THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
162
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
PUBLISHED DATE: - 30-07-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue07-18
PAGE NO.: - 162-170
POSTMODERNIST VIEWS OF TIME AND
SPACE IN LITERATURE
Zaid Razzaq Sadeq
Ministry Of Education, Najaf Governorate Directorate, Iraq
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The study of postmodernist views of time and
space in literature holds significant importance in
contemporary literary scholarship(Borges,1948).
Postmodernism, as a literary and cultural
movement, emerged in the latter half of the 20th
century as a response to the shifting socio-political
landscape and the questioning of traditional
modes of representation. One of the key aspects of
postmodernism is its exploration and subversion
of
conventional
notions
of
time
and
space(Faulkner,1948). By studying postmodernist
literature's treatment of time and space, we can
gain valuable insights into the ways in which
contemporary writers engage with and challenge
established narrative structures and conceptual
frameworks. Understanding the postmodernist
views of time and space is crucial for
comprehending the complexities of contemporary
literature and the broader cultural landscape.
Postmodernism
is
distinguished
by
its
deconstruction of conventional binaries, rejection
of epic narratives, and blurring of genre
boundaries. Postmodernist authors frequently
utilize inventive narrative techniques that perturb
the coherence of time, divide stories into
fragments, and question the notion of spatial
stability. These methodologies are indicative of the
postmodernist perspective, which challenges the
notion of an objective, singular reality and places
greater emphasis on the multitude of
interpretations and subjective encounters. We can
gain a more profound comprehension of the
philosophical and artistic motivations that drove
postmodernist writers and place the manipulation
of time and space in literature in context by
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
163
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
analyzing the emergence and characteristics of the
postmodernist movement.
The dual research aims of this paper are as follows:
initially, to examine and interpret the diverse
methods by which postmodernist literature
manipulates space and time; and secondly, to
investigate
the
ramifications
of
these
manipulations on narrative organization, the
construction of meaning, and the portrayal of
authority and identity. Through an analysis of a
wide array of postmodernist literary pieces, our
objective is to discern recurring themes,
techniques, and patterns that govern the portrayal
of time and space. Furthermore, the investigator
aims to illuminate the wider philosophical and
cultural
ramifications
of
postmodernist
perspectives on space and time, as well as their
connection to postmodernist criticisms of
modernity,
language,
and
knowledge.
Incorporating postmodernist criticism, spatial
theory, and temporal theory into the study's
theoretical framework will enable a thorough
comprehension of the intricate relationship
between space, time, and literature within the
postmodernist context (Borges, 1967).
All in all, this paper aims to contribute to the
understanding of postmodernist literature by
examining the ways in which it challenges and
reimagines traditional notions of time and space.
By exploring the background, rationale, and
research objectives, the researcher establishes a
firm foundation for the subsequent chapters and
analysis of postmodernist views of time and space
in literature.
1.2 Definition and Conceptual Framework
Within the framework of this research, the term
"postmodernism" pertains to a literary and
cultural movement that originated during the
latter portion of the 20th century. It is
distinguished by its refusal to accept conventional
modes of representation and its active
involvement with the intricacies of modern
society. Postmodernist literature frequently
interrogates
and
undermines
established
narratives, pushes the boundaries of genres, and
challenges concepts of objectivity, truth, and
authorial authority. Self-reflexivity, intertextuality,
fragmentation, irony, and the deconstruction of
binary
oppositions
are
fundamental
characteristics postmodernism. In postmodern
literature,
unconventional
and
inventive
explorations of the concepts of time and space are
prevalent. Due to the fragmented and nonlinear
nature of time, narratives frequently employ
flashbacks, multiple perspectives, and temporal
cycles. Postmodernist literature presents a
critique of the conventional understanding of time
as a linear progression, encouraging readers to
scrutinize the concept of a fixed and linear
chronology. In a similar fashion, narratives that
depict shifting landscapes, hybrid spaces, and the
collapse of physical and conceptual boundaries
disrupt spatial concepts. Through its frequent
depiction of spaces as products of social
construction and the influence of power dynamics,
postmodernist
literature
investigates
the
connection between space, identity, and social
hierarchies. To analyze postmodernist views of
Time and Space in literature, this study will draw
upon key theoretical frameworks such as spatial
theory and temporal theory. Spatial theory
examines
how
spaces
are
constructed,
experienced, and represented, emphasizing the
social, cultural, and political dimensions of spatial
relations. Temporal theory, on the other hand,
explores the nature of time and its significance in
shaping narrative structures and meanings. These
theoretical frameworks provide valuable insights
into the ways postmodernist literature engages
with time and space, enabling a deeper
understanding
of
the
complexities
and
implications of postmodernist views of time and
space in literature.
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
164
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
1.3. Research Questions
1.How do postmodernist writers manipulate
concepts of time and space in their literary works,
and what effect does this manipulation have on
narrative structure and meaning-making?
2. What are the implications of postmodernist
views of time and space for the representation of
identity and power dynamics in literature, and
how do these representations challenge or subvert
traditional understandings of identity and social
hierarchies?
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study's contribution to the interpretation of
postmodernist literature and its investigation of
temporal and spatial dimensions constitute its
significance. By examining the manner in which
postmodernist authors manipulate these ideas, the
research provides valuable insights into the
inventive narrative techniques utilized and the
consequences for the construction of meaning and
the organization of narratives. Moreover, the
research illuminates the more extensive
philosophical and cultural ramifications of
postmodernist perspectives on time and space,
encompassing their influence on the portrayal of
power and identity. In essence, this study
contributes to the advancement of knowledge
regarding the intricacies of postmodernist
literature and its function as a force that questions
established modes of representation, thereby
offering significant perspectives on the present-
day cultural milieu.
1.5 Methodology
The methodology employed in this study involves
a textual analysis approach to examine
postmodernist literature's manipulation of time
and space. A selection of representative literary
works from the postmodernist movement will be
carefully chosen based on their relevance to the
research objectives. These works will be subjected
to close reading and interpretation, focusing on
identifying and analyzing the specific techniques
employed by the authors to manipulate temporal
and spatial elements. The analysis will consider
aspects such as narrative structure, temporal
disruptions,
spatial
representations,
intertextuality, and the relationship between time,
space, and identity. The study will draw upon key
theoretical frameworks, including spatial theory
and temporal theory, to provide a conceptual lens
for analyzing the findings. Additionally, secondary
sources such as scholarly articles, critical essays,
and theoretical texts will be consulted to support
the analysis and provide a broader theoretical
context. The methodology will enable a
comprehensive examination of the selected
literary works, offering insights into the ways in
which postmodernist literature engages with and
challenges conventional notions of time and space,
ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding
of the postmodernist movement and its
implications for literature and culture.
Chapter Two: Postmodernist Manipulation of
Time in Literature
2.1 Postmodernist Temporal Disruptions
Postmodernist literature is characterized by its
bold and deliberate challenge to traditional linear
notions of time. Through various narrative
techniques, postmodernist writers disrupt and
subvert the linear progression of time, inviting
readers to question and reconsider their
understanding of temporal order. Non-linear
storytelling is a prominent technique employed,
where the narrative unfolds in a non-chronological
manner, with events presented out of sequence.
Fragmented narratives further contribute to
temporal disruptions, as the story is fractured and
presented through fragmented episodes or
vignettes. Additionally, temporal loops, where
events repeat or intersect with each other, are
utilized to create a sense of cyclical time rather
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
165
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
than linear progression. These narrative
techniques in postmodernist literature serve to
dismantle the notion of a singular, unified timeline,
and instead emphasize the multiplicity and
subjective nature of temporal experiences
(Brockmeier, 1994).
The temporal disruptions in postmodernist
literature are not merely stylistic choices, but they
carry deeper thematic significance. By challenging
linear time, postmodernist writers explore themes
of memory, perception, and the subjective nature
of reality. The non-linear and fragmented
narratives mirror the fragmented nature of human
memory and subjective experiences, highlighting
the inherent subjectivity in constructing and
recalling events. Temporal disruptions also disrupt
traditional notions of cause and effect, challenging
the idea of a fixed and stable reality. These
disruptions allow for the exploration of alternative
perspectives, multiple interpretations, and the
questioning of objective truth. Ultimately, the
temporal disruptions in postmodernist literature
contribute to its overarching themes of ambiguity,
uncertainty, and the deconstruction of fixed
meanings, inviting readers to actively engage with
the complexities of time and its impact on human
experiences(Carter,1967).
2.2 Temporal Pastiche and Intertextuality
Postmodernist writers engage in temporal
pastiche and intertextuality to create rich and
complex narratives that blend different historical
periods and cultural references. Temporal pastiche
refers to the deliberate borrowing and
juxtaposition of elements from different time
periods within a single work. Postmodernist
literature often incorporates historical events,
figures, and cultural artifacts in a non-linear and
anachronistic manner, blurring the boundaries
between past, present, and future. By weaving
together
disparate
temporal
elements,
postmodernist writers challenge traditional
notions of historical continuity and linear
progression, creating a sense of temporal
dislocation and a collapse of temporal boundaries.
Intertextuality, a key feature of postmodernist
literature, involves the deliberate referencing and
incorporation of other texts within a work.
Postmodernist writers employ intertextuality to
connect their narratives with a vast web of
cultural, literary, and historical references. These
intertextual references can range from direct
quotations to subtle allusions, and they serve to
enrich the meaning of the text by drawing
connections to other works, traditions, and
discourses. By intertwining various texts and
cultural references, postmodernist literature blurs
the boundaries between originality and imitation,
challenging the notion of a single, fixed
interpretation. Intertextuality creates a dialogic
relationship between different texts, inviting
readers to actively engage in deciphering and
making connections, thus contributing to a
multilayered understanding of time, history, and
meaning.
Through temporal pastiche and intertextuality,
postmodernist literature creates new perspectives
on time and history. By blending different
temporal elements and cultural references,
postmodernist texts highlight the constructed
nature of history, exposing its subjectivity and the
influence of interpretation. The juxtaposition of
past and present, real and fictional, allows for a
reevaluation of historical narratives and a
questioning of traditional sources of authority.
Temporal pastiche and intertextuality also disrupt
linear notions of time, emphasizing the
interconnectedness and simultaneity of different
historical moments. These narrative devices
challenge the idea of a singular, objective history,
opening
up
possibilities
for
alternative
interpretations
and
a
more
nuanced
understanding of the complexities of time and
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
166
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
history(Eco,1988).
2.3 Temporality and Identity
Temporality and identity are intricately linked in
postmodernist literature, as the manipulation of
temporal elements serves to challenge and
reshape conventional understandings of identity.
Postmodernist writers explore the fluid and
fragmented nature of identity by disrupting linear
time
and
presenting
multiple
temporal
perspectives. The non-linear and fragmented
narratives allow for the portrayal of different
facets of identity that may exist simultaneously or
in a state of constant transformation. By
destabilizing the linear progression of time,
postmodernist literature reflects the complex and
ever-evolving nature of individual and collective
identities.
Furthermore, postmodernist literature often
questions the notion of a fixed, essential identity by
presenting identity as a social construct. Temporal
disruptions and intertextuality are employed to
expose the constructed nature of identity,
highlighting its contingent and performative
aspects. By blending temporal references and
interweaving different cultural and historical
contexts, postmodernist texts demonstrate the
ways in which identity is shaped by external
influences and the multiplicity of cultural and
social narratives. This challenges the idea of a
singular, unified identity and instead emphasizes
the fragmented, hybrid, and interconnected nature
of identity formation (Fedosova, 2006).
Postmodernist literature also explores the
relationship between temporality and identity
through the examination of memory and the
subjective experience of time. Memory, often
portrayed as unreliable and fragmented, plays a
crucial role in shaping individual and collective
identities. The manipulation of time in
postmodernist narratives reflects the subjective
nature of memory and its impact on the
construction of identity. Temporal distortions,
such as flashbacks, time loops, and distorted
perceptions of time, highlight the malleability of
memory and its influence on the formation and
reconstruction of personal and collective identities
over time.
In summary, postmodernist literature engages
with temporality to challenge fixed notions of
identity. By disrupting linear time, exposing the
constructed nature of identity, and exploring the
role of memory, postmodernist texts offer a
nuanced understanding of identity as fluid,
contingent, and shaped by various temporal
factors. This exploration of temporality and
identity contributes to a broader interrogation of
social, cultural, and historical frameworks that
influence the construction and understanding of
individual
and
collective
identities
in
postmodernist literature. (Brockmeier, 1994).
Chapter 3: Postmodernist Conceptions of Space in
Literature
3.1 Disrupted Spatial Boundaries
Postmodernist literature is recognized for its
defiance of conventional ideas about physical and
conceptual spaces, questioning the concept of
permanent and stable spatial classifications.
Postmodernist writers use narrative strategies to
disrupt and manipulate environments, prompting
readers to reconsider their perception of spatial
boundaries and hierarchies. Spatial disruptions in
postmodernist literature manifest as changing
landscapes, warped geographies, and the
breakdown
of
physical
and
intellectual
boundaries.
Postmodernist literature questions standard ideas
about physical space by portraying changing
landscapes. These stories depict a physical setting
that is always changing, challenging conventional
ideas of stable and consistent spaces. Landscapes
change, combine, and transform, blending the
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
167
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
distinctions between natural and man-made,
urban and rural, and real and fictional. The
flexibility of physical places exemplifies the
postmodernist
criticism
of
rigid
spatial
classifications and questions the concept of an
unchanging and unbiased reality.
Postmodernist literature examines distorted
geographies to challenge standard spatial
concepts. These stories frequently depict
deformed or fragmented maps, disrupted
geographies, and spatial groupings that are not in
a straight line. The spatial arrangement becomes
disorienting and disjointed, mirroring the
fragmented
and
subjective
quality
of
postmodernist narratives. The aberrations in the
text interfere with the reader's spatial perception
and question the idea of a consistent and stable
spatial arrangement. Postmodernist literature
challenges traditional geographies by exposing the
artificial nature of spatial boundaries and
scrutinizing the legitimacy of prevailing spatial
narratives.
3.2 Simulation and Hyper reality
Simulation is a key element in postmodernist
literature, impacting its views on space and
determining
the
portrayal
of
hyperreal
environments. Simulation is the act of constructing
representations or imitations of reality that may
occasionally lose connection with the original
source. Postmodernist literature typically delves
into simulation by creating hyperreal settings like
virtual realities and simulacra that blend the lines
between reality and imagination.
Virtual realities, especially hyperreal spaces, play a
significant role in postmodernist writing. These
environments are created and encountered using
technology, providing immersive and lifelike
experiences that can replicate or exceed the
physical world. Postmodernist writers portray
virtual realities as existing alongside or replacing
the physical world, undermining the traditional
distinction between reality and imagination. These
hyperreal landscapes frequently mirror the impact
of technology progress and the growing role of
digital interfaces in shaping our perception of
reality.
Simulacra in postmodernist literature are
representations that exist without an original
source, illustrating hyper reality. Simulacra are
representations that have become disconnected
from the real world, losing any relationship to any
reference reality. Postmodernist literature delves
at the abundance of simulacra and their influence
on perceptions of space. These simulacra can
appear as copies, imitations, or imaginary
creations that develop their own existence. The
blending of actual and fictional locations using
simulacra questions the idea of a constant and
secure reality, emphasizing the artificiality of
spaces and the possibility for several
interpretations
and
realities
to
exist
simultaneously.
The fusion of actual and fictional environments in
postmodernist literature significantly impacts the
interpretation of stories and societal viewpoints.
Postmodernist books examine how hyperreal
environments and simulacra impact our
perception of reality and affect our engagement
with the world. The blurring of boundaries
between real and imagined worlds challenges
conventional narrative structures and linear
progression, providing different storytelling
methods that mirror the fragmented and
subjective characteristics of postmodernist
tales(Fowles,1998).
The influence of hyperreal environments and
simulacra on narrative significance is especially
clear when examining topics like identity and
authenticity. Postmodernist fiction frequently
questions the concept of a stable and intrinsic
identity, as characters explore the intricacies of
hyperreal environments and come across several
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
168
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
iterations of themselves. Blurring real and
imagined locations enables the breakdown of
identity, emphasizing the performative and
created aspects of selfhood. The abundance of
simulacra adds complexity to the concept of
authenticity, blurring the distinction between
representations and originals, which challenges
the reliability of truth and reality(Borges,1948)
These stories encourage readers to analyze the
power structures and societal frameworks that
form the basis of our perception of environments
and urge us to contemplate the implications of
residing in a hyperreal, simulacrum-saturated
culture) Carter, 1970).
Ultimately, simulating hyperreal places in
postmodernist literature significantly impacts how
space is perceived. Exploring virtual realities,
simulacra, and the blending of actual and imagined
spaces challenges conventional ideas of reality and
disrupts the boundaries between reality and
imagination. The narrative tactics encourage
readers to analyze the artificiality of locations,
challenge the reliability of truth and identity, and
contemplate the influence of hyper reality on
narrative significance and societal perspectives.
Postmodernist literature encourages us to
reevaluate our connection to the world by
examining how simulation and space interact,
prompting a critical analysis of the artificial and
fabricated aspects of our experiences.
3.3 Spatial Politics and Power
Postmodernist literature critically analyzes power
relations and social hierarchies by depicting space.
The text examines the creation, use, and challenges
of spaces, revealing how spatial layouts mirror and
uphold social power dynamics. Postmodernist
literature questions conventional narratives by
examining the relationship between location,
identity, and power, prompting readers to rethink
the power dynamics that influence our
experiences.
Postmodernist literature analyzes the creation of
places and reveals how they are filled with
authority. Spaces are not inherently neutral or
objective; rather, they are shaped by social and
political
influences.
Postmodernist
works
frequently expose the fundamental ideologies and
power dynamics that influence the layout and
construction of environments. They reveal how
venues are intentionally designed to uphold
current power structures, favoring specific
individuals or groups while excluding others.
Postmodernist literature examines how power
functions through spatial structures and questions
the legitimacy of prevailing spatial stories.
Postmodernist literature explores how places are
utilized and perceived by various individuals or
groups. It emphasizes the unequal distribution of
power in different areas and how the layout of
spaces may either help or impede one's ability to
act and move up in society. Marginalized voices
undermine and subvert existing power systems by
contesting spatial occupation. Postmodernist
stories frequently depict protagonists that
navigate environments in unorthodox ways,
opposing traditional power structures and
exerting their agency in oppressive spatial
settings. Postmodernist literature reveals the
capacity for resistance and subversion in spatial
hierarchies
through
its
descriptions.
(Fowles,1998).
Postmodernist literature is centrally focused on
the interaction among place, identity, and social
power structures. Spaces influence both individual
and communal identities not just physically but
also symbolically and via discourse. Postmodernist
literature examine how spaces serve as locations
for shaping and bargaining over identities,
illustrating the impact of social power systems on
the
development
of
identities.
Spatial
arrangements can either support or question
prevailing identity classifications, maintaining
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
169
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
current power structures or allowing for identity
defiance and change(Eco,2007).
Postmodernist literature critiques power relations
and social hierarchies via portraying space. It
reveals the artificiality of environments,
investigates how they are used and challenged, and
explores their connection to identity and social
hierarchies. Postmodernist literature encourages
readers to analyze how power is influenced by
spatial arrangements and to imagine new spatial
structures that question prevailing power
relations(Faulkner,1948).
Chapter four: Conclusion
Postmodernist literature focuses on spatial politics
and power dynamics, challenging conventional
ideas of space and examining how geographical
structures
influence
social
hierarchies.
Postmodernist literature analyzes how places are
created, used, and challenged to reveal the power
structures that influence our daily lives,
encouraging readers to think critically about the
social and political impacts of spatial organization.
Postmodernist literature is known for its
deconstruction of spatial constructions. It shows
that places are not impartial or unbiased entities
but are filled with authority and shaped by hidden
beliefs. Postmodernist literature frequently reveal
how settings are intricately planned and arranged
to uphold current power dynamics, favoring some
individuals or groups while excluding others.
Postmodernist literature questions the legitimacy
of spatial arrangements that maintain social
inequities by revealing the manufactured nature of
environments and challenging dominant spatial
narratives.
Postmodernist literature highlights how places are
utilized and perceived by various individuals or
groups. It highlights the unequal distribution of
power in different areas and the influence of
spatial layouts on individuals' ability to act and
move up in society. Marginalized voices disrupt
and subvert existing power systems by contesting
the possession of space. Postmodernist stories
frequently portray protagonists that navigate and
negotiate places in unexpected manners,
expressing their control within repressive spatial
environments. The portrayals highlight the
possibility of resistance and subversion in spatial
hierarchies, prompting readers to analyze the
power dynamics influencing spatial occupation
and to explore different ways of interacting with
environments.
Postmodernist literature is primarily focused on
the interconnection between place, identity, and
social power structures. Spaces influence both
individual and communal identities not just
physically but also symbolically and discursively.
Postmodernist literature examine how spaces can
function as locations for shaping and bargaining
over identity, illustrating the impact of social
power systems on the development of identities.
Spatial configurations can either support or
question prevailing identity categories, either
maintaining current power structures or offering
chances for identity subversion and change.
Postmodernist literature emphasizes how spatial
power dynamics overlap with other social power
dynamics including gender, racism, and class.
Spaces are where these conflicting power relations
are acted out. Postmodernist stories frequently
portray how certain identities are spatially
marginalized, illustrating how marginalized
individuals or groups are excluded from or
confined to particular areas. Postmodernist
literature reveals how power functions and
upholds social hierarchies. It encourages readers
to analyze spatial configurations and evaluate how
they either maintain or question systems of
oppression.
Postmodernist literature highlights the dynamic
and disputed characteristics of spatial power
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
170
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
dynamics. Spaces are not permanent or
unchanging entities, but can be influenced,
claimed, and disputed. Postmodernist stories
frequently portray instances of spatial resistance,
in which marginalized people or groups oppose
and question spatial structures by taking over and
remaking spaces. These actions disturb the
established power structure and demonstrate the
possibility of different spatial arrangements and
social structures.
Postmodernist literature provides a critical and
multi-faceted examination of spatial politics and
power dynamics. It reveals the artificiality of
spaces, questions how they are used and
challenged, and explores their connection to
identity
and
social
power
hierarchies.
Postmodernist literature encourages readers to
critically analyze how power is exerted through
spatial arrangements and to imagine alternative
spatial structures that question prevailing power
relations. Postmodernist literature delves into
space and power dynamics, prompting readers to
reflect on the social and political consequences of
spatial configurations and contemplate the
possibilities for transformative spatial strategies
that foster inclusivity, justice, and equality.
REFERENCES
1.
Borges, J.L., (1948). Time. In: Borges Oral.
Available at: http://www.chronos.msu.ru
2.
Borges, J.L., (1967). The Other. In: Selected
Non-Fiction (ed.) Eliot Weinberger. New York:
Penguin Books.
3.
Brockmeier,
J.,
(1994).
‘Translating
Temporality? Narrative Schemes and Cultural
4.
Carter, A., (1967). The magic toyshop. New
York: Penguin Books.
5.
Carter, A., (1970). Heroes and villains. New
York: The Pocket Books.
6.
Carter, A., (1991). Wise children. New York:
Penguin Books.
7.
Eco, U., (1988). Foucault's pendulum. Saint-
Petersburg: Symposium. [In Russian].
8.
Eco, U., (2007). Baudolino. Saint-Petersburg:
Symposium. [In Russian].
9.
Faulkner, W., (1948). Intruder in the dust. New
York: The Modern Library.
10.
Fedosova, T.V., (2006). A Temporal text
structure as a component of the author’s
11.
for Advanced Study. ISSN 1217-5811 ISBN 963
8463 104.
12.
Fowles, J., (1998). Wormholes. New York:
Henry Holt and Company Inc.
