Том 38 № 4 (2025)

Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada ozchilik tushunchasi va uning xalqaro huquqiy doiradagi tartibga solinishi, uning Turkiya Respublikasiga ta’siri tahlil etilgan. Shuningdek, ozchilik masalasi so‘nggi asrlarda xalqaro siyosat va huquqning muhim yo‘nalishlaridan biri bo‘lib, uning huquqiy, tarixiy, siyosiy, ijtimoiy hamda iqtisodiy jihatlari keng o‘rganilgan. Ayniqsa, XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida Usmonli imperiyasidagi milliy va diniy guruhlarning mavqei, “Millat tizimi” hamda millatchilik harakatlari bilan bog‘liq jarayonlar muhim ahamiyat kasb etgan. Maqolada ozchilik tushunchasining sotsiologik va huquqiy yondashuvlari, Turkiyadagi amaldagi qonunchilik hamda xalqaro me’yorlarga muvofiqligi o‘rganilib, mavjud tendensiyalar tahlil qilinadi.

Аннотация: В данной статье анализируются понятие меньшинств и его регулирование в международном правовом пространстве, а также его влияние на Турецкую Республику. Кроме того, рассматривается вопрос о меньшинствах как одном из ключевых направлений международной политики и права в последние века, включая его правовые, исторические, политические, социальные и экономические аспекты. Особое внимание уделяется положению национальных и религиозных групп в Османской империи в конце XIX – начале XX века, системе «миллет» и процессам, связанным с националистическими движениями. В статье исследуются социологические и правовые подходы к понятию меньшинств, действующее законодательство Турции и его соответствие международным нормам, а также анализируются существующие тенденции.

Annotation: This article analyzes the concept of minorities and its regulation within the framework of international law, as well as its impact on the Republic of Turkey. Additionally, the issue of minorities has been one of the key aspects of international politics and law in recent centuries, with its legal, historical, political, social, and economic dimensions being extensively studied. In particular, the position of national and religious groups in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries within the Ottoman Empire, the “Millet System”, and nationalist movements have played a significant role. The article examines both sociological and legal approaches to the concept of minorities, the current legislation in Turkey, and its compliance with international norms, while also analyzing existing trends.

АННОТАЦИЯ :Представленный текст рассматривает методику преподавания русского языка как неродного, освещая ее ключевые аспекты и подходы. В нем рассматриваются методы исследования, используемые в методике, включая наблюдение и эксперимент, с детальным описанием различных видов экспериментов.

Annotation: The text provides an overview of the methodology of teaching Russian as a non-native language. Particular attention is paid to the research methods used in this field, namely the observation method and various types of experiments. The article provides a basis for understanding the scientific research base of the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL).

Annotatsiya :    Ushbu matnda rus tilini ona tili bo'lmagan til sifatida o'qitish metodikasi ko'rib chiqiladi. Ushbu sohada qo'llaniladigan tadqiqot usullari, jumladan, kuzatish va turli xil tajribalarning turlari batafsil tahlil qilinadi. Maqola rus tilini chet tili sifatida o'qitish metodikasining ilmiy-tadqiqot asoslarini tushunish uchun poydevor yaratadi.

Annotatsiya: Ta’lim texnologiyasi – bu o’quv jarayonini loyihalash, amalga oshirish, baholash, tuzatish va keyinchalik takrorlashning tizimli usulidir. Maqolada pedagogik faoliyat jarayonida  innovatsion usullardan foydalanish  masalasi yoritildi.

ANNOTATION: In the culture of each people, kinship terms are historically, genetically and culturally the oldest lexical units. The formation of kinship relations and kinship terms occurred in parallel with the formation and development of society. The study of kinship systems has long been one of the main topics of ethnology.

Annotatsiya.  Ushbu maqolada XX asrning 60-yillarida Turkiyadagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy vaziyatlarning keskinlashuvi va uning oqibatlarini tahlil qiladi. Turkiyada harbiy to‘ntarish, talabalar harakati, siyosiy partiyalar o‘rtasidagi kurashlar, iqtisodiy inqirozlar va ijtimoiy noroziliklarning rivojlanishi batafsil ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, bu davrdagi o‘zgarishlar, Turkiyaning siyosiy tizimida qanday izlar qoldirganligi, ijtimoiy va siyosiy harakatlarning yangi shakllari qanday paydo bo‘lgani, va bu jarayonlarning Turkiyaning kelajakdagi siyosiy va ijtimoiy tizimiga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatganligi ham tahlil qilinadi. Turkiyaning 1960-yillardagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy vaziyatining tahlilini, tarixiy, siyosiy va iqtisodiy omillarni birlashtirib ko‘rsatadi va Turkiya tarixining ushbu muhim davrining siyosiy, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy kontekstida uning oqibatlarini o‘rganish uchun muhim ma’lumotlar beradi.

Аннотация. В статье анализируется обострение общественно-политической ситуации в Турции в 1960-е годы и его последствия. Будет подробно рассмотрено развитие военного переворота, студенческих движений, борьбы политических партий, экономических кризисов и социальных протестов в Турции. В нем также анализируются изменения, произошедшие в этот период, какие следы они оставили в политической системе Турции, как возникли новые формы социальных и политических движений и как эти процессы повлияли на будущую политическую и социальную систему Турции. В нем представлен анализ социально-политической ситуации в Турции в 1960-х годах, включающий исторические, политические и экономические факторы, а также представлена ​​важная информация для изучения последствий этого важного периода в истории Турции в политическом, социальном и экономическом контексте.

Annotation. The article analyzes the aggravation of the socio-political situation in Turkey in the 1960s and its consequences. The development of the military coup, student movements, political party struggles, economic crises and social protests in Turkey will be discussed in detail. It also analyzes the changes that occurred during this period, what traces they left in the political system of Turkey, how new forms of social and political movements emerged and how these processes influenced the future political and social system of Turkey. It presents an analysis of the socio-political situation in Turkey in the 1960s, including historical, political and economic factors, and provides important information for studying the consequences of this important period in Turkish history in a political, social and economic context.

ANNOTATSIYA: O‘zbekiston reklama taraqqiyoti tarixidagi muhim davr XIX asr oxiri va  XX asr bo‘lib, O‘rta Osiyo mintaqasiga Rossiya kapitali va ishlab chiqarish mahsulotlarining jalb etilishi, Yеvropacha madaniyatni kirib kelishi mahsulotni reklama qilishning yangi metodlari va turlarini shakllanishiga turtki bo‘ldi. Turkiston o‘lkasi hududida litografik bosmaxona, fotografiya atelelari, doimiy chop etilgan gazeta va jurnallar shu davrdagi tijorat va ijtimoiy reklamaning shakllanishi va joylarda faol tarqalishiga sabab bo‘ldi.

Maqola O‘zbekiston reklamasi taraqqiyoti uchun eng ahamiyatli bo‘lgan tarixiy davr – mamlakatning istiqlol yillari reklamasi xususiyatlarini shakllanish va rivojlanish tendensiyalarini tavsiflash imkoniyatini beradi.

АННОТАЦИЯ: Важным периодом в истории развития рекламы Узбекистана были конец 19-20 веков, привлечение в среднеазиатский регион российского капитала и продукции производства, внедрение европейской культуры стимулировали формирование новых методов и видов продукции. реклама. На территории Туркестана литографическая типография, фотоателье, постоянно издававшиеся газеты и журналы обусловили формирование и активное распространение в регионе коммерческой и социальной рекламы.      Статья дает возможность описать особенности становления и тенденции развития рекламы в важнейший исторический период развития рекламы Узбекистана - годы независимости страны

ANNOTATSIYA: Metabolik sindrom (semizlik) oshqozon shilliq qavati tuzilishining patomorfologik oʻzgarishlariga ta’sir qiluvchi omillarni oʻrganish muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu tadqiqotda metabolik sindrom bilan bog‘liq oshqozon shilliq qavatidagi morfologik oʻzgarishlar, shu jumladan, shilliq qavatning atrofiyasi, yalligʻlanish jarayonlari va qon tomirlarining disfunksiyasi tahlil qilinadi. Semizlik bilan bog‘liq metabolik oʻzgarishlar oshqozon shilliq qavatining holatiga qanday ta’sir qilishi va bu jarayonlarning patogenez mexanizmlari yoritiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari metabolik sindromning gastroenterologik asoratlarini tushunishga va ularning oldini olish strategiyalarini ishlab chiqishga yordam beradi.

ANNOTATSIYA: Ushbu tezisda oshqozon va oʻn ikki barmoq ichak yara kasalliklarining morfo-funksional xususiyatlari koʻrib chiqiladi. Kasallikning rivojlanish sabablari, patologik jarayonlarning gistologik va funksional oʻzgarishlari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, yara kasalliklarining klinik belgilari, diagnostika usullari va davolash yondashuvlari haqida maʼlumot beriladi. Tadqiqot natijalari yara kasalligini erta aniqlash va samarali davolash usullarini tanlashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada Qo‘shimcha qiymat solig‘i (QQS) solig‘ining amaliyotda qo‘llashning nazariy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. QQS tizimi, davlat byudjeti uchun muhim soliq manbai bo‘lib, iqtisodiy faoliyatni tartibga solishda va barqaror moliyaviy tizim yaratishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Maqolada QQSning asosiy nazariy prinsiplari, uning amaliyotda qo‘llanishi va iqtisodiy o‘sishga ta'siri keng yoritiladi. Shuningdek, QQSni samarali boshqarishning asosiy tamoyillari, soliq to‘lovchilarning huquq va majburiyatlari, va bu tizimning davlat byudjetiga qo‘shgan hissasi haqida ham so‘z boradi. Maqola QQS tizimining samaradorligini oshirish va davlat moliyasini barqarorlashtirishga qaratilgan tavsiyalarni ham o‘z ichiga oladi.

Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются теоретические основы применения налога на добавленную стоимость (НДС) на практике. НДС является важным источником доходов государственного бюджета, играя ключевую роль в регулировании экономической деятельности и создании стабильной финансовой системы. В статье освещаются основные теоретические принципы НДС, его практическое применение и влияние на экономический рост. Также рассматриваются основные принципы эффективного управления НДС, права и обязанности налогоплательщиков, а также вклад этого налога в государственный бюджет. В статье предложены рекомендации по повышению эффективности системы НДС и стабилизации государственного финансового сектора.

Annotation: This article discusses the theoretical foundations of the practical application of Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is a significant source of government revenue, playing a crucial role in regulating economic activities and creating a stable financial system. The article highlights the main theoretical principles of VAT, its practical implementation, and its impact on economic growth. It also discusses the key principles of effective VAT management, the rights and obligations of taxpayers, and the contribution of this tax to the state budget. The article includes recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of the VAT system and stabilizing public finances.

      Аnnоtаtsiyа: Ushbu maqolada turizm sohasi, undagi investitsiya faoliyati yo‘nalishlari, O‘zbekistonda bu borada amalga oshirilgan va rejalashtirilgan ishlar haqida so‘z boradi. Bugungi kunda O‘zbekistonda turizm sohasi jadal va barqaror rivojlanayotgan sohaga aylangan bo‘lib, uning faoliyati keng ko‘lamli rivojlanish va muhofaza qilishni to‘g‘rilashga qaratilgan. Xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasi ham alohida rivojlanib, uning mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotidagi ulushi ortib bormoqda, xizmat ko‘rsatishning xizmat ko‘rsatish va sifati kabi alohida jihatlariga katta e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Turistik faoliyatga investitsiya qilish jarayonida quyidagilarni amalga oshirish kerak:

         ANNOTATSIYA; Ushbu maqolada yurak-qon tomir tizimining umumiy tuzilishi va uning funksional holatini baholash usullarini qamrab oladi. Qon aylanish tizimi inson organizmida kislorod va oziq moddalarni yetkazib berish, shuningdek, metabolik mahsulotlarni chiqarib tashlash uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu tizimning sog‘lom ishlashini ta’minlash va turli patologiyalarni aniqlash maqsadida yurakning ishlash faoliyatini baholash, arterial bosimni o‘lchash, qon aylanish tezligini tahlil qilish kabi usullar qo‘llaniladi.

Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются белки и аминокислоты как ключевые компоненты живых организмов. Описаны их природа, состав, структурные особенности и механизм образования пептидных связей. Подробно изложены уровни организации белковых молекул. Особое внимание уделено функциям белков в живых организмах. Показано биологическое значение белков как универсальных молекул, участвующих в жизненно важных процессах.

Annotation: The article examines proteins and amino acids as key components of living organisms. Their nature, composition, structural features, and the mechanism of peptide bond formation are described. The levels of protein molecule organization. Special attention is given to the functions of proteins in living organisms. The biological significance of proteins as universal molecules involved in vital processes is highlighted.

Abstract: Effective communication is crucial for success in the field of economics. This article discusses the challenges faced by economics students in acquiring the necessary language proficiency for effective communication, particularly in academic and professional settings. It explores the specific linguistic demands of economics, the impact of language proficiency on academic performance and career prospects, and potential strategies for addressing these challenges. The article draws upon existing literature to illustrate the complexities of language acquisition in this specialized domain.

Abstract: This article analyzes the causes of socio-economic stratification among regions and examines international experiences in addressing these disparities. Differences between regions arise due to factors such as the distribution of geographic and natural resources, education and skill levels, political systems and governance, infrastructure, and global economic changes. The study reviews practical strategies and solutions based on the experiences of the European Union, China, and Canada in mitigating regional disparities. The article proposes policies that nations and global organizations should implement to prevent socio-economic inequality and ensure sustainable development. It emphasizes the importance of reducing interregional differences through education, innovation, industrial diversification, and regional investment attraction.

Abstract: Language learning, a cornerstone of global communication and cultural understanding, can often be a challenging and even daunting endeavor. Traditional methods, while effective, may not always capture and sustain the interest of all learners. The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the educational landscape, offering innovative and engaging approaches to language acquisition. This study explores how AI can be effectively utilized to motivate students, fostering a more dynamic, personalized, and rewarding language learning experience.

Abstract: This article helps to show the productivity impact of online education in the industry of Uzbekistan. Along with the development of modern technologies, online education plays an important role in improving the skills of employees and providing them with new knowledge. Courses in modern technologies, management, quality control and other important directions are offered to the industry through online educational platforms of Uzbekistan.

In an increasingly interconnected world, the concept of global citizenship has gained significant importance. As societies become more diverse and global challenges such as climate change, social inequality, and political instability require collective action, education systems must adapt to prepare students for the complexities of the modern world. One such adaptation is the integration of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) into the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) curriculum. This approach not only enhances language skills but also fosters a sense of global responsibility, cultural awareness, and social justice among learners.

The integration of technology in education has revolutionized the way subjects are taught and learned, and Medical English is no exception. English for Medical Purposes (EMP), as defined by John Maher (1986), refers to the specialized teaching of English to healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel, to enhance their communication skills in a medical context. With the increasing globalization of healthcare, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become a critical skill for medical professionals. This paper explores the ways in which technology can be integrated into the teaching of Medical English, the benefits it offers, and the tools that can be utilized to enhance learning outcomes.

Annotatsiya: Xotin-qizlardagi taziqlar, ya'ni ayollarning jismoniy va ruhiy holatlari, ularning ijtimoiy, madaniy va psixologik hayotidagi o'zgarishlar, muammolar va ularni hal etish yo'llari haqida keng qamrovli maqola yozish juda muhimdir. Xotin-qizlar jamiyatning muhim bir qismidir va ularning taziqlari, o'ziga xos xususiyatlari va muammolari ko'plab tadqiqotlar va muhokamalarga sabab bo'ladi. Ushbu maqolada xotin-qizlardagi taziqlarni, ularning sabablari, oqibatlari va hal etish yo'llari haqida ma'lumotlar berilgan.

        Annotation. Parts of speech have been studied for more than one millennium and are among those fundamental concepts of linguistics that have proven their right to exist by their long-term use in descriptions of different languages ​​and grammars of various types, from school to academic. They are certainly among the most fully described categories of words, for in every grammar and every dictionary of a single language, some decision must be made regarding the number and nomenclature of the parts of speech represented in it.
     Meanwhile, the question of parts of speech as special categories or classes of words, the boundaries of these classes and the very principles of their selection, is one of the questions that have a long history of study, however, still does not belong to the number of resolved ones.

        Аннотация.Части речи изучаются уже не одно тысячелетие и входят в число тех фундаментальных понятий лингвистики, которые доказали свое право на существование длительным их использованием в описаниях разных языков и грамматиках разного типа, начиная от школьных и кончая академическими. Они, безусловно, принадлежат к числу наиболее полно описанных разрядов слов, ибо в каждой грамматике и каждом словаре отдельно взятого языка должно быть принято какое-либо решение относительно числа и номенклатуры представленных в нем частей речи.
     Между тем вопрос о частях речи как особых категориях или классах слов, о границах этих классов и самих принципах их выделения, хотя и относится к числу вопросов, имеющих давнюю традицию их изучения, все же не принадлежит к числу решенных.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy dunyoda pedagogika va psixologiyaning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil etiladi. Bugungi kunda ta’lim tizimidagi innovatsion yondashuvlar, shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan ta’lim metodlari va psixologik tamoyillar pedagogik jarayonning samaradorligini oshirishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. Shuningdek, maqolada zamonaviy psixologiyaning ta’lim jarayoniga ta’siri, o‘qituvchi va o‘quvchi o‘rtasidagi psixologik muhit, motivatsiya va emotsional intellekt kabi omillarning o‘rni yoritiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari pedagog va psixologlar uchun amaliy tavsiyalar bilan boyitilgan bo‘lib, ta’lim sifatini oshirishga qaratilgan innovatsion yondashuvlarni ilgari surishga xizmat qiladi.

Annotatsiya: Aviatsiya, zamonaviy transport tizimining ajralmas qismi sifatida, global logistika va iqtisodiyotda muhim ahamiyatga ega. U nafaqat yuklarni tezda yetkazib berish imkonini beradi, balki xalqaro savdo va iqtisodiy aloqalarni rivojlantirishda ham muhim rol o'ynaydi. Aviatsiya orqali amalga oshiriladigan transport jarayonlari, global iqtisodiyotning dinamikasini shakllantiradi va turli mamlakatlar o'rtasidagi iqtisodiy integratsiyani kuchaytiradi.

Аннотация: Авиация, как неотъемлемая часть современной транспортной системы, играет важную роль в мировой логистике и экономике. Он не только позволяет осуществлять быструю доставку товаров, но и играет важную роль в развитии международных торгово-экономических связей. Транспортные процессы, осуществляемые авиацией, формируют динамику мировой экономики и укрепляют экономическую интеграцию между разными странами.

Abstract: Aviation, as an integral part of the modern transport system, is important in global logistics and economy. It not only allows fast delivery of goods, but also plays an important role in the development of international trade and economic relations. Transport processes carried out by aviation shape the dynamics of the global economy and strengthen economic integration between different countries.