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THE ROLE OF FRENCH LOANWORDS WITHIN THE ENGLISH
LEXICON PERTAINING TO FASHION AND CLOTHING
Muhammadalieva Sevarakhon Sodirjon kizi
Student
Department of English Linguistics
The National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
sevaramuhammadaliyeva1@gmail.com
+998914064864
Scientific adviser: Dadajonova A.K.
Annotation:
The English language boasts a rich and diverse history, significantly shaped by
the influx of words borrowed from other languages. "The Role of French Loanwords
within the English Lexicon Pertaining to Fashion and Clothing" is underscored by the
significant influence of French culture and language on the English lexicon,
particularly in the realm of fashion and clothing. As global fashion trends continue to
evolve and intermingle, understanding the origins and implications of these loanwords
becomes increasingly relevant. French has historically been associated with elegance,
sophistication, and style, making its vocabulary particularly prominent in discussions
about fashion. The integration of French terms into English reflects not only linguistic
adaptation but also cultural exchange and the evolution of fashion as a form of
expression. On this line French borrowings stand out with their quantity and usage in
the language. Specially fashion related French borrowings were integral to the fabric
of English clothing related terms and still continue to shape its dynamic nature.
Keywords:
borrowing, Gallicisms, French loanwords, Middle English period,
fashion, 19
th
century, haute couture.
Annotatsiya:
Ingliz tili boy va xilma-xil tarixga ega boʻlib, boshqa tillardan oʻzlashtirilgan
soʻzlarning kirib kelishi natijasida sezilarli darajada shakllangan. Ingliz tilining moda
va kiyim-kechakka oid lug‘atida fransuzcha oʻzlashma so‘zlarning roli ingliz
madaniyati va tilining ingliz lugʻatiga, xususan, moda va kiyim sohasiga sezilarli taʼsiri
bilan taʼkidlanadi. Global moda tendentsiyalari rivojlanishda va aralashishda davom
etar ekan, bu oʻzlashma soʻzlarning kelib chiqishi va ahamiyatini tushunish tobora
dolzarb boʻlib bormoqda. Fransuz tili tarixan nafislik, noziklik va uslub bilan bogʻliq
boʻlib kelgan, bu esa uning lugʻatini moda haqidagi muhokamalarda ayniqsa koʻzga
tashlanarli qiladi. Fransuz atamalarining ingliz tiliga integratsiyalashuvi nafaqat
lingvistik moslashuvni, balki madaniy almashinuvni va modaning oʻzini ifoda etish
shakli sifatida evolyutsiyasini ham aks ettiradi.Shu qatorda fransuzcha oʻzlashmalar
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oʻzining miqdori va tilda qoʻllanilishi bilan ajralib turadi. Ayniqsa, moda bilan bogʻliq
fransuzcha oʻzlashmalar ingliz tilidagi kiyim-kechak atamalarining asosiy qismini
tashkil etgan va hanuzgacha uning dinamik xususiyatini shakllantirishda davom
etmoqda.
Kalit so‘zlar:
o‘zlashma so‘zlar, Gallisizmlar, fransuz olinma so‘zlar, O‘rta Asr
ingliz tili, moda, XIX asr, haute couture (yuqori darajadagi moda)
Аннотация:
Английский язык обладает богатой и разнообразной историей,
значительно сформированной притоком слов, заимствованных из других языков.
Значение французских заимствований в английском лексиконе, относящемся к
моде и одежде, подчеркивается значительным влиянием французской культуры и
языка на английский словарь, особенно в сфере моды и одежды. По мере того как
мировые модные тенденции продолжают развиваться и смешиваться, понимание
происхождения и значения этих заимствований становится все более
актуальным. Французский исторически ассоциируется с элегантностью,
изысканностью и стилем, что делает его лексику особенно заметной в
обсуждениях о моде. Интеграция французских терминов в английский язык
отражает не только лингвистическую адаптацию, но и культурный обмен и
эволюцию моды как формы самовыражения.
Ключевые
слова:
заимствования,
галлицизмы,
французские
заимствования, среднеанглийский период, мода (moda), XIX век, От-кутюр, haute
Couture.
English is one of the languages that borrowings comprise the biggest
percentage of the vocabulary. Statistics illustrate that almost 80% of words in English
were borrowed over the years [1]. However, Philip Durkin states that exact
i
figures and
percentages are problematic for various reasons [2;27]. According to him, such figures
can only refer to a particular period: the proportions in contemporary English will not
at all be the same as those in sixteenth- or seventeenth-century English, for example.
Secondly, we must consider whose English we are talking about, American or British.
Once we have decided which registers, varieties, and others we want to take into
account, we have the practical problem of arriving at a wordlist. Fourthly, once we
have our wordlist, we have the problem of assessing and classifying etymologies,
deciding which words are borrowed and which are not.
Even without giving an exact number about the percentage of loanwords, it
can still be said that borrowings have a significant influence on the English vocabulary.
We use them every day, everywhere, even not knowing they are originally borrowings.
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Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian were the main languages that introduced
many new words to the English lexicon during the Old English period; however, by
the Middle English period, the number of donating languages has sensibly increased.
As a result of the Norman Conquest in 1065, French began its dominance in the field
of giving words to English, along with Latin and Scandinavian. The Norman Conquest
put the English in second place, French words began appearing in different aspects of
life. As more people learned to speak French, the more English got affected by
bilingualism. Words related
to law, government, military, cuisine, goods
…were
borrowed.
Norman influence can also be seen in grammatical and phonological aspects
of the English language. Many spelling and pronunciation changes came along with
French borrowings. By the beginning of the 15th century, English spelling was a
mixture of two systems, Old English and French [3;9].
The French influence was especially huge in the vocabulary of 13
th
century
English. Over 10000 new words were introduced into English and these words mainly
related to the fields of law, administration, art, and fashion. Over 70 per cent of the
words were nouns, a large number of which were abstract terms, constructed using
such new French affixes as con-, trans-, pre-, -ance, -tion, and –ment. Circa 75 per cent
of these words are still in the modern language.
Philip Durkin showed some statistical numbers of the etymology of Middle
English French borrowings. According to him, French etymologies made up 20 % of
the whole number, whereas 15% referred only to Latin and 13% were made up from
both languages [4; 256-257].
The Early Modern English was also highly affected by French borrowings
through the Renaissance. Along with other European languages English continued
taking words from French. Words in the fields of government, military and food were
introduced. The 17th century was significant in the history of the French loans as the
period in matters of literature and social communication. In the 18th century, food and
cooking continued to engage French borrowings. The 19th century was a rich century
in borrowing French words. These included the usual military terms those relating to
art and letters, textiles and furniture.[5;376].
If we dive deeper into the English vocabulary, we may realize the number of
everyday words own French origin. One of the themes French introduced many words
is undoubtedly the topic of fashion and clothing. Since the early beginning of the
Middle English period, English borrowed many fashion-related words so that we may
not recognize them as French borrowing, and most of them have already become part
of the English lexicon. Beginning with the word
fashion
, the word was used in English
for many years, and does not have an exact equivalent. Inherited from Middle English
facioun,
from Anglo-Norman
fechoun,
a variant of Old French
faceon, fazon, façon,
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stands for the most general term and applies to any way of dressing, behaving, writing,
or performing that is favored at any one time or place.
Other examples of French fashion-realted borrowings from Middle English:
-
bracelet
: from Old French bracelet, diminutive form of bras (“arm”); a chain
or band, usually made of metal, which you wear around your wrist as jewellery;
-
button
: from Middle English boton, botoun, from Old French boton; a knob or
disc that is passed through a loop or (buttonhole), serving as a fastener;
-
coat
: from Middle English cote, coate, cotte, from Old French cote, cotte; an
outer garment with sleeves, worn outdoors and typically extending below the hips;
-
collar
: from Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern
French collier); the part of an upper garment (shirt, jacket, ...) that fits around the neck
and throat, especially if sewn from a separate piece of fabric, a decorative band or other
fabric around the neckline;
-
diamond
: from Middle English dyamaunt, from Old French diamant, from Late
Latin diamas; a precious stone consisting of a clear and colourless crystalline form of
pure carbon, the hardest naturally occurring substance;
-
dress
: (as a verb) from Middle English dressen, dresse (“to arrange, put in
order”), from Anglo-Norman, Old French dresser, drecier (modern French dresser),
noun is derived from verb; a piece of clothing that covers the top half of the div and
hangs down over the legs, usually worn by women and girls;
-
embroidery
: late Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French enbrouderie,
from enbrouder ‘embroider’; decoration of cloth or clothing with patterns or pictures
consisting of stitches that are sewn directly onto the material;
-
jewellery
: from Middle English juelrye, from Old French juelerye, equivalent
to jewel + -ry; personal ornaments, such as necklaces, rings, or bracelets, that are
typically made from or contain jewels and precious metal;
-
lace
: from Middle English lace, laace, las, from Old French las; a string that
you use to fasten openings, especially in shoes, by putting it through two lines of small
holes and tying the ends together;
-
satchel
: from Middle English sachel, from Old French sachel, from Late Latin
sacellum; a bag or case with one or two shoulder straps, especially used to carry books;
-
skirt
: from Middle English skyrte, from Old Norse skyrta; An article of clothing,
usually worn by women and girls, that hangs from the waist and covers the lower part
of the div;
For many centuries French affected every aspect of English: its grammar,
pronunciation and mainly vocabulary. It is estimated that almost 45 % of words in
English own French origin or we call them French borrowings. French stands in the
first place among other donor languages of English. Now we use these words in every
aspect of the English or we have been using them for centuries. Borrowings can be
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related to different topics: law, military, art, literature, food and cuisine and others.
Especially the world of fashion has strongly impacted by French borrowings and
Gallicisms.
Gallicisms are words or expressions that originate from or are borrowed from
the French language. They can be single words, phrases, or even idioms that have been
adopted into other languages, including English. Gallicisms often add a touch of
sophistication or elegance to language, and they can be particularly useful for
expressing certain concepts or ideas that may not have direct equivalents in other
languages. However, it's important to use Gallicisms appropriately and with awareness
of their cultural connotations. Overusing them or using them incorrectly can sometimes
lead to misunderstandings or unintended humour.
The usage and acceptance of Gallicisms can vary depending on the specific
context and the level of formality. Gallicisms and French borrowings are closely
related, but they are not entirely equivalent. There is a fine line between them.
French borrowings: a broad term encompassing any word or phrase adopted
from French into another language. They can be fully integrated into the target
language's grammar and pronunciation, may also lose their original French meaning or
acquire new connotations, whereas Gallicisms are a specific type of French borrowings
which retain some of their original French pronunciation and spelling. They often carry
a connotation of sophistication, elegance, or foreignness. Today, we use a number of
Gallicisms, especially as fashion vocabulary, due to their significant role in shaping
global style, particularly in the realm of fashion.
French fashion has a rich history that dates back centuries. It was in the 17th
century that the concept of fashion as we know it today began to take shape in France.
The court of Louis XIV became a hub of style, and fashion started to be seen as a form
of artistic expression. Since 17
th
century French fashion became affecting global style
and fashion exploded as a rich industry. After introducing the term haute couture in the
1860s, fashion industry witnessed new openings in the way styling and clothing.
-
haute couture
: French, literally ‘high dressmaking, sewing’; the designing and
making of high-quality fashion clothes, or to the clothes themselves;
-
prêt-à-porter
: ready-to-wear clothes; clothes that are produced in standard sizes
and not made to fit a particular person; the term began used in the 1930s;
-
greige (goods)
: raw, unprocessed and unfinished woven fabric taken directly
from a loom. Greige goods are the direct product of weaving when the fabric is still in
its natural state and has yet to be bleached, dyed, coated or otherwise finished;
-
peau de soie
: mid-19th century: French, literally ‘skin of silk’; a soft, satin-
weave cloth of silk or rayon, grainy and having a dull luster, used to make dresses,
coats, trimmings;
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-
avant-garde
: late Middle English (denoting the vanguard of an army): from
French, literally ‘vanguard (The forefront of an action or movement)’. Current senses
date from the early 20th century; with roots in military terminology as the forefront of
an advancing army, today signifies progressive and experimental movements across
fashion, art, culture, and literature, challenging traditional boundaries and conventions.
Its goal is to forge new perspectives and means of expression, standing in contrast to
mainstream currents;
-
démodé:
early 19
th
century: French, past participle of démoder ‘go out of
fashion’; no longer in fashion, out of date, outmoded;
French fashion continuously reinvents itself while staying true to its core
values of elegance and timelessness. Stripes, berets, the little black dress, and tailored
blazers are just a few examples of French-style staples that have influenced the global
fashion scene. On this long way process, every new detail, every invention on the
industry invents new meaning to the rate of terms which will enrich the vocabulary of
the French language that consequently may be borrowed by many other languages. So,
it can be reckoned that as long as the French fashion industry continues to transform
and grow, the lexicon of French, also the number of French borrowings in English, will
continue to add new words to its vocabulary.
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1.
What Percent Of English Words Are Derived From Latin? -
2.
Dunkin Ph. Borrowed words. - OUP, 2014, P.27; 256-257 pp.
3.
Petrák M. French Loan-Words in English. -L., 2016, P.9
4.
Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка / И.
В. Арнольд. – 2-е изд. – М.: Флинта, 2012, c.376
5.
Ashurova D.U. and Galiyeva M.R. Stylistics of Literary text, Tashkent:
TuronIqbol, 2016.
6.
Kember S. Words in English: Loanwords, Rise university, 2014.
7.
Serjeantson M.S. A History of Foreign Words in English,1935.
8.
Nematov, O. (2022). HEAVY INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE IN
JIZZAKH PROVINCE: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS.
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences, 2(11), 41-44.
