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THE SYNTACTIC STATUS OF INTRODUCTORY PARTS OF
SENTENCES IN NON-RELATED LANGUAGES(ENGLISH AND
UZBEK)
Qosimova Khusnuraxon Oybek qizi
PhD, Andizhan State Institute of Foreign languages
Annotation: This arlicle outlines the syntactic status and relationship of
introductory parts with other parts of sentences, and their communicative-
pragmatic types in English and Uzbek. Introductory components are usually known
as a part of the sentence that is not dependent on the other parts of that sentence.
However, at the same time introductory elements gain the property of an individual
member of sentences, because as part of the sentences they are semantically and
syntactically contact with this sentence, have certain relationships with it. And as
to their communicative-pragmatic aspects, introductory elements are classified
into several types . In this article, we try to analyze those issues and work out
possible conclusions.
Key words: syntactic status, syntactic relationship, subordination,
coordination, introductory relationship, communicative- pragmatic function.
Introduction.
In modern linguistics, different words and constructions
combine with each other creating structural and semantic unity between parts of
sentences. And sentences make semantic sequence to create the text. A sentence is
a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language
and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. It is not only a means
of communicating but also a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it which is
expressed by introductory parts.
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Literature review.
The syntactic status of introductory parts is a disputable
phenomenon, although many researches have been conducted on it. Thus, linguists
have repeatedly turned to the study of the grammatical and syntactic properties of
introductory words and phrases. Let’s analyse some of them:
According to V.G. Hak, introductory components are the most important in
the discursive-communicative framework. Since they relate to the technique of
conversation, it is not correct to consider them to be “the outside of sentence
structure”[5,832].
L. Tenier emphasizes that only introductory parts of the sentence can give
clear information of the purpose of the sentence beforehand. For instance if the
sentence includes “of course”, it means that the sentence is about something certain
and clear. If the sentence begins with “so”, it means the sentence is going to
examine the result of something[6,656].Therefore, the status of parentheses cannot
be regarded as fully defined within the corpus of syntax.
According to Ilyish a parenthesis is the independent element of the sentence
which is not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence. A parenthesis
either shows the speaker’s attitude towards the thought expressed in the sentence
with another one, or summarizes that which is said in the sentence. A parenthesis
is connected with the rest of the sentence rather semantically than grammatically.
The prosodic arrangement of parenthetical structures is different from the rest of
the utterance: the range is narrowed, the tempo is faster, and the loudness is
diminished. The term parenthesis would then cover a considerable variety of
syntactic elements[1,233].
And Kaushanskaya considers that parenthetical constructions are peculiar
elements of the sentence. They are characterized by negative combinability with
the other words of the sentence, they are not in a line with the other parts of the
sentence but “parallel to them” and they mostly express the speaker’s attitude
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towards the content of the sentence, its relation to other sentences or situations
[7,271].
Syntactic status of introductory parts are more clarified in the work
“Comparative-typological study of sentence, parts of sentence and its
expanders”(“Gap va uning bo’laklari hamda kengaytiruvchilariga qiyosiy tipologik
yondashuv”) by p
\rofessor Hoshimov. In the scientific work, linguist classified introductory parts as
fifth degree parts (the primary part of the sentence is subject, secondary is
predicative, tertiary is object and modifiers, fourth degree parts are attribute and
commentaries and fifth degree parts are introductory parts) and named the
relationship between parts of sentences and introductory parts as neither
coordination
nor
subordination
, but
introductory
relations
.[3,74]
Panteleev’s work, “Communicative and pragmatic aspect of the study of
evaluative and emotive introductory components” illustrates that the pragmatic
semantics of the introductory elements of the communicative task is realized by a
set of particular meanings:
1-affirmative,
2-probabilistic,
3- emotive-qualifying,
4-address-labeled, and
5-metatext introductory elements, which are designed to reflect the various
communicative attitudes of the subject of speech[3,181].
Main part.
There are several types of introductory part as to their
communicative pragmatic aspects:
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1. With the help of affirmative introductory elements, the speakers draws the
addressee's attention on the whole statement or any part of it, purposefully insists
on a certain nomination, knowing that the information is directed[4,101-103]. For
example:
Surely, you don’t think that it was I[8, 60].
Bu sening ishing deb o’ylamasangiz kerak, albatta[15, 78].
2. Accent-probabilistic introductory elements implement pragmatic
semantics - various shades of probability, possibilities. With the help of
accentuating probabilistic elements, the speaker can implement a number of
pragmatic attitudes: [4,101-103]
to explicate unrealistic facts in a statement;
to strengthen hypothetical statements;
to point to authorization;
to change the degree of categorical statements
Someone, probably, got it at one of the dressing stations[11, 19].
Kimdir uni bog’lash punktidan yechib olgan bo’lsa, ajabmas[13,
28].
3. Introductory elements that have an emotional and expressive connotation,
expressing a positive or negative attitude to the content of the utterance, are called
emotive- qualifying introductory parts of the sentence. With the help of emotive-
qualifying introductory elements, the addresser implements a number of pragmatic
installations:[4,101-103]
They show a different degree of evaluation:
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The first time, when aunt was pulling on her gloves: “I,
unfortunately, have to leave, but you sit down, play chess with my
nephew, thanks for the wonderful lilies of the valley." [8, 23]
Avvaliga holam qo’lqoplarini yechayotib “Bu ajoyib nilufar
gullarga qara, baxtga qarshi, men ketishim kerak, ammo sen qolib
jiyanim bilan shaxmat o’yna.” [12, 32]
4. Address-labeled introductory elements serve to express the attachment of
an opinion or assessment to a specific subject area, indicating the source of the
message. Address-labeled introductory elements, functioning in various
communicatively-pragmatic situations, are able to implement a number of
pragmatic attitudes, which include increasing the degree of reliability of the
information presented[4,101-103]:
According to historians, the people were moved and began to
applaud the leader[8, 68].
Tarixshunos olimlar fikriga ko’ra, odamlar turli yerlarga ko’chib
o’tishgan va yo’lbishchilarini olqishlashgan[14, 78].
5. The purpose of introductory parts that expresses addressee’s attitude to the
utterance is to give the message more confidence. Statements, which include these
type of introductory elements, are capable of preparing a favorable "ground" for
the upcoming message, driving the message in advance in the direction it needs:
You see I think everything’s terrible anyhow[9, 22].
Qara, bu olamda yaxwi kunlar yo’q ekan[15, 34].
6. Meta-text introductory elements, on the one hand, connect parts of the text
(separate sentences, paragraphs) and are a specific means of interphrase and inter-
paragraph communication[4,101-103].
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On the other hand, he said that he always appeared to help those
who are trying to realize their destiny[8, 28].
Axir o’z taqdiri yo’lidan borayotganlar bilan, albatta, birga bo’lishi
haqda gapirgan edi-ku[14, 38].
Results.
In the present study, we consider it possible to consider introductory
elements depending on the communicative-pragmatic attitudes they implement and
classify as follows both in English and Uzbek:
1) acceptingly affirmative (of course, of course, goes without saying, of
course, etc.), tasdiq munosabati (to’g’ri, darhaqiqat);
2) probabilistic (maybe, it seems, etc.), gumon munosabati (balki, ehtimol);
3) emotive-qualifying (fortunately, unfortunately, to the amazement, etc.)
achinish munosabati (afsuski, attang);
4) address-labeled (in my opinion, from the point of view, according to
rumors, etc.), fikrning kimga qarashli ekanligini ifodalovchi (menimcha, uning
tasdiqlashicha);
5) the addressee’s attitude to the utterance (you see, understand, think,
agree), ishonch munosabati (ko’rib turganingizdek,bilasizki, ishonavering);
6) metatext introductory elements (the main thing, on the contrary, on the
one hand - on the other hand), in Uzbek there is no term used for this type of
introductory parts of the sentence yet, but we may find equivalents of the examples
(boshqa tarafdan olib qaraganda, bo’lmasa).
Bibliography:
1. Ilyish B. A. “The Structure of Modern English”, Leningrad, 1970;
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2.Hoshimov G.M. “Comparative-typological study of sentence, parts of sentence
and its expanders”(“Gap va uning bo’laklari hamda kengaytiruvchilariga qiyosiy
tipologik yondashuv”) Халқаро илмий-амалий анжумани материаллари.–
Андижон, 2019;
3. Panteleev, E.A. “Communicative and pragmatic aspect of the study of evaluative
and emotive introductory components” Volgograd, Changeinc, 2005;
4.Panteleev E.A, “The semantics of introductory elements in the communicative-
pragmatic aspect 2005;
5.Гак В. Г. “Теоретическая грамматика французского языка”, Москва,
Добросает, 2004;
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7.КаушанскаяВ.Л, КовренР.Л, “Грамматикаанглийскогоязыка”, Ленинград,
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Literary sources:
8.Coelho P, “Alchemist”, ISBNO-7225-3293-8, 1992;
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