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COMPARATIVE-ETYMOLOGICAL STUDY OF KINSHIP TERMS
Ochilova Gulnora Ulashevna
Samarkand state institute of foreign languages, assistent teacher
ANNOTATION: In the culture of each people, kinship terms are historically,
genetically and culturally the oldest lexical units. The formation of kinship
relations and kinship terms occurred in parallel with the formation and
development of society. The study of kinship systems has long been one of the main
topics of ethnology.
Keywords: kinship terms, etymology, linguistic research, language history,
kinship relations.
Introduction.
Kinship relations play a very important role in the life of a
person and society. The characteristics of words denoting kinship and family
relationships are the subject of interdisciplinary research. For many years, the study
of this lexical group has been carried out within the framework of linguistics,
ethnography, sociology and a number of other disciplines. Separate philosophical
studies have been conducted to study and research this phenomenon.
Main part.
At a certain stage of development, the concept of kinship and the
concept of family form a separate national cultural concept. The change in the
concept of family and kinship is associated with the historical change in tender
relations, which, in turn, is a specific manifestation of social, cultural, worldview
changes.
World scientists have long paid attention to words denoting family and
kinship relations as a structurally separate group of language signs, and therefore
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kinship terms have repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers and have been
considered in the context of various areas of linguistic research.
The famous linguist Leonard Bloomfield drew attention to the fact that human
kinship relations seem very simple, but it is difficult to analyze the terms of
different languages denoting these relations. According to Lavrovsky, “One of the
most interesting areas of language study is research in the field of etymology, which
allows us to “determine” "Ancient people were united by various degrees of kinship
relations, which in turn brings before us a more perfect level of explanation of the
meanings and characteristics of the original family" (Lavrovsky, 2005). "Trace all
the changes in the terms of kinship, study all the types of its transfer from one
meaning to another, determine their material and spiritual compatibility, which in
turn indicates a gradual change in the mental abilities of people, a clarification of
their spiritual forces in general, all these changes in turn indicate a gradual change
in life..." (Lavrovsky, 2005).
The task of studying the history and lexicon of the language, undertaken by
researchers of the 19th century, remains one of the main tasks of world linguistics
today. Modern linguists have considered aspects of the use of kinship terms from
the point of view of their polysemy, socio-cultural factors related to the
understanding of the roles of women and men in society, and the meaning of the
lexicon (Burikin, 1998).
There are different approaches to terminological definition and classification
of kinship relations. From a linguistic point of view, the English terminological
system of kinship is much less detailed than in other languages, in particular, in
Uzbek. Most works devoted to the study of kinship terms in English use a
classification that includes two types of kinship: consanguinity and non-
consanguinity, that is, kinship through family relationships. In turn, in
consanguinity, direct - direct kinship (mother - father, daughter - son, grandfather
- grandmother) and close kinship (sister - sister - brother, aunt - uncle, aunt - uncle)
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are distinguished; the group of non-consanguinity includes lexemes such as
husband and wife (Levin 1982, Zykova, 2003).
On the one hand, the answer to the question “what is kinship?” is very
simple: kinship is a phenomenon associated with the family, with a husband and
wife, with marriage and the birth of children. A person’s mother is the woman who
gave birth to him. A person’s father is the person who caused his creation. Their
children are sons and daughters in relation to them, and brothers and sisters in
relation to each other. However, the “family paradox” attracts special attention: a
husband and wife are not related to each other by blood, but at the same time they
are one of the reasons for the creation of blood ties. Also, the division of the family
form into the core and extended family forms looks more objective. Within the core
family, the following eight main conditions for marriage and blood ties can be
distinguished: husband, wife, father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister.
However, kinship is observed in the extended family, through blood relations of
the father and mother: grandfather, grandmother, aunt, uncle, nephew, cousin. In
kinship relations through marriage, the following can be observed: mother-in-law,
father-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, etc. (Lyutyanskaya, 2009).
Another urgent issue facing researchers is the concretization of the linguistic
concept of kinship terms. H. A. Dobronravii notes that this concept includes at least
three lexical groups:
1) a codifying vocabulary that forms the terms of the relevant nomenclature;
2) kinship names: the names of “children” of relatives;
3) words of address denoting the age of male and female individuals, etc.;
(Dobronravii, 1998).
The vocabulary of kinship terms belonging to all groups is important for our
study. Kinship terms have a unique effective effect even when used in rituals that
have completely lost their lexical meaning. When entering into a quasi-kinship
(persons who are strangers to each other) relationship with the interlocutor, the
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interlocutor automatically turns into an aunt, uncle, brother or sister who are not
related to each other, and it is also assumed that the interlocutor will achieve his
goal by using the kinship lexicon to obtain the information he needs during the
conversation. This gives him a friendly look at the inner world of the addressee.
The use of kinship terms as an address shows that in this culture, kinship relations
are not only of great importance for a person, but also have excessive emotional
saturation. The warmth of kinship expressed by addressing a person through
kinship titles serves to establish a good relationship with people in general.
In her study of children's kinship titles, A. Wierzbitskaya drew attention to
the fact that in English kinship titles, a shortened and affectionate form appears,
namely in the titles of mother (mummy), father (daddy), auntie (auntie) and
grandmother (granny). From a cultural point of view, it is noted that the meaning
given to the forms mummy and daddy can also be attributed to the forms auntie
and granny, while there are no corresponding forms for the terms uncle and
grandfather. It is noteworthy that such forms do not exist for relatives in the
horizontal line, nor for relatives in the descending line: brother, daughter, grandson,
niece, nephew (Wierzbitskaya 1996).
In the works of Uzbek researchers G.G. Jafarov and M. Narziyeva, kinship
terms are studied on the basis of a systematic method. The systematicity of kinship
terms is that all terms are connected with each other by certain relationships. "The
common feature of kinship terms is that they all express relationships.
Relationship... is a way of comparing or considering two things together and, on
the basis of this comparison, giving a name to one or both of them, and sometimes
even to the relationship itself." G. G. Jafarov, based on the observation of A. I.
Moiseev, indicates three types of connections between kinship terms: 1) opposite
relativity-correlation; 2) general (or indirect) correlation; 3) sequential (or
numerical) correlation.
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Conclusion
Conclusion.
Understanding and studying language as a system is of great
importance in modern linguistics. A systematic method of studying language and
its levels is one of the basic principles of linguistics. First of all, the diversity of
approaches to the perception of the language system indicates its complexity,
versatility, multifacetedness, incompatibility, variability, as well as its levels and
units.
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