage their
resources sustainably. Both countries face corruption,
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
82
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
environmental
degradation,
and
economic
diversification. They address these difficulties
differently, revealing how resource-rich nations might
balance technical innovation, economic prosperity,
and national security. Angola's National Agency for Oil,
Gas, and Biofuels (ANPG) has improved oil industry
governance through openness and accountability
(Morais & Cardoso, 2023). Nigeria, however, struggles
to manage resources due to oil industry corruption and
inefficiency.
Governance
improvements
affect
resource management, with Angola's approach
yielding better results. Nigeria and Angola recognize
economic diversification as a sustainable resource
management strategy. By investing in agriculture and
infrastructure, Angola has made more progress.
Inconsistent policies and security concerns limit
Nigeria's non-oil sectors' growth. Angola's policy
stability has promoted technical improvements and
long-term economic planning, unlike Nigeria's uneven
diversification. Environmental management is another
difference between the nations. Both nations risk oil
spills and gas flaring. Nigeria struggles to reduce gas
flaring and environmental destruction, while Angola
uses reinjection. This comparison shows how
environmental initiatives affect national security and
sustainability.
When comparing Nigeria's resource management with
Ghana's, significant differences emerge. Ghana's
Public Interest and Accountability Committee (PIAC)
has successfully built public trust and reduced
corruption within the oil industry (Ablo & Otchere-
Darko, 2022). Additionally, Ghana's local content
development strategy has retained oil sector gains
domestically, increasing employment and local
industry participation. Nigeria's local content policies,
in contrast, have not achieved the same level of
effectiveness in promoting economic stability. Ghana
also demonstrates a proactive approach to
environmental management, led by its Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), which contrasts with
Nigeria's
more
reactive
strategies.
Ghana’s
commitment to comprehensive environmental impact
assessments further distinguishes its approach from
Nigeria's, reflecting differences in regulatory strength
and environmental stewardship.
In comparing Nigeria's mining sector with South
Africa's, notable contrasts can be observed in their
approaches to environmental and labor regulations.
South Africa’s stringent regulations have effectively
mitigated environmental degradation and social
unrest, issues that continue to plague Nigeria due to a
lack of rigorous enforcement. South Africa's Broad-
Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) strategy
also stands out as a model for promoting equitable
wealth distribution in the mining industry, a challenge
that Nigeria's local content policies have yet to fully
address (Kilambo, 2021).
Comparative Case Studies of Resource-Rich Countries:
Nigeria vs. Norway, Canada, and Australia
Norway provides an exemplary model for the long-term
management of oil wealth. The Government Pension
Fund Global (GPFG), one of the largest and most
transparent
sovereign
wealth
funds
globally,
underscores Norway's commitment to ensuring that oil
profits benefit future generations (Hong et al., 2021). In
comparison, Nigeria's sovereign wealth fund, the
Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA), faces
challenges related to political involvement and
inconsistent contributions, which hinder its potential
impact. Norway's strict emission reduction policies and
offshore drilling risk management further highlight
differences in sustainable resource extraction. While
Norway has successfully minimized environmental
impacts, Nigeria continues to struggle with issues like
gas flaring and oil spills, underscoring the disparities in
environmental governance (Gasparini, 2023).
Canada's federal structure, which grants provinces
significant authority over natural resources, offers
insights into sustainable resource management.
Alberta, for instance, has balanced economic
development
with
environmental
protection,
illustrating how decentralization can enhance resource
management. In contrast, Nigeria's centralized
approach often leads to challenges in personalized
management and local accountability. Additionally,
Canada’s
inclusive approach to involving indigenous
populations in resource extraction decisions contrasts
with Nigeria's ongoing land and resource conflicts,
highlighting different approaches to community
relations and resource management (Shaw et al., 2021).
Australia’s mining sector presents another point of
comparison,
particularly
regarding
regulatory
frameworks and economic diversification. Australia's
stringent
mining
regulations
have
ensured
environmentally responsible mining practices, which
contrast sharply with the issues of illegal mining and
environmental degradation in Nigeria. Moreover,
Australia’s success in diversifying its economy beyond
mining, through sectors like agriculture, education, and
services, stands in contrast to Nigeria's continued
reliance on oil. This comparison underscores the
differences in economic strategies and their
implications for technological growth, economic
stability, and national security (Weldegiorgis et al.,
2024).
DISCUSSION
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
83
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
This study emphasizes the importance of modern
technology
in
Nigeria's
sustainable
resource
management. Remote sensing, GIS, and blockchain
have improved resource management efficiency,
transparency, and sustainability. These technologies
address Nigeria's resource management system's
inefficiency,
corruption,
and
environmental
degradation. Infrastructure, technical skills, and
finances
prevent
widespread
use
of
these
technologies. These issues must be addressed to use
technology for sustainable resource management.
Nigeria's oil and resource dependence has pros and
cons. This dependency has boosted economic growth
but made the country vulnerable to global market and
geopolitical
crises,
causing
instability
and
diversification issues. The paper examines how this
dependency affects resource revenue administration
inefficiencies and social inequality in the Niger Delta.
Due to oil profits, local development has been
neglected, causing social instability and strife. The
findings emphasize the need for a more diverse
economy that minimizes resource dependence and
boosts other industries.
Resource management affects national security. The
study blames poor resource management for violence,
insurgency, and instability in resource-rich regions like
the Niger Delta. Illegal oil extraction and trafficking
have supported criminal syndicates and insurgency
groups, causing regional instability and national
security problems. Foreign expertise and technology
on Nigerian resource development could affect local
policy and resource access, especially during
geopolitical crises. This raises security issues. The study
stresses the necessity of developing domestic
technology capabilities to boost national security and
reduce dependence on foreign corporations. Economic
progress and national security depend on resource
management. The study emphasizes environmental
protection, social equity, and economic diversification
to counteract resource exploitation's negative effects.
It also shows that solar and wind power may reduce
Nigeria's fossil fuel dependence, improve energy
security, and boost economic growth. Through
renewable energy and sustainability, Nigeria may
improve its security and lessen its energy market
volatility.
Unsustainable resource extraction, especially in the oil
sector, harms the Niger Delta ecology. Multinational
firms and the government's inaction on pollution have
caused environmental degradation and social unrest.
Conflict prevention and sustainable development
require strong environmental governance and fair
resource distribution. The NLNG project showed how
resource management may boost Nigeria's economy
and energy sector. However, the Niger Delta security
challenges show how vulnerable natural resource-based
economies are. Oil theft and pipeline vandalism in
Nigeria pose serious threats to the economy, ecology,
and security. Organized crime threatens regional
stability and economic prosperity. Corruption and
complexity
make
Niger
Delta
security
and
environmental protection difficult.
Furthermore, illegal mining and security concerns limit
solid mineral economic potential. Comparisons with
other resource-rich nations show that effective
resource management requires strict laws and equal
wealth distribution. Unregulated activities and
environmental damage might reduce resource
extraction's economic benefits if not addressed and
supervised. Water scarcity, especially in Nigeria's North-
East, threatens national security. Fighting over scarce
water supplies exacerbates regional instability. Dams
are necessary to water management, but they must be
carefully planned and implemented to avoid social
displacement and conflict. Technological advances and
community requirements must be balanced for
effective water management and social cohesion.
Nigeria's oil and gas business is digitizing, raising cyber
security worries. Secure key infrastructure and boost
industry growth with a strong cybersecurity framework.
Advanced technologies like machine learning and
remote sensing improve security and resource
management. However, these technologies must be
integrated into a complete strategic framework that
addresses current and future risks. Technology is
essential for security and sustainability. However,
strong governance and international cooperation are
needed to maximize its potential. Studying resource-
rich countries like Angola, Ghana, South Africa, Norway,
Canada, and Australia helps explain sustainable
resource
management.
These
countries
have
successfully
implemented
governance
changes,
diversified their economies, and used advanced
environmental and technology strategies to manage
their resources. These analogies emphasize the need to
adopt foreign resource management strategies to
address Nigeria's particular difficulties.
CONCLUSION
This study emphasizes the balance between technical
innovation, economic growth, and national security in
Nigeria's resource sector and the necessity for
sustainable management. Modern technologies like
remote sensing, GIS, and blockchain can improve
resource management efficiency and transparency.
They must overcome infrastructural, technical, and
financial obstacles to succeed. Nigeria's significant
reliance on oil has fueled economic growth but made it
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
84
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
subject to global market volatility and geopolitical
crises, causing economic instability and hindering
diversification efforts. Social inequities, especially in
the Niger Delta, highlight the need to diversify the
economy to limit resource exploitation and boost
sectoral growth. Poor resource management causes
violence and instability in resource-rich regions. The
paper warns against unlawful oil activities and stresses
the need to limit foreign expertise to improve local
policy autonomy and security. Domestic technology
development boosts national security and reduces
foreign dependence. Environmental protection, social
equality, and economic diversification must be
integrated into resource management to mitigate the
negative effects of resource exploitation. The study
also shows that renewable energy can cut fossil fuel
use and boost energy security. For long-term security
and sustainability in the sector, a strong cybersecurity
framework and smart integration of innovative
technologies are needed.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
Governance Reforms and Transparency:
Nigeria should adopt governance reforms akin to
Angola’s efforts to enhance transparency and
accountability in the oil sector. By reducing political
interference and improving regulatory oversight, these
reforms can mitigate corruption and inefficiencies,
fostering economic growth and strengthening national
security. Additionally, Nigeria should depoliticize its
Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA) and ensure
consistent contributions to build a robust and
transparent
sovereign
wealth
fund,
drawing
inspiration from Norway’s Government Pension Fund
Global (GPFG). This would safeguard oil revenues for
future generations, contributing to long-term
economic stability.
2.
Economic
Diversification:
Nigeria
must
intensify efforts to diversify its economy, reducing its
reliance on oil by promoting sectors such as
agriculture, infrastructure, education, and renewable
energy. Drawing on Angola's and Australia’s
experiences, economic diversification can mitigate the
impact of global market fluctuations and create a more
resilient economy that supports sustainable growth
and national security.
3.
Enhanced
Environmental
Management:
Nigeria
should
strengthen
its
environmental
governance by adopting best practices from Angola,
Ghana, and Norway. This includes implementing gas
reinjection techniques to reduce flaring and emissions,
enforcing stricter environmental regulations, and
proactively managing environmental impacts. Such
measures
would
ensure
that
technological
advancements in resource extraction do not
compromise environmental sustainability or national
security.
4.
Social Equity and Community Engagement: To
address social inequalities exacerbated by resource
extraction, particularly in the Niger Delta, Nigeria should
strengthen local content policies and involve
communities more effectively in resource management
decisions. Learning from Ghana, Canada, and South
Africa, Nigeria can promote social equity by ensuring
that resource revenues are widely distributed and that
local communities benefit from resource extraction,
reducing
conflicts
and
supporting
sustainable
development.
5.
Technological Innovation and Cybersecurity:
Nigeria should foster a stable policy environment that
encourages technological innovation and long-term
economic planning, as seen in Angola. Investing in
research and innovation, particularly in minimizing the
environmental impact of resource extraction and
enhancing cybersecurity, is essential. Adopting best
practices in mining regulation and enforcement from
Australia would further ensure that Nigeria’s resource
management strategies are sustainable and aligned
with national security objectives.
6.
Decentralization and Local Accountability:
Nigeria should consider devolving more control over
natural resources to its states, similar to Canada’s
federal structure. Decentralization would enable more
tailored resource management strategies, improving
local accountability and contributing to national security
by addressing region-specific challenges more
effectively.
REFERENCES
Abdulrasheed, A. (2022). The role of international law in
the resolution of boundary disputes in africa: a case
study of Bakassi peninsula. Jurnal Penegakan Hukum
Dan
Keadilan,
3(2),
128-151.
https://doi.org/10.18196/jphk.v3i2.14267
Ablo, A. D., & Otchere-Darko, W. (2022). Local Content
and Local Participation in the Oil and Gas Industry: Has
Ghana Gotten It Right?. In Petroleum Resource
Management in Africa: Lessons from Ten Years of Oil
and Gas Production in Ghana (pp. 291-313). Cham:
Springer International Publishing.
Abur, C. (2019). Infrastructure investment as a panacea
for sustainable economic growth in Nigeria: a granger
causality tests analysis. Journal of Economics
Management
and
Trade,
1-8.
https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2019/v25i230193
Adekoya, O. O., Adefemi, A., Tula, O. A., Nwaobia, N. K.,
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
85
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
& Gidiagba, J. O. (2024). Technological innovations in
the LNG sector: A review: Assessing recent
advancements and their impact on LNG production,
transportation and usage. World Journal of Advanced
Research and Reviews, 21(1), 040-057.
Adeola, A. F., & Boso, A. (2021). Resource Management
in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of
Sustainable Development in Africa, 23(3), 134-152.
Agogbua, S. N., Mgbatogu, C. D., & Nzewi, U. C. (2022).
Impact of insecurity on Nigerian economic growth and
development. International Journal of Development
and
Economic
Sustainability,
10(5),
113-125.
https://doi.org/10.37745/ijdes.13/vol10n5113
Agwu, P. (2024). Assessing interprofessional and
integrated care in providing sexual and reproductive
health services to adolescents at primary healthcare
level in Nigeria. International Journal of Health
Governance,
29(1),
70-83.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-11-2023-0117
Ahamba, K. (2024). Macroeconomic effects of
government infrastructural expenditure on economic
growth
in
Nigeria.
International
Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation,
5(2),
447-458.
https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.2.447-458
Akinwale, Y. (2020). Technology, Innovation, and
Sustainable Resource Management in Nigeria.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,
10(5), 213-224.
Akonji, D., Olusegun, A., & Oluwayemisi, O. (2022).
Energy resources, investment channels and economic
growth. Journal of Economics Management and Trade,
29-35.
https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2022/v28i121066
Akor, K., & Bamiduro, E. O. (2019). Impact of
Infrastructure on Productivity of Small and Medium
Enterprises in Nigeria. environment, 9(2).
Akpomera, E. (2024). International crude oil theft: elite
predatory tendencies in Nigeria (2015). Capitalism and
Economic Crime in Africa: The Neoliberal Period.
Amadi, S. (2021). The failure of anticorruption
campaign as a failure of law reform in Nigeria. Science
Technology
&
Public
Policy,
5(2),
60.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.stpp.20210502.11
Anderu,
K.
(2023).
Public
expenditure
on
infrastructural development and economic growth:
evidence from Nigeria. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan
Dan Pembangunan Daerah, 11(2), 129-
142. https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v11i2.21064
Anowai, E., & Okebuinor, J. (2019) Ethno-Religious
Conflict and Security Implication in Nigeria: The Myths
and Realities.
Asuquo, C., Lashinde, A., & Adu, E. (2021). Governance
quality and public sector procurement of infrastructure
projects in developing countries: evidence from Nigeria.
Journal of Public Procurement, 21(3), 285-299.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jopp-10-2019-0067
Axon, S. (2024). Unveiling understandings of the RIO
declaration’s sustainability principles: a case of
alternative concepts, misaligned (dis)connections, and
terminological evolution. Sustainability, 16(6), 2600.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062600
Azolibe, C., Okonkwo, J., & Adigwe, P. (2020).
Government infrastructure expenditure and investment
drive in an emerging market economy: evidence from
Nigeria. Emerging Economy Studies, 6(1), 61-85.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2394901520907722
Azu, B., Uduh, D., & Mobosi, A. (2021). National security
and wealth creation: the Nigerian sustainable growth
nightmare. Ujah Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities,
21(4), 230-253. https://doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i4.14
Babasanya, B., Ganiyu, L., Yahaya, U., Olagunju, O.,
Olafemi, S., Olorukooba, A., … & Oladele, G. (2020).
Social media as valuable anti-corruption assets in the
public sphere in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural
Extension
Economics
&
Sociology,
1-10.
https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2020/v38i1230481
Bamidele, S., & Erameh, N. I. (2023). Environmental
degradation and sustainable peace dialogue in the Niger
delta region of Nigeria. Resources Policy, 80, 103274.
Bamidele, S., & Idowu, O. O. (2023). Land Boundary
Disputes Resolution: A Qualitative Study of Peace and
Conflict Resolution between Erinle-Offa Communities in
Kwara State, Nigeria. ABUAD Journal of Social and
Management Sciences, 4(2), 228-248.
Banso, A. (2023). Integrated water resource
management in south west Nigeria: a comprehensive
review of strategies and outcomes. International
Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 5(8), 330-
351. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v5i8.586
Baskakov, I. (2023). Iran’s energy diplomacy in the oil
and gas sphere in the Persian Gulf Subregion.
Geoeconomics of
Energetics,
(2),
40-59.
https://doi.org/10.48137/26870703_2023_22_2_40
Boamah, F. (2021). Diplomacy and the challenges of
resolving maritime boundary disputes in West Africa:
weighing the options in the case of Ghana and its
immediate neighbors. International
Journal of
Maritime
History, 33(4), 773-790.
https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714211061678
Bovan, A., Vučenović, T., & Perić, N. (2020). Negotiating
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
86
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
energy diplomacy and its relationship with foreign
policy and national security. International Journal of
Energy
Economics
and
Policy,
10(2),
1-6.
https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8754
Chanchangi, Y., Adu, F., Ghosh, A., Sundaram, S., &
Mallick, T. (2022). Nigeria's energy review: focusing on
solar energy potential and penetration. Environment
Development and Sustainability, 25(7), 5755-5796.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02308-4
Chandy, S., Rasekh, A., Barker, Z., & Shafiee, M. (2019).
Cyberattack detection using deep generative models
with variational inference. Journal of Water Resources
Planning
and
Management,
145(2).
https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001007
Chanie, A. (2024). The role of foreign direct investment
by multinational corporations in Africa. Journal of Brics
Studies, 2(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.36615/5c18fz47
Chigozie, U. G., & Alao, M. M. (2021). An Appraisal of
the Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority Act Viz-A-
Viz the Operations of Nigerian Sovereign Investment
Authority (NSIA): Benefits, Challenges and the Way
Forward.
Czuryk, M. (2023). Cybersecurity and protection of
critical infrastructure. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia,
32(5),
43-52.
https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.5.43-52
David, N. B. K., & Binatari, P. J. (2024). Security
challenges and economic development in emerging
economics:
The
Nigeria
experience.
IIARD
International Journal of Economics and Business
Management,
9(8).
https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.v9.no8.2023.pg114.1
17
Eboh, E. C., & Uduma, A. O. (2022). The Paradox of
Abundance: Nigeria’s Resource
Curse and the Path to
Sustainable Development. African Journal of Economic
Policy, 29(4), 45-61.
Effiom, L. & Ebi, B. (2020). Trade policy, infrastructural
development and agricultural sector value added in
Nigeria. Jurnal Institutions and Economies, 13(1), 1-33.
https://doi.org/10.22452/ijie.vol13no1.1
Egu, E., Nwankwo, E., & Offiong, E. (2021). Assessment
of forest investment, financial flows and revenue
collection in the Abia State forest sector, Nigeria.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental
Management,
25(5),
763-771.
https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i5.11
Elisha, O. D. (2023). Resources management and
economic development. In Advances in logistics,
operations, and management science book series.
https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693- 2077-8.ch010
Emelie, C. (2019). The legal framework for
environmental
conservation
and
sustainable
development: Nigeria in focus. Journal.
Eryani, I. (2024). Water conflict analysis in the Balangan
irrigation area: causes, impacts, and management
strategies.
Iop
Conference
Series
Earth
and
Environmental
Science,
1311(1),
012036.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1311/1/012036
Eseosa, O. (2023). Oil diplomacy in the international
economy: impact of Russia
–
Ukraine conflict. The
International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies.
https://doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2023/v11/i4/hs2304
-010
Eyitope, O. (2020). Drivers and impacts of china’s
economic engagements in Nigeria: focus on
infrastructures investment. International Journal of
Industrial
Marketing,
5(1),
68.
https://doi.org/10.5296/ijim.v5i1.17981
Gasparini, A. (2023). Norway’s opportunities via the
Sovereign Wealth Fund and the European Green Deal.
International Journal of Environmental Studies, 80(5),
1445-1455.
Gbakon, K., & Ojaraida, L. (2020, August). The Nigeria
gas landscape: Implications for economic development.
In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and
Exhibition (p. D013S018R004). SPE.
Godwin, P. A., & Umaru, P. Z. (2018). Illegal gold mining,
land degradation and food security in Nigeria: a case of
Yauri, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Journal of the University of
Ruhuna, 6(1).
Gołębiewska, B., Grontkowska, A., Brelik, A., & Gębska,
M. (2020). Implementation of the principles of
sustainable development by agricultural producers in
Poland. European Research Studies Journal, XXIII(Issue
2), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1583
Gómez, Á., Maimó, L., Celdrán, A., Clemente, F.,
Sarmiento, C., M
asa, C., … & Nistal, R. (2019). On the
generation of anomaly detection datasets in industrial
control systems. IEEE Access, 7, 177460-177473.
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2958284
Henry, A., & Mohammed, S. U. (2023). Oil pipelines
vandalism and oil theft: Security threat to Nigerian
economy and environment. J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y, 3, 171.
Hong, W., Kai, X., Xuan, S. S. W., Lynn, C. Y. N., & Leng,
H. Z. (2021). Black Gold Governance: The Norwegian Oil
Fund. governance, 4, 5.
Hugyik, A. (2020). Best practices in the application of the
concept of resilience: building hybrid warfare and
cybersecurity capabilities in the Hungarian defense
forces. Connections the Quarterly Journal, 19(4), 25-38.
https://doi.org/10.11610/connections.19.4.02
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
87
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
Igiebor, G. (2019). Political corruption in Nigeria:
implications for economic development in the fourth
republic. Journal of Developing Societies, 35(4),
493-513.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19890745
Ikelegbe, A. O. (2022). Oil, Environment and Conflict:
The Political Ecology of Resource Governance in the
Niger Delta. Environmental Politics, 15(1), 50-70.
Ikiriko, T. (2024). Economic and social costs of flood
disasters in Nigeria: implications for sustainable
national development. Global Journal of Engineering
and
Technology
Advances,
19(1),
091-103.
https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.19.1.0043
Iqbal, k. (2024). Robust multi-party computation in
critical infrastructure protection using hybrid RSA-AES
algorithm
for
enhanced
security..
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3884946/v1
Kadagi, N., Okafor‐Yarwood, I., Glaser, S., & Lien, Z.
(2020). Joint management of shared resources as an
alternative approach for addressing maritime
boundary disputes: the Kenya- Somalia maritime
boundary dispute. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region,
16(3),
348-370.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2020.1823169
Kamta, F., Schilling, J., & Scheffran, J. (2020). Insecurity,
resource scarcity, and migration to camps of internally
displaced persons in northeast Nigeria. Sustainability,
12(17), 6830. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176830
Kamta, F., Schilling, J., & Scheffran, J. (2021). Water
resources, forced migration and tensions with host
communities in the Nigerian part of the lake chad
basin.
Resources,
10(4),
27.
https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10040027
Kilambo, S. R. (2021). Black economic empowerment
policy and the transfer of equity and mine assets to
Black people in the South Africa's mining industry.
South African Journal of Economic and Management
Sciences, 24(1), 1-14.
Kim, A., Oh, J., Kwon, K., & Lee, K. (2022). Consider the
consequences: a risk assessment approach for
industrial
control
systems.
Security
and
Communication
Networks,
2022,
1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3455647
Kim, K., Park, S., Yeo, C., Park, H., Kim, H.,
Heo, Y., … &
Kim, K. (2021). A sensing device with the optical
temperature sensors-based quad-RX module and a
security
module.
Sensors,
21(5),
1620.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051620
Korda, D. (2023). The role of cyberattacks on modern
warfare: a review. International Journal of Research
and Innovation in Applied Science, VIII(VII), 286-
292.
https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.8733
Kumar, A., Saxena, N., Jung, S., & Choi, B. (2021).
Improving detection of false data injection attacks using
machine learning with feature selection and
oversampling.
Energies,
15(1),
212.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010212
Madaki, L., Akawu, F., & Ibbih, J. (2022). Effect of airport
non-aeronautic infrastructure on economic growth in
Nigeria: 1986-2020. Journal of Agripreneurship and
Sustainable
Development,
5(1),
153-165.
https://doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v5i1.298
Manresa, A. and Rivera, D. (2021). Excellence in
sustainable management in a changing environment.
Sustainability,
13(4),
2296.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042296
Matthew, O., Babajide, A., Osabohien, R., Adeniji, A.,
Ewetan, O., Adu, O., … & Itua, O. (2020). Challenges of
accountability and development in Nigeria. Journal of
Money
Laundering
Control,
23(2),
387-402.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2019-0086
Minardi, A. and Lestari, R. (2019). China´s economic
policy to Nigeria in oil affairs. Ekonomicko-Manazerske
Spektrum,
13(2),
28-36.
https://doi.org/10.26552/ems.2019.2.28-36
Morais, P. G., & Cardoso, E. N. Q. (2023). Prospects for
Autonomy of Angola's Transformation Industry with
Growth in Oil Refining, Meeting the Challenges of the
World Energy Transition. Angolan Mineral, Oil & Gas
Journal, 4(4), 12-19.
Namo, I. (2024). Governance, corruption and
underdevelopment in Nigeria’s fourth republic. AJHCER,
15(1), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.62154/s1sxsq39
Nkiaka, E. (2024). Understanding links between water
scarcity and violent conflicts in the Sahel and lake chad
basin using the water footprint concept. Earth S Future,
12(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ef004013
Nuttman, S., Patrick, R., Townsend, M., & Lawson, J.
(2019). Health promotion and food insecurity: exploring
environmental sustainability principles to guide practice
within Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia,
31(1), 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.249
Nwankwo, E., Okeke, U., Rita, C., & Ozor,, M. (2023).
Determinants of marketing margin and efficiency of
wholesale marketing of cocoyam in southeast, Nigeria.
Global Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(1), 38-52.
https://doi.org/10.37745/gjar.2013/vol11n13852
Nwozor, A. (2020). Depoliticizing environmental
degradation: revisiting the UNEP environmental
assessment of Ogoniland in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region.
GeoJournal, 85(3), 883-900.
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
88
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
Obiora, C., Nwanolue, B., & Okeke, C. (2021). Sectoral
allocation of foreign aids and poverty alleviation in
Nigeria, 2010-2020. International Journal of Culture
and
History,
9(1),
25.
https://doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v9i1.19389
Offiong, A. E. A., Nkanu, O. U., Efut, E. N., & Uba, U. J.
(2018). Environmental degradation in the Niger Delta
area due to petroleum exploration: are we combating
the problems. Am J Environ Sci, 14(6), 266-273.
Ogbonna, C., Lenshie, N., & Nwangwu, C. (2023).
Border governance, migration securitization, and
security challenges in Nigeria. Society, 60(3), 297-309.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-023- 00855-8
Oghuvbu, E. A., Gberevbie, D. E., & Oni, S. O. (2022).
Technology Policy and Sustainable Development in
Nigeria. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 22(2),
385-396.
Okolie, U. (2023). Role of human resource
management in medium and small scale enterprises in
Nigeria. Enterprenuership Journal for Finance and
Business,
24-32.
https://doi.org/10.56967/ejfb2023282
Okringbo, J. I., Chukuigwe, O., & Sikpi, E. E. (2022).
Effectiveness of shell petroleum development
company’s communication strategies in promotion of
environmental degradation management in Niger
Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Agripreneurship and
Sustainable Development, 5(1), 180-189.
Olaoye, O. (2023). Facilitating economic growth by
leveraging on infrastructure development. Journal of
Economics Finance and Management Studies, 06(05).
https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v6-i5-59
Oludare, S. A., & Agunbiade, A. O. (2023). The Role of
Renewable Energy in Enhancing National Security in
Nigeria. Energy Reports, 9, 44-57.
Olujobi, O. J., et al. (2023). Oil Revenue Management
and Economic Stability in Nigeria: A Review of Policies
and Practices. Resources Policy, 79, 102-118.
Olujobi, O. J., Olarinde, E. S., & Yebisi, T. E. (2022). The
conundrums of illicit crude oil refineries in Nigeria and
its debilitating effects on Nigeria’s economy: a legal
approach. Energies, 15(17), 6197.
Omotehinse, T., Esenohor, E. T., & Okoh, G. A. (2023).
The Impact of Taxation in Combating Corruption and
Promoting Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria.
https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i09.00
9
Onuoha, F. C. (2023). Oil Spills and Environmental
Justice in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Experience. Journal
of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 13(1), 23-38.
Opuala-Charles, S. and Oshilike, I. (2022). National
security, FDI and economic development in Nigeria.
International Journal of Development and Economic
Sustainability,
10(4),
15-25.
https://doi.org/10.37745/ijdes.13/vol10n41525
Otoijamun, I., Kigozi, M., Abdulraman, S. O., Adetunji, A.
R., & Onwualu, A. P. (2021). Fostering the sustainability
of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) of Barite in
Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Sustainability, 13(11), 5917.
Otu, M. (2024). An appraisal of the legal frameworks and
policy shift in the Nigerian energy sector. Nature
Environment and Pollution Technology, 23(2), 1167-
1174. https://doi.org/10.46488/nept.2024.v23i02.051
Redmond, T. and Nasir, M. (2020). Role of natural
resource abundance, international trade and financial
development in the economic development of selected
countries.
Resources
Policy,
66,
101591.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101591
Rendtorff, J. (2020). Sustainability, basic ethical
principles,
and
innovation.,
1-28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68845-9_48-1
Rotimi, M., Umar, A., & Doorasamy, M. (2023).
Corruption dynamics and economic growth in nigeria..
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105713
Samuel, U. T. (2024). Prioritizing national security: A
prerequisite for growth and development in Nigeria.
Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 22(8).
https://doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2024/v22i8556
Sandabe, A. (2021). The legal frameworks in the fight
against corruption in Nigeria. International Journal of
Research and Innovation in Social Science, 05(06), 331-
340. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2021.5616
Shahbaz, M., Naeem, M., Ahad, M., & Iqbal, T. (2018). Is
natural resource abundance a stimulus for financial
development in the USA?. Resources Policy, 55, 223-
232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.12.006
Shaw, C. H., Rodrigue, S., Voicu, M. F., Latifovic, R.,
Pouliot, D., Hayne, S., ... & Kurz, W. A. (2021).
Cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic
disturbances on the forest carbon balance in the oil
sands region of Alberta, Canada; a pilot study (1985
–
2012). Carbon Balance and Management, 16, 1-18.
Shi, S., Ye, Y., & Xiao, R. (2022). Evaluation of food
security based on remote sensing data
—
taking egypt as
an
example.
Remote
Sensing,
14(12), 2876.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122876
Shi, W. and Li, B. (2022). In the name of national
security: foreign takeover protection and firm
innovation efficiency. Global Strategy Journal, 13(2),
391-419. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1440
Shobande, O. and Enemona, J. (2021). A multivariate
VAR model for evaluating sustainable finance and
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
89
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
natural resource curse in West Africa: evidence from
Nigeria and Ghana. Sustainability, 13(5), 2847.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052847
Sobseh, E. (2023). Cameroon-Nigeria border conflict
prevention and resolution over the Bakassi peninsula,
1884
–
2008: model for peacebuilding in Africa.
International Journal of Conflict Management, 4(1),
63-77. https://doi.org/10.47941/ijcm.1292
Tanui, D. C. (2021). The Political Economy of Oil and Its
Role in Enhancing Development in Africa: a Case Study
of Nigeria and Angola (Doctoral dissertation, University
of Nairobi).
Toapanta, S., Cobeña, J., & Gallegos, L. (2020). Analysis
of cyberattacks in public organizations in Latin
America. Advances in Science Technology and
Engineering Systems Journal, 5(2), 116-
125. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050215
Udo, A., Akpan, B., & Nsor, O. (2023). The
developmental implications of Nigeria’s public
spendings:
an
ardl
analysis..
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2611714/v1
Ukpong-Umo, R., Udobia, I., & Agwu, A. (2019). The
role of alternative dispute resolution in trans-boundary
land dispute: the case of Ikot Idaha and Osuk Ediene
Communities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The
Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 17(2),
68-78. https://doi.org/10.36108/njsa/9102/71(0250)
Upreti, Y. (2024). Factors influencing military
diplomacy in Nepal. Unity Journal, 5(1), 15-32.
https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63155
Usman, B., Mustapha, Z., Dokochi, M., Umar, J., &
Maitala, F. (2019). Investigating the impact of
entrepreneurial infrastructure deficit on firm growth.
IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurshipand
Business
Development), 3(1),
13-
24.
https://doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v3i1.771
Utuk, I. (2024). Transport infrastructure, institutional
quality and agricultural sector performance in Nigeria.
AKSUJACOG,
4(1),
137-150.
https://doi.org/10.61090/aksujacog.2024.011
Wachtmeister, H., Kuchler, M., & Höök, M. (2021). How
many wells? exploring the scope of shale gas
production for achieving gas self-sufficiency in Poland.
Natural Resources Research, 30(3), 2483-2496.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09858-w
Weldegiorgis, F. S., Dietsche, E., Ahmad, S., Franks, D.
M., & Cust, J. (2024). Inter‐sectoral economic linkages
in the Australian mining industry: Analysis using partial
hypothetical extraction method. Australian Journal of
Agricultural and Resource Economics, 68(1), 206-226.
Xiang, W. (2023). China’s investment in the Nigerian
energy sector: a prognosis of the dispute settlement
paradigm.
Laws,
12(5),
81.
https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12050081
Yang, Y. and Lo, K. (2023). China's renewable energy and
energy efficiency policies toward carbon neutrality: a
systematic
cross-sectoral
review.
Energy
&
Environment,
35(1),
491-509.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305x231167472
Zhang, S. (2024). Towards energy sustainability:
exploring the nexus between global value chain
participation and energy security in developing and
developed countries. Plos One, 19(1), e0296705.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296705
Zheng, X., Lü, Y., Yuan, J., Baninla, Y., Zhang, S., Stenseth,
N., … & Chen, D. (2019). Drivers of change in China’s
energy-related co2emissions. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 117(1), 29-36.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908513117
