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NATIONAL-HISTORICAL TRADITIONS IN CITY
R.T.Pardayev, B.Yuldasheva
Teacher, Samarkand State University of Architecture and Construction,
Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Abstract
. The creative process in urban planning is based on careful
preservation of past examples, cultural and architectural monuments, but at the same
time rejects blind imitation, because the developing society constantly changes its
material, aesthetic forms and ideals. People's self-awareness and cultural change, the
development of construction techniques, the appearance of new building materials,
which led to a high level of development of architecture. Therefore, all the design
and construction process carried out in the urban development is necessarily carried
out on the basis of conditions and factors representing national traditions. This article
examines the principles of development of the tasks set in urban planning based on
national historical traditions.
Key words.
Urban planning, socio-economic factor, urbanization,
demography, settlements.
НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАДИЦИИ В ГОРОДЕ
Р.Т.Пардаев, Б.Юлдашева
Преподаватель, Самаркандский государственный университет
архитектуры и строительства,
Самарканд, Узбекистан.
Аннотация
. Творческий процесс в градостроительстве основан на
бережном сохранении образцов прошлого, памятников культуры и
архитектуры, но в то же время отвергает слепое подражание, поскольку
развивающееся общество постоянно меняет свои материальные, эстетические
формы и идеалы. Самосознание народа и культурные изменения, развитие
строительных технологий, появление новых строительных материалов
привели к высокому уровню развития архитектуры. Поэтому весь процесс
проектирования и строительства, осуществляемый в сфере городского
развития, обязательно осуществляется с учетом условий и факторов,
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отражающих национальные традиции. В данной статье рассматриваются
принципы разработки задач, поставленных в градостроительстве, исходя из
национальных исторических традиций.
Ключевые слова.
Городское планирование, социально-экономические
факторы, урбанизация, демография, поселения.
Introduction.
Urban planning is the theory and practice of planning and
construction of cities and settlements, which comprehensively solves socio-
economic, sanitary-hygiene, technical transport construction and architectural-
artistic tasks related to design and construction. Residential system, taking into
account socio-economic tasks, as well as national traditions, prospects for the
development of cities or settlements, economically efficient use of natural and
territorial resources, reasonable population growth and optimal organization of
cultural and household services for the population are the factors to be decided in
the selection.
The development of national culture is determined by the progressive
characteristics and traditions of the international formation of a certain region or
continent, where the natural and climatic characteristics of the geographical
environment are the basis for the formation of national traditions.
Social way of life and social relations have a significant influence on the
formation of specific characteristics of national traditions. For example, based on
ancient traditions, Russian classicism of the 18th century became a unique
phenomenon of Russian culture.
Metodhs.
The process of designing on the basis of national traditions is evident
in developing countries that have gone to the path of strengthening national identity.
Together with the struggle for political independence and independence, a complex
process of strengthening national culture takes place here. At the same time, the
process of internationalization and rapprochement of cultures of different peoples,
united by common humanistic principles of urban planning and architecture, takes
place here. During this period, strong efforts to liberate the peoples of the colonial
countries and to strengthen the national identity of the developing countries created
a unique national culture. Advanced national schools of architecture have emerged
in India, Africa, Latin America and other regions of the world. The formation of
these schools is related to social, economic and natural-climatic events in the general
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development of progressive urban development. As a result, Brazil, Chandigarh,
Skopje and other large cities appeared.
The main terms representing national traditions in urban planning include:
- specific natural-climatic factors that operate historically for a long time, in
particular, characteristic of a warm climate, as well as geographical environment;
- the influence of a specific socio-economic situation in which national
traditions are formed;
- level of technological development of society.
Results.
In the process of development of national traditions, the demographic
composition, as well as the artistic and aesthetic ideals of the people, which include
the uniqueness of tastes, ideas and criteria in building aesthetics, play an important
role. The experience and practice of world construction in certain natural and
climatic conditions leads to the development of a single architectural and urban
planning technique, in which the national tradition turns into international traditions.
Thus, verandas emerged as a result of centuries of experience in dealing with
the thermal factor that has a negative effect on the human div. A shaded courtyard
surrounded by a gallery on all sides creates a deep shade that cools the walls and the
houses behind them. The water fountain in the center of the courtyard and the green
areas gradually provide coolness and moisture to the space surrounding the
courtyard during the hot day. The popular experience of house planning was also
used in the construction of a large public ensemble, such as Registan, with a
madrasah located around large enclosed courtyards with a favorable microclimate.
It seems that in hot dry climates, the time-tested historically derived closed
composite method can be widely used in modern urban planning practice.
The development of the national economy, the specific lifestyle of people, as
well as the development of the landscape have a significant impact on the formation
of the national identity of urban planning and architecture. The level of construction
techniques and the uniqueness of local building materials play an important role in
determining the characteristics of national traditions.
The creative process in urban planning is based on careful preservation of past
examples, cultural and architectural monuments, but at the same time rejects blind
imitation, because the developing society constantly changes its material, aesthetic
forms and ideals. People's self-awareness and cultural change, the development of
ISSN (E): 2992-9148 SJIF 2024 = 5.333
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VOLUME-2, ISSUE-9
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construction techniques, the appearance of new building materials, which led to a
high level of development of architecture.
Therefore, the change of structure and further development of historical cities
should probably be related to the problem of comprehensive preservation of the
entire historical and architectural heritage system, and not individual architectural
monuments, because the basis of the historical city structure the laws of its formation
over time, such laws include:
- general characteristics of microclimate;
- main compositional axes and their direction to the countries of the world;
- direction of prevailing winds;
- spatial connections between individual monuments;
- panoramic perception zones;
- historical environment;
- landscape of the area;
- impact of existing public development etc. (background development).
In short, the wooden architecture of the North, the white stone walls of ancient
Moscow, different shades of Armenian tuff, the modern housing construction of
Eastern cities, etc. are characteristic only for a certain region.
Conclusions.
Over the centuries, national technology has historically
developed, and traditions determined by climatic conditions - construction site,
building materials, and people's aesthetic requirements - have been developed. And
finally, the daily lifestyle and psycho-physiological characteristics of the national
character, which have developed over thousands of years, determined the purposeful
organization of life and life.
However, under the influence of new historical conditions, the aesthetic ideals
of the people can change, reject the outdated traditions and retain only the
characteristics that meet the new requirements of life, new political and social
factors.
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