https://scientific-jl.com/luch/
Часть-44_ Том-3_ Май-2025
137
HOW CAN CERVICAL CANCER BE PREVENTED? DOES
SCREENING HELP OR VACCINES? EARLY DETECTION OF
CERVICAL CANCER.
Khusenov Azizbek Alisherovich
Tashkent State Medical University
Fayzullaeva Madina Bakhshillo kizi
Tashkent State Medical University
Izzatullayeva Shakhlokhon Inoyatulloxon kizi
Tashkent State Medical University
Shahloxonizzatullayeva635@gmail.com
Najimova Shakhzoda Ulugbek kizi
Tashkent State Medical University
Annotation: Nowadays, cervical cancer
is the 8th most common cancer
worldwide
and the 4th most common cancer among women. It hurts women
reproductive system and cause of cervical cancer is
human papillomaviruses. HPV
is extremely common viruses transmitted through sexual content.
Аннотация: В настоящее время рак шейки матки является 8-м по
распространенности раком в мире и 4-м по распространенности раком
среди женщин. Он поражает репродуктивную систему женщин, а причиной
https://scientific-jl.com/luch/
Часть-44_ Том-3_ Май-2025
138
рака шейки матки являются вирусы папилломы человека. ВПЧ является
чрезвычайно распространенным вирусом, передающимся половым путем.
Annotatsiya: Hozirgi vaqtda bachadon bo'yni saratoni dunyo bo'ylab 8-
o'rinda va ayollar orasida 4-o'rinda turadi. Bu ayollarning reproduktiv tizimiga
zarar
etkazadi
va
bachadon
bo'yni
saratonining
sababi
inson
papillomaviruslaridir. HPV jinsiy aloqa orqali yuqadigan juda keng tarqalgan
virusdir.
Key words: cervical cancer, human papillomaviruses, vaccines, precancerous
lesion
Ключевые слова: рак шейки матки, вирусы папилломы человека,
вакцины, предраковые поражения
Kalit so'zlar: bachadon bo'yni saratoni, inson papillomaviruslari, vaksinalar,
saraton oldi simptomlari
Abstract: Almost all cervical cancer cases are linked to infection with high-
risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), an extremely common virus transmitted
through sexual contact.
Cervical cancer is commonly diagnosed in women aged
35 to 45 years. A thorough history reveals the presence of essential risk factors that
are associated with cervical cancer, such as an immunocompromised state, high-
risk sexual behavior, multiple sexual partners, a history of sexually transmitted
diseases, and tobacco smoking. Many women are asymptomatic.
Cervical cancer is one of the most successfully treatable forms of cancer, as
long as it is detected early and managed effectively.
There are 2 main types of
cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
https://scientific-jl.com/luch/
Часть-44_ Том-3_ Май-2025
139
Introduction:
The 2022 WHO position paper presents the current policy recommendations
for HPV vaccines in prevention of HPV-related disease in children aged 9 years or
older, with the priority purpose of preventing cervical cancer. HPV vaccination is
recommended in both males and females. As men cannot develop cervical cancer,
the HPV vaccine may prevent or reduce the risk of genital diseases such as genital
warts, penile cancer, anal cancer, and the spread of HPV to sexual partners. It is
not recommended in pregnant patients due to inadequate evidence of safety. All
HPV vaccines are produced by using recombinant DNA and cell-culture
technology. They do not contain live biological products or viral DNA and are
therefore non-infectious.
Squamous cells are the flat, skin-like cells covering the cervix's outer surface
(the ectocervix). Between 80 and 90 out of every 100 cervical cancers (80 to 90%)
are squamous cell cancers.
Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that starts in the gland cells that produce
mucus. The cervix has glandular cells scattered along the inside of the passage that
runs from the cervix to the womb (endocervix). Adenocarcinoma is less common
than squamous cell cancer, but has become more common in recent years. Between
10 and 20 out of every 100 cervical cancers (10 to 20%) are adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinoma is treated in the same way as squamous cell cancer of the cervix.
Sign and symptoms of cervical cancer are bleeding of the vagina (not during
menstruation cycle), pain during sexual life and after bleeding, bad smell from the
vagina, pain in the lower abdomen.
Methods and materials:
All adult women should undergo periodic cervical cancer screening.
Screening aims to detect precancerous lesions, that is, abnormalities in the cells of
https://scientific-jl.com/luch/
Часть-44_ Том-3_ Май-2025
140
the cervix, which, if left untreated, can develop into cervical cancer. When found,
precancerous lesions must be treated. Screening and treatment of precancerous
lesions, also referred to as “secondary prevention” is the second pillar of the
recommended WHO’s comprehensive approach to cervical cancer. There are a
number of recommended screening and treatment options. The
accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer
as a public health problem
recommends that 70% of women are screened with high-performance tests by ages
35 and 45 years. Screening might also result in cervical cancer diagnosis. Detection
of cancer and treatment must be done together (tertiary prevention), as cervical
cancer can be treated effectively, particularly if detected early. Women need
cervical cancer screening every year if they have nor any signs or symptoms.
It is
important to recognise upfront that in selected countries, reductions of up to 70%
in cervical cancer incidence and mortality have been achieved by repeated
conventional cytology screening tests. The successful screening programmes are
usually centralised and coordinated by the public health systems and require
consistent compliance of the population. In developed countries with opportunistic
generalised screening and mixed activities in the public and private sectors, some
subpopulations are largely over screened and eventually over treated. In many
instances, the system is expensive and inefficient.
HPV vaccines:
a vision of a world where cervical cancer is eliminated as a public health
problem;
a threshold of 4 per 100 000 women-years for elimination as a public health
problem;
the following 90–70–90 targets that must be met by 2030 for countries to be
on the path towards cervical cancer elimination:
https://scientific-jl.com/luch/
Часть-44_ Том-3_ Май-2025
141
o
90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age
15 years
o
70% of women are screened with a high-performance test
by 35 years of age and again by 45 years of age
o
90% of women identified with cervical disease receive
treatment (90% of women with precancer treated, and 90% of women
with invasive cancer managed).
o
a mathematical model that illustrates the following
interim benefits of achieving the 90–70–90 targets by 2030 in low-
and lower-middle-income countries;
The development of practical and effective programmatic models of HPV
screen-triage-and-treat for women living with HIV will depend on the availability
of affordable HPV and triage tests, appropriate linkages with reproductive and HIV
services, and effective registry mechanisms for recalling women for follow-up or
referring them for further management. In many settings, bridging strategies will
be needed to transition to the infrastructure needed to achieve implementation of
these recommendations. During this transition to primary HPV DNA screening,
cytology or VIA screening tests should be continued. Successful implementation
of the recommended strategies will be critical to both address the substantial burden
of disease in women living with HIV, and to improve health outcomes across all
women. HPV vaccines do not cause infertility
Conclusion:
The National Immunization Strategy (NIS) is designed for better integration
of immunization with other health interventions, universal health coverage targets
and national planning cycles and focuses on long-term goals with intermediate
objectives and prioritized strategies. The most preventive way from cervical cancer
is vaccines against HPV.
While cytology remains as the primary screening option,
https://scientific-jl.com/luch/
Часть-44_ Том-3_ Май-2025
142
scientific evidence already available suggests that follow-up after HPV vaccination
should drift over time towards a generalised adoption of the new generation
screening protocols, largely based upon the detection (and typing) of HPV DNA.
The interest of these new protocols, in which the advantages of an HPV test over
cytology in terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value are fully recognised,
is further enhanced by the understanding that after eliminating HPV 16 and 18 from
the spectrum of HPV infections and related lesions in vaccinated adolescents, the
performance of the cytology as screening test will be further reduced.
References:
1.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal
A
.
Global cancer statistics 2018
: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and
mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J
Clin. 2018
.
2.
National Library of Medicine. Manisha A. Jain; Faten
Limaiem
. Cervical squamous cell carcinoma. 2023.
3.
World Health Organization 2024
. Considerations for Human
vaccine product choice.
4.
Ministry of Health, Nairobi 2021,
Cervical cancer prevention,
screening, early detection, management and support
5.
National Library of Medicine.
1,*
1
, S
de Sanjosé, 2008.
HPV and cervical cancer: screening or vaccination.
