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IN MODERN LINGUISTICS, SPEECH IS THE STRUCTURE AND USE
OF LANGUAGE
Azzamova Umida Alisherovna
Samarkand State Medical University
In modern linguistics,
discourse
refers to the structure and use of language beyond
the level of the individual sentence, focusing on how language functions in
communication and social contexts. While syntax and semantics typically deal with the
form and meaning of isolated sentences, discourse analysis examines how these
sentences work together to create meaning in larger stretches of language, such as
conversations, written texts, and speeches.
Here are key aspects of discourse in modern linguistics:
1. Discourse as a Unit of Analysis
•
Beyond the Sentence:
Discourse analysis goes beyond the study of isolated
sentences to focus on language use in context. It looks at connected speech or
writing, considering how different parts of a text or conversation interact with
each other.
•
Coherence and Cohesion:
Discourse examines how texts or conversations
achieve coherence (overall meaning) and cohesion (grammatical connections
between sentences, such as pronouns, conjunctions, and other linking devices).
•
Types of Discourse:
Discourse can take many forms, including spoken
conversation, written texts, and institutional discourses (e.g., legal, medical,
political). Each type has its own conventions and structures.
2. Pragmatics and Context
•
Speech Acts:
A key component of discourse is understanding how people
use language to perform actions, such as requesting, questioning, promising, or
advising. This is studied through the theory of
speech acts
.
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•
Context:
Discourse relies heavily on context, both linguistic (the preceding
and following sentences or words) and situational (the social, cultural, and
physical setting of communication).
Pragmatics
explores how speakers use
context to interpret meaning.
•
Deixis:
Words like "this," "that," "here," and "there" are context-dependent,
and their meaning can change based on the speaker's and listener's perspectives.
Discourse analysis often looks at these features of language.
3. Discourse Structure and Genre
•
Narrative Structure:
Discourse analysis examines the organization of
longer texts or conversations, such as how stories are structured with a beginning,
middle, and end, and how coherence is maintained through elements like theme,
plot, and character.
•
Discourse Genres:
Different types of discourse (e.g., academic writing,
storytelling, casual conversation, interviews) follow specific patterns or
conventions. Discourse genres help shape how people understand and produce
language in different contexts.
4. Discourse Markers and Signaling
•
Discourse Markers:
Words or phrases like "well," "so," "however," and
"you know" help manage conversation flow, signal relationships between ideas,
or indicate a speaker’s attitude or stance.
•
Turn-taking and Interaction:
In spoken discourse, turn-taking is an
important feature. Linguists study how speakers manage when one person speaks,
when they listen, and how they signal they wish to take the floor.
5. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
•
Power and Ideology:
CDA looks at how discourse reflects and constructs
social power, inequalities, and ideologies. It analyzes how language shapes
perceptions of gender, race, class, and other social factors. CDA often seeks to
uncover hidden meanings or biases in texts, especially in political, media, or
institutional language.
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6. Discourse and Identity
•
Self-presentation:
In discourse, speakers present themselves in particular
ways to others. How individuals construct their identity through language,
especially in terms of gender, ethnicity, social roles, or professional status, is a
key area of study.
•
Intertextuality:
This refers to the way texts draw upon and reference other
texts, creating layers of meaning based on prior knowledge and social discourse.
7. Discourse and Cognition
•
Mental Representations:
Cognitive linguistics examines how language
users mentally represent the world and how these representations influence
discourse. It looks at how memory, attention, and mental processing contribute to
how we understand and produce discourse.
•
Frames and Scripts:
Cognitive theories of discourse often discuss
"frames" (mental structures that help us interpret language) and "scripts" (mental
representations of typical sequences of events), and how they shape discourse
comprehension.
In sum, discourse in modern linguistics is a rich and multi-dimensional area of
study that connects language use to larger social, cognitive, and cultural contexts. It
provides insights not only into how language is structured but also into how it shapes
and reflects the way we think, interact, and make sense of the world around us.
References
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Alisherovna, A. U. (2023). Vocabulary features of specialized sport
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