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PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
Oripova Shakhnoza Asadullayevna
Bukhara city maternity complex, Bukhara state medical institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13340686
Considering that the use of the term placenta (inflammation of the placenta) without
giving the anatomical and histological name of the foci of inflammation in the placental tissue
is absolutely wrong, and recommending not to use this term in the clinic, it is correct that it is
possible to have perfect information when the placenta is referred to by the anatomic-
morphological name of the placenta undergoing a specific inflammatory process. we know
Depending on the location of the inflammatory process in the placenta, the following forms of
inflammation are distinguished.
Intervillitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in the spaces between the teats.
Depending on the place of distribution, the following types are found: subchorial - located
under the chorionic plate in a sliced state, it is composed of many leukocyte aggregates and
fibrin; central - inflammatory conditions located far from the basal and chorionic plates; basal
- inflammatory conditions located on the basal plate.
Villusitis (villus-vorsina-surgich) – inflammation of the nipples, in turn inflammation of
the terminal nipples becomes terminal villitis and inflammation of the core nipples turns into
core villusitis.
Basal deciduit - inflammation of the basal plate. It is accompanied by leukocyte
infiltration, dystrophy and necrotic changes of decidual cells, wall of spiral arteries and veins,
proliferation of vascular wall.
Placental chorioamnionitis - chorionic plate inflammation is often combined with
subchorial intervillitis and umbilical vascular inflammation. Arterial and venous blood vessels
are also damaged.
Funiculitis - inflammation of blood vessels in the navel. Macroscopically, funiculitis may
not appear in some cases. Microscopically, it is often manifested in the form of phlebitis,
arteritis and perivasculitis. The above cases are observed in the form of infiltration of the
umbilical vascular wall and the umbilical system with a mixture of leukocytes and
lymphocytes. In most cases, leukocyte infiltration does not reach the epithelial layers of the
navel.
Inflammation outside the placental layers is called membranitis, and parietal
amniochoriodeciduid - the inflammatory process is manifested when it covers three layers,
that is, the amnion, the smooth chorion and the true separating membranes are inflamed.
Parietal chorioamnionitis (choriodeciduit) is called when two layers are affected,
parietal amnionitis or deciduit is called when each layer is inflamed separately.
"Chorioamnionitis" is considered a morphological term, and clinically it is called "infected
amnion syndrome".
As in other parts of the placenta, inflammation of the placental layers is caused by
leukocytic infiltration of the intrauterine fluid surrounding the fetus or damage to decidual
cells in the parietal layer. Since the remaining two layers of the mature placenta are not
avascular, they are infiltrated by leukocytes of the mother's blood in the capillaries of the
membrane separated from the placenta.
Ways of entry and spread of infection.
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Infections enter the placenta by ascending routes, hematogenous routes and descending
routes. Among these, the most common is through the ascending route, that is, the pathogens
enter the amniotic cavity through the cervical canal from the vagina. Such cases are often
manifested by premature rupture of the amniotic membrane and the discharge of amniotic
fluid. But an intact amniotic membrane cannot be an insurmountable obstacle. Lesions in this
case usually occur in the last hours of intranatal or antenatal periods.
Pathologies typical of inflammatory processes arising in the placenta through ascending
pathways: amnionitis, chorionitis, chorioamnionitis, intervillousitis, deciduitis and funiculitis
(amniotic type of inflammation). Pathologies typical of inflammatory processes occurring in
the fetus through the ascending pathways: in most areas of the surface layer of the skin and
mucous membranes, all areas where the intra-shell liquid directly surrounds the fetus,
respiratory tract, alveolar tract, alveoli and gastrointestinal tract.
In the case of hematogenous damage of the placenta, it is observed that infectious agents
from the mother's blood enter the separated layer of the placenta, placental tissue through the
spiral arteries, or enter the actual separated layer of the placenta through the endometrial
blood vessels.
This process of infection often occurs antenatally. Pathologies specific to this condition
include villitis, subchorial intervillitis, basal deciduitis, and inflammation of umbilical blood
vessels.
Pathologies specific to hematogenous damage to the fetus include: damage to organs - in
particular, organs with a large supply of blood and organs that are not limited to the external
environment: liver, adrenal gland, kidney, spleen, etc. enters. Inflammation due to infection
through the descending tract depends on which part of the placenta is located near the
opening of the fallopian tube. Mixed routes of infection can also be observed, in such cases, the
process often begins via ascending routes or hematogenous routes.
Consequences for the fetus. Infection of the placental layers causes premature birth of
the fetus and local and diffuse purulent-inflammatory diseases due to infection of the fetus or
the newborn baby. Limited chorioamnionitis may not have clinical manifestations. Perivillitis
is manifested by the fact that the fetus has stopped growing.
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