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EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
ACTIVITIES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS
Nabiyev Jasurbek Qosimjon o‘g‘li
Andijon davlat universiteti
Maqola haqida ma’lumot
Qabul qilingan: 04.07.2024
Qayta qabul: 10.07.2024
Saytda mavjud: 18.06.2024
Muallif (lar)
N.Q.Nabiyev
10.69891/3060-4540.2024.4.1.001
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12770983
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=ru&as_sdt=0
%2C5&q=universaljurnal.uz&oq=
Muallif bilan aloqa
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0641-2623
© N.Q.Nabiyev
UNIVERSAL xalqaro ilmiy jurnal
Ochiq ma’lumotlar:
https://universaljurnal.uz/index.php/jurnal
Maxfiylik bayonoti
Materialni istalgan vosita yoki formatda nusxalash va qayta
tarqatish hamda maqoladan toʻgʻri iqtibos keltirish va
litsenziyasini koʻrsatish sharti bilan istalgan maqsadda
foydalanish mumkin.
Annotation:
The possibilities of using local plants
with unknown medicinal properties as pancreatic α-
amylase inhibitors were investigated. Among the 8
selected plants, it was found that the concentration of 100
mg/ml of ethanol extracts of frankincense, chamomile,
and marigold (80%, 77%, and 72%, respectively) has a
high inhibitory activity. Anti-inflammatory properties of
drugs used in the treatment of diabetes have been proven
to be effective tools in reducing diabetes-related
complications.
Accordingly,
the
anti-inflammatory
properties of ethanol extracts of frankincense, chamomile,
and marigold plants were studied. Extracts of these plants
stabilized the heat-induced red blood cell membrane.
Frankincense showed 82%, chamomile 79%, and lavender
85% anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, extracts of
these plants are promising in the treatment of type 2
diabetes.
Keywords.
extracts, inhibition, inflammation, red
blood cells, diabetes.
Annotatsiya.
Pankreatik
a-amilaza
inhibitörleri
sifatida noma'lum dorivor xususiyatlarga ega mahalliy
o'simliklardan
foydalanish
imkoniyatlari
o'rganildi.
Tanlangan 8 ta o‘simlik orasida isiriq, romashka va
marigoldning
100
mg/ml
etanol
ekstraktining
konsentratsiyasi (80%, 77% va 72% mos ravishda) yuqori
inhibitiv faollikka ega ekanligi aniqlandi. Qandli diabetni
davolashda ishlatiladigan dorilarning yallig'lanishga
qarshi xususiyatlari diabet bilan bog'liq asoratlarni
kamaytirishda samarali vosita ekanligi isbotlangan.
Shunga
ko'ra,
isiriq,
romashka
va
marigold
o'simliklarining etanol ekstraktining yallig'lanishga qarshi
xususiyatlari o'rganildi. Ushbu o'simliklarning ekstraktlari
qizil qon hujayralarining issiqlik bilan ta'minlangan
membranasini barqarorlashtirdi. Lavanda 82%, romashka
79% va lavanta 85% yallig'lanishga qarshi faollikni
ko'rsatdi. Shunga ko'ra, bu o'simliklarning ekstraktlari 2-
toifa diabetni davolashda istiqbolli hisoblanadi.
Kalit so‘zlar.
ekstraktlar, inhibisyon, yallig'lanish,
qizil qon hujayralari, diabet.
Universal International Scientific Journal
Universal Xalqaro Ilmiy Jurnal
Jurnalning bosh sahifasi:
Universal International Scientific Journal
41
UNIVERSAL international scientific journal
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most
widespread chronic diseases in the world. It is
estimated that by 2030, more than 360 million
people will suffer from this disease [1]. The
prevalence of diabetes is higher in Western
countries due to the aging population, physical
inactivity, and obesity, but it is also spreading
rapidly in developing countries due to
progressive urbanization and socio-economic
growth leading to lifestyle changes.
There are many different therapeutic
approaches for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes
like α-amylase is one of the important
approaches to reduce postprandial blood
glucose levels. Such inhibitors used in clinical
practice for diabetes treatment are known to be
associated with various gastrointestinal side
effects. Therefore, it is necessary to identify α-
amylase inhibitors from natural sources with
fewer side effects. The aqueous extract of the
plant Caesalpinia bonducella inhibited α-
amylase activity by 87.26% [2]. The ethanol
extract of Capparis spinosa showed an
inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity, with
extracts from the roots and leaves at a
concentration of 25 mg/ml inhibiting 97.31–
98.92% of α-amylase [3].
Overweight is a major medical issue that
leads to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and
metabolic problems. Controlling diet and
physical exercise is fundamental in managing
overweight.
The
common
white
bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris) produces an α-amylase
inhibitor, which has been characterized and
tested in many clinical studies [4]. Natural α-
amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors in food
products play a key role in controlling
postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes
by regulating carbohydrate breakdown and
glucose absorption in the intestine. Among
the white, black, and Oolong teas, the
aqueous extract of black tea showed the
highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity
[5].
The secondary metabolites extracted
from S. persica were studied in vitro for
their α-amylase inhibitory activity and the
chemical composition responsible for this
activity was determined. The aqueous
extract of S. persica inhibited α-amylase
activity by 72.39% and showed an IC50
value of 376 μg/ml compared to 65.99%
inhibition by acarbose [6]. The plant N.
oppositifolia has been used in diabetes
treatment. In experiments, 3-oxolupenal
and katonic acid exhibited IC50 values of
46.2 mg/ml (101.6 mm) and 52.4 mg/ml
(119.3 mm) respectively against α-
amylase, with 3-oxolupenal showing
higher inhibitory activity against α-
glucosidase (62.3 mg/ml or 141.9 mm)
compared to katonic acid (88.6 mg/ml or
194.8 mm) [7]. The root extract of the plant
Salacia oblonga was phytochemically
examined for its antidiabetic activity, and a
GS-MS analysis was conducted. The total
flavonoid, terpenoid, and tannin contents
showed inhibitory effects on α-amylase
and α-glucosidase enzymes, with the root
extract having IC50 values of 73.56 mg/ml
and 80.90 mg/ml for inhibiting α-amylase
and α-glucosidase respectively. Fifteen
chemical compounds were identified
through GS-MS analysis [8]. The essential
oil of Stachys viticina Boiss leaves was
evaluated in vitro for its inhibitory
properties
on
microbes,
anticancer,
antioxidant, metabolic enzymes, and
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cyclooxygenase (COX). GS-MS analysis
identified 52 compounds in S. viticina em.
Additionally, the potential to inhibit α-amylase
(56.52% at 45.22 mg/ml) and α-glucosidase
(63.09 mg/ml at 69.82%) was determined [9].
Materials and Methods
Drying of Biomass
Drying of biomass was carried out
according to the method of Jane et al. [10]. A 5
g biomass sample was weighed three times in a
desiccator and dried at 105°C. The moisture
content of the biomass was determined after
cooling in a desiccator at room temperature.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from
Plant Biomass
To
determine
biological
activity,
secondary metabolites were extracted from
plant biomass according to the method of
Hazalin et al. with modifications by Lang et al.
[11]. For this, 5 g of biomass was homogenized
using a Potter homogenizer, placed in a conical
flask, and 1/5 ethanol as a solvent was added.
The mixture was stirred at room temperature on
an Elpon 357 shaker (Poland) at 180 rpm. The
mixture was then filtered through filter paper
(Whatman paper No. 1), and 40 μg/ml of
Na2SO4 was added to remove the aqueous
layer. The mixture was dried in a Heideolph HB
Digitel (Germany) vacuum evaporator and
dissolved in 1 ml of water. The resulting extract
was used as the initial solution and stored at
+4°C.
Determination of Inhibitory Activity of
Plant Extracts on α-Amylase
The inhibitory activity of α-amylase was
determined according to the method used for
plant extracts [12]. A starch solution of 1 g/10
ml of water was prepared and boiled for 2
minutes. The volume was adjusted to 100 ml
with distilled water. The prepared solution
could be used for 2-3 days. To 2 ml of the
starch solution, 100 μl of pancreatic α-
amylase (13 U/ml in 0.1 M sodium-
phosphate buffer at pH 6.9-7.0), 100 μl of
the endophyte extract, and 2 ml of sodium-
phosphate
buffer
were
added
and
incubated at 37°C for 10 minutes. The
reaction was stopped by adding 10 ml of
working iodine reagent, and the optical
density was measured at 630 nm using a
UV-5100
spectrophotometer
(China).
Unlike the experimental sample, no extract
was added to the control sample. The
degree of inhibitory activity was calculated
using the formula [Ao-at]/Ao×100%,
where Ao is the absorbance of the control
sample, and at is the absorbance of the
experimental sample. Acarbose was used
as the standard inhibitor.
Membrane Stabilization
Preparation of Red Blood Cell
Suspension
Blood was obtained from a healthy
volunteer who had not taken non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs for 2 weeks
before the experiment. The blood sample
was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes
and washed three times with normal saline.
The volume of blood was measured, and a
10% v/v suspension was prepared with
normal saline.
Heat-Induced Hemolysis
The experiment was conducted
according to the methods of Sakat et al. and
Shinde et al. with some modifications [15,
16]. The total reaction mixture was 2 ml,
consisting of 1 ml of the test sample and 1
ml of a 10% red blood cell suspension. For
control, only saline was added to the test
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tube. Aspirin was used as the standard drug. The
reaction mixture was incubated in a water bath
at 56°C for 30 minutes. The reaction was
stopped by cooling the mixture under running
water. The reaction mixture was centrifuged at
2500 rpm for 5 minutes. The collected
supernatant was used to measure absorbance at
560 nm. The experiment was repeated three
times. The percentage inhibition of hemolysis
was calculated as [Ao-at]/Ao×100%, where Ao
is the absorbance of the control sample, and at
is the absorbance of the test sample.
Results and Discussions
Plants are a significant source of new
drugs with fewer side effects for treating various
diseases. New drugs are essential to mitigate
diabetes and its complications. Therefore, it is
important to understand the α-amylase and anti-
inflammatory activities of plants. Currently,
many natural plants are reported to have
antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties,
including tobacco, peppermint, marigold,
senna,
rosehip,
frankincense,
juniper,
chamomile, and others. We studied the α-
amylase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory
activities of ethanol extracts of these plants. The
percentage stability of the membrane shown by
the extracts was concentration-dependent and
positively compared with standard drugs
(aspirin). The results indicated that the ethanol
extract exhibited α-amylase inhibitory activity
and
effectively
protected
erythrocyte
membranes. The mechanism of action of plant
extracts was described and discussed.
The
extracts'
quantity,
α-amylase
inhibitory
activity,
and
anti-denaturation
activity of red blood cells of the selected 8 plant
species were compared.
Table 1. Quantity of Plant Extracts
| No. | Plant Name | International Name | Plant Organ
| Plant Biomass (g) | Extract Quantity (ml) |
|-----|----------------|--------------------|--------------|--------
-----------|----------------------|
| 1 | Frankincense | Boswellia serrata | Gum resin |
5 | 1.2 |
| 2 | Chamomile | Matricaria chamomilla | Flowers
| 5 | 1.1 |
| 3 | Marigold | Calendula officinalis | Flowers |
5 | 1.3 |
| 4 | Lavender | Lavandula angustifolia | Flowers |
5 | 1.0 |
| 5 | Peppermint | Mentha piperita | Leaves | 5
| 1.4 |
| 6 | Senna | Senna alexandrina | Leaves | 5
| 1.1 |
| 7 | Rosehip | Rosa canina | Fruits | 5
| 1.5 |
| 8 | Juniper | Juniperus communis | Berries | 5
| 1.3 |
Table 2. Inhibitory Activity of Plant Extracts on
α-Amylase**
| No. | Plant Name | Inhibition (%) at 100 mg/ml
|
|-----|---------------|-----------------------------|
| 1 | Frankincense | 80 |
| 2 | Chamomile | 77 |
| 3 | Marigold | 72 |
| 4 | Lavender | 69 |
| 5 | Peppermint | 68 |
| 6 | Senna | 65 |
| 7 | Rosehip | 64 |
| 8 | Juniper | 61 |
**Table 3. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Plant
Extracts**
| No. | Plant Name | Hemolysis Inhibition (%)
at 100 mg/ml |
|-----|---------------|----------------------------------------|
| 1 | Frankincense | 82 |
| 2 | Chamomile | 79 |
| 3 | Marigold | 85 |
| 4 | Lavender | 75 |
| 5 | Peppermint | 73 |
| 6 | Senna | 71 |
| 7 | Rosehip | 70 |
| 8 | Juniper | 68
|
Conclusion
The results indicate that the ethanol
extracts of frankincense, chamomile, and
marigold exhibit significant α-amylase
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inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities.
These plants have potential use in the treatment
of type 2 diabetes and related inflammatory
conditions. Further research is needed to isolate
and identify the active compounds
responsible for these activities and to
conduct in vivo studies to confirm their
efficacy and safety.
References
1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global report on diabetes. Geneva: WHO;
2016.
2. Singh A, et al. Inhibition of α-amylase by aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella:
In vitro study. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2013.
3. Sofowora A, et al. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Spectrum
Books Ltd, Nigeria. 2006.
4. Pastore R, et al. Phaseolus vulgaris: The effect of a standardized extract on
carbohydrate metabolism in obesity. Phytotherapy Research. 2018.
5. Yamamoto T, et al. Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of tea leaves on α-
glucosidase and α-amylase activities. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology.
2005.
6. Gupta S, et al. Inhibition of α-amylase activity by the extract of Salacia oblonga.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007.
7. Khan BA, et al. N. oppositifolia: Phytochemical and antidiabetic evaluation. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology. 2009.
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Plant Methods. 2016.
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