World scientific research journal
https://scientific-jl.com/wsrj
Volume-42_Issue-1_August-2025
29
THE FIRST TYPE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN:
CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT METHODS
Full name:
Ergasheva Farangiz Ravshan qizi
Study place: University of Alfraganus
Annotation:
this article highlights causes of diabetes origin, clinical symptoms,
methods of diagnosis and modern treatment approach.
Key words:
The 1 st type of Diabetes, therapy of insulin, Hyperglycemia,
Hypoglycemia, complications of Diabetes, clinical symptoms of Diabetes, physical
activity in Diabetes.
Introduction
The 1 st type of Diabetes- is the one of the most common chronic endocrine
diseases in children, it is characterized by lack of the hormone insulin in the div.
The main cause of Diabetes mellitus which begun in childhood-injury the beta cells
of the pancreas by the autoimmune process. The conditions caused by diabetes
mellitus can lead to the death, this (Hyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic).
Etiology and pathogenesis of this illness.
Genetic predisposition-If parents or close relatives have diabetes the risk is
higher.
Autoimmune processes: The immune system of the div produces antidiv to
its insulin producers beta cells.
Viral infections: Measles, mumps, enteroviruses
Environmental factors, artificial and improper fed from infancy.
By pathogenesis, beta cells are damaged and do not produce insulin.
Glucose cannot enter to the cells and increases in the blood.
This leads to Hyperglycemia and organism begins to use energy from fats and
proteins.
Clinical symptoms
Increased thirst that is polydipsia.
Frequent urination, even at night.
Losing weight even appetite has rose
If kid has any injuries or cuts they heal slowly.
Vision becoming blurry.
Tiredness, lack of energy and dizziness.
Bad breath, stomachache and nausea.
The symptoms cannot be obvious in children: Irritability, vomiting, sleepiness
and rapid breathing.
Methods of diagnosis
Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed when fasting blood sugar are higher than 6.5
mmol/l.
Children which diagnosed diabetes there are not glucose in their urine. Because
the kidneys do not allow it to pass, but level of blood sugar increase than 8,8 moll/l
the glucose is present in the urine.
World scientific research journal
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Volume-42_Issue-1_August-2025
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Glucose and ketone bodies
Capillary blood glucose.
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Blood insulin and C-peptide
Should pass the following analyses and additionally Rheoencephalography
(REG), Reovasography (RVG), kidney ultrasound, electroansephalography (EEG)
Method of treatment
Normalizing metabolic processes.
It is necessary to restore level of glucose in blood.
Insulin therapy should be choose each patient individually.
Negative effects of insulin therapy.
Swelling, pain, redness and allergic reactions at the injection site.
Lipodystrophy- the tissue of fat may melt in the injection side.
Special nutrition plan-should eat healthy food, the child’s diet should include
protein -rich meals, fruits and vegetables.
It is important to control of permanent sugar level by glucometer.
Doing physical exercises help controlling blood sugar level. It is recommended
to do physical exercises at least 60 minutes per day on average. To be checked level
of glucose before activity. During the activity must be juice or glucose nearly for
keeping hypoglycemia.
Insulin therapy- the main treatment method; In the 1
st
type of Diabetes in
children the insulin is necessary for life. Types of insulins:
Ultra-primary-(Lispro, Aspartame, Clulisin)-duration of action: 3-5 hours
Short duration-(regular insulin) -duration of action; 6-8 hours.
Average duration-(NPH)-duration of action: 10-16 hours.
Long duration-(Glargine Detemir)-duration action; till 24 hours.
Using schemes; Basal-Bolus regimen the most recommended method. In this
method;
Basal (background) insulin-long-acting (once a day)
Bolus insulin – before meal, short-acting (3-4 times)
Periodic medical check-ups-necessary medical check-ups for children with
diabetes.;
HbA1c-once in 3 months; Eye screening (retina)- after 10 years old every year;
Kidney (microalbuminuria) -once in a year; Blood pressure- need to check every time;
Blood lipids-after 10 years old needs check-ups.
Complications
How kind of complications will be developed if diagnosis is delayed or insulin
regimen is disrupted?
The 1
st
type of Diabetes in different organs, for example; heart, eyes, kidneys,
nerves and blood vessels may be injured.
1.
Diabetic ketoacidosis-dangerous for life and acute complication. When
glucose cannot enter the cells, the div breaks down fats for energy and produces
ketones.
Ketones accumulate in blood and increases acidity. Will be such kind of
conditions: loss of consciousness, rapid breathing, drop in div temperature,
stomachache.
World scientific research journal
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Volume-42_Issue-1_August-2025
31
2.
Diabetic retinopathy-periodic hyperglycemia that is high blood sugar
levels cause damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. May Appear blurred
vision, black spots in the eyes. Later there is a high risk becoming completely blind.
3.
Diabetic nephropathy- damage of kidneys. Cause of high level of blood
sugar the kidney capillaries become inflamed, proteins to leak into the urine. Protein
in the urine (Proteinuria), occurs swelling in legs-hands and fatigue.
4.
Diabetic neuropathy- this is injury of nerve fibers, appears permanent
hyperglycemia results. Symptoms; numbness, itching, pain or loss of sensation in
the hands and feet may occur, along with foot ulcers and balance problems while
walking.
Conclusion
In the 1
st
of Diabetes complications are developed slowly but certain. The 1
st
of
Diabetes the one of the most widespread illness between children, it is characterized
insulin deficiency during the life. Clinic symptoms of illness occurs suddenly and in
cases of delayed diagnosis, severe complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis may
develop. That is why early diagnosis and fast start insulin therapy important
controlling the disease.
The only way to prevent-to carry out periodic check-ups, permanent insulin
therapy, nutrition plan, controlling glucose.
It can be prevent these kind of complications if pay attention early period of 1
st
Diabetes mellitus.
Using literatures:
1.
Karimov T, Mamatqulov Sh- Pediatrics, Tashkent Medical Academy. 2022
2.
Norboyeva M.A.- Children illness and take caring, 2020
3.
Raximova N.X- Diabetes mellitus and children, Medical publisher
4.
Qodirov A.K-Propaedeutics of internal diseases, Tashkent, 2021
5.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in Diabetes-2024
6.
World Health organization-Diabetes in children and adolescents, 2023
7.
ISPAD-(International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes)
Guidelines, 2024.
