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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO STUDY THE DEFINITION OF
TERMS IN RUSSIAN TERMINOLOGY
Juraeva Zarinakhon Bakhodir kizi
English Language Teacher at Interfaculty
Department of the English Language, Faculty of Philology,
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
Email:
Abstract: The basis of the emergence of terminology in Russia is the founder
of the Russian school of terminology Lotte D.S. and he developed his own approach
to the study of terms, which he later called normative. In the first half of the
twentieth century in Russia Lotte made a significant contribution to the
Key words: Terminology, terms system, normative approach, functional
(descriptive) approach, systematic approach
Introduction:
The basis of the emergence of terminology in Russia is the
founder of the Russian school of terminology Lotte D.S. and he developed his own
approach to the study of terms, which he later called normative. In the first half of
the twentieth century in Russia Lotte made a significant contribution to the
Literature review:
In the middle of the last century, terminology in Russia
was recognized as an independent science, and researchers emphasized the specific
characteristics, signs and peculiarities of the term (R.A.Budagov, V.P.Danilenko,
B.N.Golovin, V.M.Leichik, L.A.Kapanadze, K.A.Levkovskaya and others). The
greatest consequence of these stages in the development of terminology was the
convergence of practitioners-terminologists (standardizers, creators of IPS
1
Lotte D.S. “How to work on Terminology (in Russian)” - Nauka, Moscow, 1968
2
Lotte D.S. “How to work on Terminology (in Russian)” - Nauka, Moscow, 1968
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terminology software) and terminologists-linguists
In the second half of the twentieth century the dynamic development of
terminology continued. Cognitive issues are increasingly the subject of research,
and the practical aspects of this subject are being actively developed. At the
beginning of the 21st century, the development of terminology in Russia was
primarily the exchange of scientific paradigm and the emergence of cognitive
approaches to linguistics in general and terminology in particular.
Analysis and results:
From today we study existing approaches to the
definition of terms and we can classify them as follows.
1.
The normative approach
As shown above, Lotte D.S. was the founder of this approach, describing the
term as "a word, or accompanying word, that has a special meaning, which
expresses and shapes professional understanding, and is used in the process of
knowledge and learning of scientific and vocational objects".
” He has developed
a number of requirements for the term:
meaning, clarity, systematicness,
motivation, and shortness.
According to Lotte, proponents of the normative approach (Korshunov
S.I.,
)have expanded the list of requirements for the term, and noted in their "Short
Methodical Guide to the Development and Regulation of Scientific and Technical
Terminology".
Thus, the proponents of this approach regard the term as a static element,
not a dynamic element of the language, which is why it has been called the "ideal
term" in linguistic literature. However, this theory has since been severely
criticized. For example, in some works there have been attempts to prove that the
term is not always meaningful, that it can express a number of concepts and at the
same time enter different systems of terminology, and so on. The term
requirements are discussed in detail in the next section.
3
.Leychik V.M. Terminologiya lingvisticheskaya / V.M. Leychik // Russkiy yazik. Ensiklopediya
4
Lotte D.S. How to work on Terminology (in Russian) - Nauka, Moscow, 1968, P. 22
5
Коршунов
С
.
И
.
Синонимы
в
технической
терминологии
,
Известия
. -
Москва, 1952
. C - 10
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2.
Functional (descriptive) approach
The founder of this approach is another famous scientist - Vinokur G.O.,
who claimed that "terms are not separate words, but words of a particular
function.
” At the same time, he explained that the word is a special function that
emerges as a term - naming function. Vinokur G.O. opposed his approach to the
normative approach: the term, As Lotte argues, is studied not in the field of
registration, but in its function and application as a dynamic element of the system
which is susceptible to continuous change. As a consequence, all the Lotte-based
term requirements lose their relevance: as an element of the language system, the
term may change, alter, lose its meaning, have a number of synonyms, antonym,
or move to a category of common vocabulary.
3.
Systematic approach
Proponents of this approach emphasize the fact that the term exists within a
regulated system: “When you know the term, you know its place in the system.
When you know its place in the system, you know the term.
” Most modern
researchers consider temperament as the basis for the study of the term. For
example, some scholars understand the term "word (phrase), which is an integral
part of the notion of the sign, and of the relevant concepts in this system of
understanding of science and technology.
”; others see it as "a word or phrase of a
special language section designed to accurately represent specific concepts in the
system of science and technology.
” At the same time, they say, "the term taken
separately is only what it really is - nothing. It exists only in a system of terms and
is associated with certain relations. Tatarinov V.A. also advocates a similar view,
suggesting that terms create a closed system.
” Thus, the systematic assimilation
6
Vinokur. G.O. On the phenomena of word formation in Russian technical terminology. Trudy MIFLIV, 1959, C.
3–54
7
Юшманов Н.В. Элементы международной терминологии, Словарь-справочник. Москва, 1968. С.14
8
Кулебакин В.С, Климовицкий Я.А. Работы по построению научно - технической терминологии в СССР,
Москва, 1970. С.19-20
9
Городецкий
Б.Ю.,
Раскин
В.В. Методы семантического исследования ограниченного подъязыка. М. ,
1971. С. 47
10 Татаринов В.А. Теория терминоведения, Москва, 1996
Yangi O'zbekiston taraqqiyotida tadqiqotlarni o'rni va rivojlanish omillari
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of the term is a prerequisite for its description.
Within the approaches outlined above, certain differences in interpretation
of the term can be highlighted. For example, some authors describe the term as
having a definition in it: "the word performs a nominative or definitive function,
that is, or is a definitive tool, and then it is simply a sign, or it is a logical definition,
and it is a scientific term.
”. The academic term emphasizes that the concept is not
as simple as the word, but rather that the concept is defined according to it.
Furthermore, in the dictionaries, the term is not interpreted but described, and the
meaning of the term is the definition of the concept, the definition of which is
defined accordingly. In other words, if there is no definition, the term itself will not
exist.
V.M Leychik also supports this view:
1) The same term may have more than one definition of its meaning; in
interdisciplinary borrowing, a word from general language or a term from another
subject field is borrowed and assigned a new concept.
For example:
“memory” – capacity of the human brain; “memory” –
temporary storage capacity of a computer, “mouse” – small rodent; “mouse” –
computer/operator interface device.
2) The expression of the term in the language may not be uniform;
3) There are many concepts in specific areas that do not have definitions
which are not expressed by language means.
Conclusion:
Considering the theoretical difficulties associated with the
definition of what is terminology and the general conditions for the existence of
technical terms, the conclusion might be drawn that this subject should best be left
in the hands of the subject experts of each field of knowledge who have to resolve
problems of naming and systematic classification, or alternatively that is should
become the responsibility of language planners and organizations charged with
standardization or other regulation of language. However, since it is largely for
11. Виноградов В, В. Из истории русской литературной лексики / / Вестник МГУ, 1947. С.12-13
Yangi O'zbekiston taraqqiyotida tadqiqotlarni o'rni va rivojlanish omillari
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sociolinguistic reasons that a specific autonomous activity of terminology has
come into being, it appears necessary to explore the history of this activity and the
various areas of knowledge that contribute to the constitution of what is now
increasingly being considered an independent discipline.
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