American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
31
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
31-36
10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue04-08
Using the Modern Method in Determination of The
Irrigation Regime of Cotton in The Republic of
Karakalpakstan
Matyakubov Bakhtiyar Shamuratovich
Professor of National Research University "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers", Uzbekistan
Tlegenova Arzayim Maratovna
Doctoral student of Karakalpak Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Uzbekistan
Received:
28 February 2025;
Accepted:
29 March 2025;
Published:
30 April 2025
Abstract:
The article presents data on cotton irrigation planning, taking into account soil and hydrogeological
conditions, natural and climatic factors of the region, and the cultivated variety. The study was conducted in
response to the year-on-year increase in water scarcity in the Republic, including the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
Existing meteorological indicators and the FAO methodology “CropWat 8.0” program were used to plan cotton
irrigation based on water demand. The scientifically based irrigation regime for cotton, developed by N.F.Bespalov
based on the standard hydromodular zoning scale, according to the recommendations of scientists who
conducted research in the conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, provides for irrigation of cotton during
the growing season in the northern zone: 3400 (IX) - 6400 (I) m3/ha and in the southern zone: 3800 (IX) - 7000 (I)
m3/ha. Within the framework of FAO's
“
CropWat 8.0
“
methodology program, the cotton irrigation regime is
planned using meteorological data from the region.
Keywords:
Republic of Karakalpakstan, cotton, FAO methodology, "CropWat 8.0" program, soil, hydrogeology,
irrigation regime, hydromodular area, irrigation rate.
Introduction:
According to the forecasts made as a
result of the analytical study of scientific research by
scientists, by 2080 it is expected that, despite the
efficient use of irrigation water, appropriate
experiments will be carried out to meet the water
needs of crops. The observation of water scarcity
worldwide, changes in the form of precipitation, global
warming of air temperature, and ensuring adequate
water supply for the growing season of crops are of
great importance. Currently, the observation of high
temperatures, hail, extreme heat, low precipitation,
and extreme weather events during drought periods
have limited the possibilities of irrigated areas for
growing agricultural crops. With a further increase in
air temperature, river runoff decreased, as a result of
which the influence on rivers and small streams
became relatively significant, and the variability of
runoff in all basins increased. None of the considered
climate warming scenarios predict an increase in
available water resources; under the conditions of the
expected climate warming, an increase in total
evaporation will cause an increase in water losses in
irrigated areas, which will require additional water
consumption. [1, 2].
Climate change leads to 10-15% more water
evaporation from water surfaces, and 10-20% more
water consumption due to evaporation from plants and
increased irrigation rates. This leads to an increase in
non-renewable water consumption by an average of
18%. Assessment of the possible increase in water
consumption on irrigated lands due to climate change
(water consumption of various crops, losses, changes in
the melioration state of lands) is one of the urgent tasks
of today. [3, 4].
The main water source of the Republic of
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
Karakalpakstan is the Amu Darya River, the lower part
of which is located in the Aral Sea. [5, 6].
In the water management sector of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, an extremely serious and high
shortage of irrigation water is observed year after year,
and due to the growing demand for water for
agricultural crops, including cotton, as a result of
climate change, the efficient use of water in agriculture
remains a priority area. Periodic data on the analysis of
precipitation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan show
that the amount of precipitation in the northern and
southern regions for 2024 is 67-77 mm [7]. Therefore,
determining the water requirements of agricultural
crops, including cotton, in various climatic and soil-
hydrogeological conditions of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan based on the FAO methodology using
the "CropWat 8.0" program is one of the urgent tasks.
METHODS
The water demand of crops was determined by the
Penman-Monteth method of evapotranspiration (ET0)
of individual agroecological units based on the
"SropWat 8.0" program developed by FAO [8]. The
research used methods of system analysis and
mathematical statistics, as well as the "Methods of
Conducting Field Experiments" of the Research
Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization
[9].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hydromodular zoning of irrigated lands of the Republic
of Karakalpakstan was carried out (Table 1). For each
hydromodular region, a scientifically based irrigation
regime for cotton was developed according to the
"SropWat 8.0" program. Currently, developing cotton
irrigation regimes and water distribution planning using
modern computer programs is relevant in conditions of
increasing water scarcity observed year after year [10,
11].
Table 3
Regime of cotton irrigation by hydro-modular regions in the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Hydromodula
r region
Number of
irrigations,
times
Irrigation
norms,
m3/ha
Seasonal
irrigation
rates
Irrigation timing
beginning
ending
Northern region
I
8
700-1100
6400
24 V
4 IX
II
8
500-1000
6000
26 V
8 IX
III
8
600-850
5250
24 V
19 VII
IV
7
600-1000
5900
3 V
24 VIII
V
7
500-850
4900
26 IV
14 VIII
VI
7
600-800
4500
18 V
18 VIII
VII
7
600-700
4700
25 V
30 VIII
VIII
6
500-700
3550
28 V
22 VIII
IX
8
400-500
3400
31 V
26 VIII
Southern region
I
9
700-1000
7000
24V
21VIII
II
8
650-1000
6400
24V
26VIII
III
10
600-800
6200
24V
25VIII
IV
9
700-800
6700
20V
21VIII
V
7
650-1000
5200
1VI
1IX
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
VI
8
650-750
5800
2VI
21VIII
VII
7
750-850
5400
2VI
23VIII
VIII
5
650-850
3600
4VI
20VIII
IX
6
650-800
3800
6VI
21VIII
In the Republic of Karakalpakstan, when developing the
irrigation regime using the "CropWat 8.0" program of
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
methodology using meteorological indicators, the soil-
hydrogeological and natural-climatic conditions of the
region were taken into account.
Data on the natural and climatic conditions of the
Republic of Karakalpakstan were obtained from the
"Nukus" weather station and used for water use
planning. Location coordinates of the "Nukus" weather
station (State: Uzb 2024 Height of the station relative
to the Baltic Sea: 77 m; Latitude: 42.45 °C; Length:
59.62 °V) and the required air temperature (maximum
and minimum temperature), relative humidity, amount
of precipitation, wind were formed (Tables 2 and 3) and
fully loaded into the program and launched.
Table-2
Water consumption of cotton for the northern territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
Months
Air
temperature, 0C
Relative
humidity,
%
Wind
speed,
m/s
Precipitation,
mm
Sunshine
duration, days
ЕТ
о
mm/day
Мах
Min
January
3,9
-3,8
74
2,4
3,2
3,6
0,76
February
9,6
-1,5
66
2,9
7,6
5,6
1,64
March
16,4
1,7
37
3,3
5,2
8,9
3,63
April
21,8
8,9
43
2,9
33,3
8,9
4,55
May
30,9
17,3
37
2,8
18,2
11,0
6,83
June
35,6
20,3
22
2,7
0,0
12,7
8,49
July
37,0
22,7
29
2,7
3,2
12,7
8,53
August
32,6
19,0
34
2,6
0,7
11,8
6,85
September
25,8
11,3
33
2,6
0,0
11,2
5,01
October
19,5
3,1
38
1,9
0,0
9,6
2,69
November
7,3
-4,7
55
2,1
3,6
6,3
1,21
December
-2,0
-12,0
72
2,2
2,0
5,7
0,50
Average
19,9
6,8
45
2,6
77,0
9,0
4,22
Source: Annual report of the Hydrometeorological Center.
Table-3
Water consumption of cotton for the southern territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
Months
Air temperature,
0C
Relative
humidity, %
Wind
speed,
m/s
Precipitation,
mm
Sunshine
duration, days
ЕТ
о
mm/day
Мах
Min
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
January
4,5
-3,1
66
1,4
0,9
3,6
0,76
February
10,0
-0,6
64
1,6
7,3
5,6
1,35
March
17,0
3,3
48
1,8
5,4
8,9
2,81
April
23,2
10,2
46
1,7
7,9
8,9
4,12
May
31,3
18,2
41
2,0
29
11,0
6,11
June
36,4
21,3
30
1,7
0,0
12,7
7,31
July
37,5
24,5
30
1,8
4,2
12,7
7,45
August
33,2
19,6
36
1,7
2,0
11,8
6,05
September
26,6
12,7
41
1,8
0,0
11,2
4,34
October
19,8
4,9
46
1,7
0,0
9,6
2,55
Novembe
r
7,8
-3,5
57
1,7
9,3
6,3
1,17
December
-1,2
-9,9
66
1,7
1
5,7
0,55
Average
20,5
8,1
48
1,7
67
9,0
3,71
Source: Data from the Hydrometeorological Service Center.
Data on the amount of evapotranspiration,
precipitation, amount of useful precipitation,
maximum and minimum air temperature, relative
humidity, wind speed, duration of solar radiation, and
radiation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan in 2024
were included in the program. Using the program, the
following works were carried out, namely, the current
and future level of development of the effective use of
irrigation water, determining the criteria for water use
in the process of reducing water supply through water
conservation, the influence of irrigation water on crop
yields, and the rational use of available water resources
were determined.
Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using the
Penman-Monteth formula (Tables 2 and 3) [8].
(1)
ЕТ
о
- reference evapotranspiration [mm/day-
1
];
R
n
- net radiation reaching the plant surface [MJ m-
2
day-
1
];
G - density of heat flow in the soil, [MJ m-
2
day-1];
Т - average daily air temperature at an altitude of 2 m above the ground level [°C];
u
2
- wind speed at an altitude of 2 m above ground level [ms-
1
];
е
s
- saturated vapor pressure [kPa];
е
а
- actual pressure of actual steam[kPa];
(е
s
-е
а
)vapor saturation pressure deficit [kPa];
Δ - steam pressure gradient curve [kPa °C-1];
- psychrometric stability (constant) [kPa °C-
1
] [8].
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
Solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere and heat
emitted from the earth increase the air temperature.
Sensitive heating of the surrounding air provides the
crop with energy and affects the evaporation rate. In
sunny warm weather, water loss from evaporation is
greater than in cloudy and cool weather.
As mentioned above, reference evapotranspiration
was calculated using the "SropWat 8" program based
on meteorological station data near the research object
in the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
The irrigation regime for cotton in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan is presented in Table 2. Crop
coefficients were developed and adopted based on
values recommended by the "Scientific Research
Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems" [12]. The
water demand of cotton in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, depending on the hydromodular
region of the region, for the organization of irrigation
during the season, in the northern zone: 3400 (IX) -
6400 (I) m3/ha, and in the southern zone: 3800 (IX) -
7000 (I) m3/ha (Table 1). In short-term crops, especially
in the dry regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the
cotton's water demand during the growing season was
high, since the indicators of the meteorological station
in the area where these studies were conducted were
very high and precipitation was very low. Experiments
conducted in the conditions of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, as well as the "SropWat 8.0" program,
presented by the international FAO methodology, were
analyzed in adaptation to local conditions.
Using the "CropWat 8.0" program of the FAO
methodology, seasonal irrigation norms for cotton
were developed for the objects of research. Based on
this, the seasonal irrigation norms recommended by
Professor N.F. Bespalov for cotton cultivation and
developed by scientists of the Tashkent Institute of
Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
National Research Institute were compared, and a
correlation coefficient coordinate system was
developed.
The correlation coefficient in cotton cultivation was
R2=0,922 for the northern region and R2=0,9804 for
the southern region. Each pair of values is denoted by
a certain symbol, and these indicators are presented in
Figures 1 and 2. It was established that the change in
the coordinate axes "Y" and "X" has the following
relationship (2, 3).
y = 0,6429 X + 0,7152
(2)
y = 0,6594 X + 0,6452
(3)
Using the "SropWat 8" program, an irrigation regime
for cotton grown in the Republic of Karakalpakstan was
developed. With the help of the program, irrigation
timing, timing, and irrigation rates were determined,
taking into account the cotton's water requirements for
the growing season.
Figure 1. Coefficient of
correlation of crop water
consumption
in
the
northern region
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
Figure 2. Correlation
coefficient of water
consumption of crops
for the southern region
CONCLUSION
1. Using the "CropWat 8.0" program, reference
evapotranspiration was determined for the research
object.
2. Using the FAO CropWat 8.0 program, a scientifically
based irrigation regime for cotton grown in the
southern and northern regions of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan has been developed.
3. It was established that the correlation coefficient of
the seasonal irrigation rate of cotton for the
hydromodular
regions
of
the
Republic
of
Karakalpakstan is R2=0,922 for the northern zone and
R2=0,9804 for the southern zone.
4. Seasonal irrigation norms for cotton in the Republic
of Karakalpakstan by hydromodular regions were 3300-
5900 m3 per hectare.
5. According to the hydromodular regions, the
irrigation rate of cotton in the northern zone was 500-
1100 m3 (netto) and the number of irrigations was 6-8,
while in the southern zone it was 600-1000 m3 (netto)
and the number of irrigations was 6-10.
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