"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
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“PRAGMALINGUISTICS AS A MODERN SUBFIELD OF LINGUISTICS”
Akhmedova Gulbahor Abduvali qizi
Teacher,
National university of Uzbekistan named
after Mirzo Ulugbek,
Faculty of foreign philology,
Foreign language and literature department,
Dedakhanova Dildora Turg‘unpo‘lotovna
National university of Uzbekistan named
after Mirzo Ulugbek,
Faculty of foreign philology,
Foreign language and literature department
dildora830505@gmail.com
Annotation
: The study explores pragmalinguistics as a modern field of linguistics, its
theoretical foundations, and the role it plays in understanding how people use language
in specific communicative contexts. We examine key concepts such as speech acts,
politeness strategies, and the influence of culture and society on language use.
Furthermore, the study highlights the growing significance of pragmalinguistics in
contemporary linguistic studies, offering insights into its applications in language
teaching, translation, and cross-cultural communication.
Keywords:
pragmalinguistics, speech acts, politeness, language use, communication,
intercultural communication, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis.
Аннотация:
Данное исследование
рассматривает прагмалингвистику как
современную область лингвистики, ее теоретические основы и роль, которую она
играет в понимании того, как люди используют язык в определенных
коммуникативных контекстах. Мы изучаем ключевые концепции, такие как
речевые акты, стратегии вежливости и влияние культуры и общества на
использование языка. Кроме того, исследование подчеркивает растущую
значимость прагмалингвистики в современных лингвистических исследованиях,
предлагая понимание ее применения в преподавании языка, переводе и
межкультурной коммуникации.
Ключевые слова:
прагмалигвистика, акты речи, вежливость, использование
языка, коммуникация, межкультурная коммуникация, социолингвистика, анализ
дискурса.
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Annotatsiya:
Ushbu tadqiqot pragmalingvistikani tilshunoslikning zamonaviy sohasi
sifatida, uning nazariy asoslari va insonlarning muayyan kommunikativ kontekstlarda
tildan qanday foydalanishini tushunishdagi rolini o‘rganadi. Biz nutqiy harakatlar,
xushmuomalalik strategiyalari, madaniyat va jamiyatning tildan foydalanishga ta'siri
kabi asosiy tushunchalarni o'rganamiz. Bundan tashqari, tadqiqot zamonaviy lingvistik
tadqiqotlarda pragmalingvistikaning ortib borayotgan ahamiyatini takidlab, uning til
o‘rgatish, tarjima va madaniyatlararo muloqotda qo‘llanilishi haqida tushuncha beradi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
pragmalingvistika, nutqiy akt, xushmuomalalik nazariyasi, tildan
foydalanish, muloqot, madaniyatlararo muloqot, sotsiolingvistika, diskurs tahlili.
Introduction.
Linguistics is a vast field, encompassing various subfields, one of which
is pragmalinguistics. Emerging in the late 20th century, pragmalinguistics bridges the
gap between theoretical linguistics and the practical use of language in communication.
It is primarily concerned with how language functions in specific social contexts,
taking into account not only grammatical structures but also the speaker’s intentions,
the listener’s interpretation, and the situational context. As a result, pragmalinguistics
focuses on the intersection of syntax, semantics, and sociocultural factors, providing a
deeper understanding of communicative behavior. Pragmalinguistics is fundamentally
interdisciplinary, drawing upon elements from pragmatics, sociolinguistics,
psycholinguistics, and discourse analysis.The study of pragmalinguistics has important
implications for numerous practical applications, including language teaching,
translation, and intercultural communication.
This study will discuss the evolution of pragmalinguistics, its
theoretical frameworks, and its applications in various areas of linguistics.
Historical Development of Pragmalinguistics
. Pragmalinguistics grew out of the field
of pragmatics, which was introduced by philosophers like Charles Morris and later
developed by linguists such as Austin and Searle. In the 1960s and 1970s, philosophers
and linguists started to explore how language is used to achieve communicative goals,
leading to the development of speech act theory. Speech acts (such as requests, offers,
commands, and apologies) are central to pragmalinguistics, as they reveal the ways in
which speakers use language to perform various functions in interaction.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the field expanded to consider politeness theories (e.g., Brown
and Levinson’s politeness theory), which emphasized the social aspects of language
use. These theories showed how speakers manage social distance, power relations, and
face-threatening acts through linguistic strategies. The interaction between pragmatics
and sociocultural factors further emphasized the importance of pragmalinguistics in
understanding language in its social context.
Some of the following key concepts in Pragmalinguistics are emphasized:
"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
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Speech act theory
, developed by philosophers such as John Austin and John Searle, is
a cornerstone of pragmalinguistics. A speech act is an utterance that performs an action,
such as a request, a promise, a warning, or an apology. Understanding the intentions
behind these acts and how they are interpreted in different contexts is crucial to
pragmalinguistics. Speech acts are classified into three types: locutionary acts (the act
of saying something), illocutionary acts (the act performed by saying something), and
perlocutionary acts (the effect the utterance has on the listener). [3;63]
For example, the sentence “Could you pass the salt?” is not just a question, but an
illocutionary act requesting that the listener pass the salt. In pragmalinguistics,
understanding the illocutionary force of an utterance is central to analyzing how
speakers use language to achieve communicative goals.
Politeness Strategy
is a central concept in pragmalinguistics, as it involves the
strategies speakers use to manage social relationships and avoid offending others.
Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory categorizes strategies into two main types:
positive politeness
(which seeks to enhance the listener’s positive face) and
negative
politeness (which
seeks to minimize the imposition on the listener’s negative face).
Politeness strategies are not just linguistic but also socio-cultural, varying across
languages and cultures. [2; 38]
For example, in some cultures, indirect speech acts (e.g., “I wonder if you could pass
the salt”) are more polite than direct requests (e.g., “Pass the salt”). Pragmalinguistics
examines how these strategies function in different contexts, emphasizing their role in
communication.
Pragmalinguistics focuses on
Grice’s conversational maxims (quantity, quality, relevance, manner) and how speakers
use these principles to facilitate clear and cooperative communication.
These are expressions or particles (like “well,” “you know,” “actually”) used to
manage discourse, indicate attitudes, or soften statements. They help speakers navigate
conversational flow and social dynamics. For example:
Speaker: “How was the party?”
Listener: “It was great! There was food, music, and lots of people.”
In the example of maxim of quantity, the speaker provides enough detail without
overloading the listener with irrelevant information.
Cross-cultural pragmatics
is a subfield of pragmalinguistics that explores how
language use varies across cultures. It focuses on how speakers from different cultural
backgrounds use language in similar or different ways to convey politeness, request
favors, or express disagreement. For example, the way requests are made in English
may differ significantly from how requests are made in Japanese or Spanish, influenced
by cultural norms related to hierarchy, power distance, and social roles.
Incorporating pragmalinguistics into language teaching can help students develop
pragmatic awareness and avoid misunderstandings in real-life communication. For
"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
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example, learners of English may benefit from understanding the subtleties of indirect
requests, such as the difference between “Could you pass the salt?” and “Please pass
the salt.”
Pragmalinguistics is particularly important in the field of
intercultural communication
,
where understanding how language functions across cultures can prevent
misunderstandings. Different cultures have different norms regarding politeness,
indirectness, and formality, which can influence communication. Pragmalinguistics
helps identify these cultural variations and provides insights into how to navigate them
in cross-cultural interactions. [5;28]
Conclusion.
Pragmalinguistics is a modern and dynamic field that explores the ways
in which language is used in real-life communication. By focusing on speech acts,
politeness strategies, and the cultural and social factors that shape language use,
pragmalinguistics offers valuable insights into the practical aspects of communication.
As globalization continues to increase intercultural interactions, the study of
pragmalinguistics will only grow in importance, offering essential tools for language
learners, translators, and anyone engaged in cross-cultural communication.
References
1.
Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words. Harvard University Press, 1962
2.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.
Cambridge University Press, 1987
3.
Searle, J. R. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge
University Press, 1969
4.
Holmes, J. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Pearson Education, 2013
5.
Thomas, J. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Routledge,
1995
6.
Nematov, O. (2022). HEAVY INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE IN JIZZAKH
PROVINCE: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. International
Journal Of History And Political Sciences, 2(11), 41-44.
