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LEXICOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL TERMS (BASED ON
ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES)
Tosheva Dilbar Muzaffar kizi
Master’s degree, Linguist (research teacher)
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14625631
Annotation:
The article provides a general understanding of phraseological terms and
analyzes of various scientists in this field. An attempt was made to prove the theories through
examples of phraseological terms in English and Uzbek languages.
Key words:
phraseological units, phraseological terms, idiom, vocabulary, proverbs,
wise words.
Not all phraseological terms can be directly translated. According to Collins (the author
of the book "Books of English Idioms"), the phraseological units in the English language that
are used today in written and spoken speech it is an important part of the language that
enriches and decorates the language. At the same time, it is an important and based element
that is carefully used in a particular language. Careful use is an important caveat, as a speech
that is too full of phrases loses its appeal. Despite the fact that they are brought into the
speech ready, too much repetition of them makes the speech lose its luster and become stale.
Also, the general meaning cannot be understood through the meaning of these word units
themselves.
There are important features of phraseological terms, which are:
1. Lack of motivation, that is, meaning
2. Stability of lexical components
What is meant by motivation in phraseological terms? Motivation is a meaning, and if
the words in the phrase have a common meaning, it is called "motivated". Here are some
examples:
"A dark horse" means "a dark horse" in direct translation, but its idiomatic meaning is "a
person about whom no one knows anything."
The literal translation of "A white elephant" is "white elephant", and the idiomatic
meaning is "spending money on unnecessary things".
In the Uzbek language, the word idiom is mainly used for phraseology. In particular, in
Shavkat Rahmatullayev's explanatory phraseological dictionary of the Uzbek language, it is
said to be a phrase and mainly verb combinations are given. For example;
"Like pulling hair from dough" means easy
The "seed of the ango" is a hard-to-find fruit, and the ango is a fruit mentioned only in
legends.
As it can be seen from the given examples, in my opinion, idioms in the Uzbek language
can be considered semi-motivated. Because its meaning can be understood based on the
meaning of the words themselves, the meaning has not been completely transferred to
something else. It is also difficult to find an exact equivalent when translating phrases from
English. In general, the origin and use of each phraseological term depends on the culture of
that language nation. Accordingly, various discussions have arisen regarding the naming of
phraseological terms, and the terms are also found in different ways. For example: -set
expressions
- phrases
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- set phrases
-fixed word groups
-collocations.
The stability of phraseological units means the degree of invariance of the variety of
phraseological units.
Minimum stability indicators at the phraseological level:
-sustainability of use, ie. that phraseological units are not separate expressions used
only by this or that author, but language units that are the common property of a certain
community;
- structural-semantic stability, which is based on the stability of the lexical composition
of phraseological units, their lack of structural-semantic modeling. It is formed both
structurally and semantically according to the models characteristic of a certain stage of
language development.
- the stability of the lexical composition of fully or partially revised meaning and
phraseological units.
- syntactic stability manifested in stable word order of phraseological units.
It should be noted that the completely or partially revised direct meaning of the
components, stability of use, structural and semantic modeling is combined with the following
phenomena depending on the type of phraseological units:
invariance of the lexical composition of phraseological units;
- the presence of the same invariant meaning in phraseological variants;
- the presence of semantic invariance, that is, common meaning with possible
differences in structural synonyms;
-variant phraseological units have a lexical invariant, that is, an important word that
cannot be replaced;
Most Russian scientists use the term Phraseologic units introduced by Academician
Vinogradov. Western scientists use the term idioms, but according to the explanations given
in Russian linguistics, it is only a part of phraseological units. Russian scientist V. Vinogradov
semantically classifies phraseological units based on their meaning and divides them into 3
types:
1. Phraseological fusions - these are units, the general meaning of which cannot be
deduced from the meaning of the word composition. . The meaning of phraseological fusions
is considered unmotivated at the current stage of language development: red tape
(bureaucrats), a mare's nest (distraction).
2. Phrasal units - these are expressions, meaning can be deduced from the composition
of words. The general meaning is based on the figurative meaning. to show one's teeth, to
stand to one's guns. They are motivational expressions.
3. Phraseological collocations - these are phraseological combinations, not only
motivated, but one of the words is used in the correct sense, while the other has a figurative
meaning. to meet requirement to attain success
In this group of phraseological units, some parts may not lose their figurative meaning.
For example: to meet the needs, to meet the demand, to meet the necessity; to have success, to
lose success (demand, offer, be forced). These combinations are not synonymous and the
general meaning changes, but the meaning of the main word does not change.
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Professor A.I. Smirnitsky structurally classifies phraseological units and characterizes
them semantically and grammatically as highly idiomatic word descriptors that function as
word equivalents. It offers 3 types of available phrases:
1. Traditional phrases (nice distinction, rough sketch);
2. Phraseological combinations - phraseological structures (to fall in love, to get up);
3. Idioms (to wash one's dirty linen in public);
Divides the second group into two more subgroups:
1. one-top phraseological units, that is, they consist of one main word;
a) verb: to give up, to bring up, to try out, to look up, to drop in, etc;
b) to be helpful: to be surprised, to be up to, etc;
c) prepositional phrases: by heart.
2. two-top phraseological units, i.e. composed of compound words. These units can be
equivalent to a noun, a verb or an adverb:
brain trust, white elephant, blind alley;
to know the ropes, to take place;
ups and downs, rough and ready, flat as a pancake.
Phraseological units completely or partially change their meaning, and phraseological
units are used in their literary sense. Both of them are characterized by their phraseological
stability, which differs from free phrases and compound words. Prof. A.V. Kunin developed the
theory of stagnation according to the following aspects:
1. Stability of usage- a phraseological unit that is not created in the speech and is
processed in the speech;
2. Lexical stability- partially or completely in phraseological variation
is a composition of unrepeatable phaseological units.
According to the following classification, the phrases change and the meaning does not
change:
Lexical: a skeleton in the cupboard / closet (family secret), a blind pig / tiger (illegal sale
of alcohol);
Grammatical: to be in deep water / waters (to be in a difficult situation), a stony heart –
a heart of stone (cruel nature);
Positional: a square peg in a round hole – a round peg in a square hole
the t's – to cross one's t's and dot one's i's (to ensure the correctness of all arguments);
Quantitative: Tom, Dick and Harry – every Tom, Dick and Harry (someone and
everyone);
Mixed variants: raise/stir up the nest of hornets' nest about one's ears – to arouse/stir
up the nest of hornets.
3. Semantic stability is based on lexical stability of phraseological units. Despite some
changes, the meaning of the phrase is preserved. It can be strong, weak, definite or vague.
4. Syntactic stability. In this case, the characteristics of phraseological units can be as
follows:
1. Prepared copy;
2. Structural division;
3. Morphological instability;
4. Immutability of lexical content;
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5. Semantic unity;
6. Syntactic flexibility.
or a stable group of words whose meaning has partially changed"
Phraseological units are divided into four subclasses according to their function in
communication determined by their structural-semantic characteristics:
1. Referential phraseological units take the place of certain concepts: a bull in a china
shop (rude man);
2. Indicative phraseological units that take the place of specific concepts and can be used
in the passive structure: to cross the Rubicon – the Rubicon is crossed!
3. Exclamatory phraseological units, exclamation replaces concepts: a pretty (nice)
kettle of fish! For crying out loud!
4. It is used instead of communicative phraseological units, sentences (proverbs or
sayings). For example;
Still waters run deep.
The world is a nice place.
Communicative phraseological units represent a situation: A proverb is a set of words,
sentences or phrases that give advice or express general truths:
Idleness is the root of all evil - God is tired of Bekochi;
A penny saved is a penny gained - Little by little there will be a river;
The pen is mightier than the sword - The word is stronger than the sword;
Ask no questions, hear no lies - Too much talk is a disaster;
Silence is something an answer
As can be seen from the above classifications, all the sentences and combinations that
are used in a figurative sense and are ready for speech are phraseological units and include all
stable units, proverbs and wise words, phrases and idioms. The phraseological layer of each
language is formed based on the culture, customs and way of life of that language nation and
enriches its own language. Phraseology is an extremely complex phenomenon, and its study
requires a unique research method, as well as the use of information from other disciplines -
lexicology, grammar, stylistics, phonetics, language history, history, philosophy, logic, and
regional studies. Linguists have different opinions on a number of phraseology problems, and
this is natural. Nevertheless, the important task of linguists working in the field of
phraseology is to unite efforts and find a common language in the interests of both the theory
of phraseology and the practice of teaching foreign languages. The phraseological fund of the
English language is so large that its complete study does not correspond to the scope of this
work. Nevertheless, using the example of the considered phraseological units, it is possible to
clearly imagine how diverse the semantics and expressiveness of phraseological units in
modern English are. Thanks to the literary works of writers and poets both in Great Britain
and around the world, the English language now has a large number of phraseological units.
But it should not be forgotten that a lot of phraseological units from the history and culture of
different countries of the world entered the English language.
References:
1.
Kunin A.V. English phraseology. Theoretical course. - M., 1981.2. Kunin A.V. Modern
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Kunin A.V. English-Russian phraseological dictionary. 3rd ed., Stereotype.
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Smirnitsky A.I. Lexicology of the English language. - M., 1996.
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Vinogradov V.S. Introduction to Translation Studies. 2001.
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Kunin A.V. Course of phraseology of contemporary English language.–M. 1986.
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Narimonova Z. About the translation of phraseological expressions.-T.:OzMU collection.
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Oxford dictionary of idioms Published in the United States by Oxford University Press
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