American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
137
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue 06 2025
PAGE NO.
137-143
10.37547/ajast/Volume05Issue06-29
Features of Obtaining Magnesial Binders from Various
Raw Materials
L.B. Kabulova
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Uzbekistan
A. Sadikova
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Uzbekistan
Received:
27 April 2025;
Accepted:
23 May 2025;
Published:
30 June 2025
Abstract:
Background. Magnesium is used as a binding material to create magnesium-containing magnesium alloys.
Purpose. The thermal decomposition of magnesian rocks resulting from the thermal decomposition of magnesian
rocks leads to the occurrence of thermal processes, as a result of which magnesian rocks lose their energy and turn
into magnesian rocks.
Methodology. Assessment and geological study of the suitability of magnesium-containing rocks for obtaining high-
quality magnesium binders for construction purposes.
Scientific novelty. Principles of rational use of Uzbekistan's magnesium raw materials for the production of
magnesium binders and construction materials based on them.
The obtained data. Obtaining a magnesium binder based on highly active dolomites, brusites, and magnesites
allows for significant economic and environmental benefits.
Keywords:
Magnesian binders, magnesite, brucite, dolomite.
Features:
- use of widespread magnesium raw materials;
- expand the raw material base for the production of binding agents.
Introduction:
In world practice, magnesian rocks and their
processed products are used in various industries:
metallurgical, construction, refractory, glass, ceramic,
chemical, as well as in agriculture. Magnesium raw
materials include minerals and rocks (magnesites,
dolomites, dunites, serpentinites, magnesian skarns,
brucite marbles, talcites, potassium-magnesium
salts) that are sources of industrial magnesium
compounds.
The mineral resource potential of Western
Uzbekistan in relation to magnesian raw materials is
primarily represented by magmatic formations of
basic and ultrabasic composition, among which
magnesites, dolomites, serpentinites are the most
widely distributed in the area. [1].
Due to modern trends in construction production,
which involve the rational use of energy and non-
renewable natural resources, there is a growing
interest among scientists and manufacturers in
mineral binders based on magnesian rocks. All
magnesium binders are obtained by thermal
treatment of magnesium raw materials. When
studying rocks intended for use as active mineral
additives to building materials, it is necessary to
determine their hydraulic activity.
Magnesian binders are finely dispersed powders, the
main active component of which is free magnesium
oxide. Magnesium binders have enormous potential,
as products based on them have the ability to quickly
gain high strength without heat treatment, high
technological efficiency, resistance to petroleum
products, fungi, bacteria, low wear resistance, and
lack of sparking.
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Magnesian binders are obtained from magnesium-
containing rocks (magnesite, dolomite, brusite, etc.)
by firing at appropriate temperatures.
The production of binders from high-magnesium raw
materials - magnesites of various origins and brusites
- is quite successfully developing in all countries.
Moreover, active work is underway to introduce
energy-saving technologies into production. The issue
of obtaining a magnesium binder from high-
magnesium rocks is the most studied, they are mainly
obtained by moderate firing of natural crystalline
magnesites, brusites, and dolomites at temperatures
of 800...1000°C. [3].
METHODS
Assessment and geological study of the suitability of
magnesium-containing rocks for obtaining high-
quality magnesium binders for construction
purposes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Magnesite is a mineral from the carbonate class, the
calcite group, representing magnesium carbonate
(MgCO3) with theoretical composition MgO-47.62%
and CO2-52.38%, with isomorphic impurities - often
Fe, less often Mn, Ca. Depending on the impurities,
the color of the rock changes from white to black. The
hardness on the Mohs scale is 3.5...4.5, and the
density is 3g/cm3. During the firing of magnesite,
thermal dissociation of magnesium carbonate occurs
according to the scheme: MgCO3 = MgO + CO2
Magnesian rocks are composed of large or fine-
crystalline magnesite with impurities of dolomite,
calcite, quartz, pyrite, iron hydroxides, talc. The total
amount of reserves of the A+B+C1 category (explored
deposits) is 800 million tons, the C2 category
(unexplored, identified outside the explored areas of
deposits based on the interpretation of their
geological structure by analogy with similar,
thoroughly explored deposits) is 1776 million tons,
and the off-balance reserves of magnesite are 228
million tons. [4].
In Uzbekistan, one of the raw materials for obtaining
magnesium or magnesium chloride compounds can
be the talc stone of the Zinelbuloq deposit located in
the Sultanuvays district of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan. It is considered the only talc stone
deposit in Central Asia, with reserves estimated at
approximately 450 million tons, according to
geologists [4]. Therefore, the interest in studying this
mineral and obtaining magnesium chloride is very
relevant. Magnesium oxide is a key component in the
production of refractory materials. The mineral
composition of Zinelbuloq talcomagnesites is
promising for their use as a priority raw material for
the production of magnesium-containing products.
The main minerals are talc and magnesite with a high
content of magnesium (up to 31.7% by mass) and
iron. These minerals have favorable morphological
and strength characteristics, do not contain toxic
substances, and are ideal raw materials for multi-
industry use. The results of research on the firing of
talcomagnesite at temperatures of 500-700°C,
hydrochloric acid leaching to obtain magnesium
chloride and chlorate from Zinelbuloq ore are
presented.
A unique magnesian raw material is brucite. Brusite
is a mineral from the hydroxyl group, with a chemical
composition (Mg (OH) 2) and a theoretical content of
MgO-69.1%, H2O-30.9%. Magnesium can partially
replace Fe2+ or Mn2+ (ferro- and manganobrusites).
The color of brucite is white, gray, greenish, yellowish,
or brownish, depending on the impurities. Moos
hardness is 2.5, density is 2.4 g/cm3. During the heat
treatment of the mineral brucite, its dehydration
process occurs according to the following scheme: Mg
(OH) 2 = MgO + H2O
Due to the high content of MgO and the absence of
CO2 in its composition, the technological processing
of brucite is more environmentally friendly than that
of magnesite, however, industrial-scale brucite
deposits are very rare. Brusites are a widespread
mineral. In Uzbekistan, only one medium-sized
Kumyshkan deposit with 4 million tons of category
reserves and 6 million tons of off-balance reserves is
accounted for by the state reserve balance. The
brusites of the Kumushkan deposit in the Tashkent
region have a bright white color and are of high
quality. The rock also contains impurities such as
dolomite, calcite, magnesite, quartzite, serpentines,
hydromagnesite, and others, which can drastically
reduce the quality of the raw material. [2, 4].
The main share of magnesites and brusites is in
demand and is practically fully used in more
profitable industries for the production of
refractories, metallic magnesium, plastics, paper, in
the chemical industry, etc. Moreover, the uneven
distribution of magnesite and brusite deposits in
Uzbekistan necessitates the transportation of raw
materials or binder over long distances, which is
associated with a significant increase in the cost of
both the binder itself and the materials based on it.
Throughout
the
20th
century,
researchers
periodically addressed the issue of obtaining a binder
from dolomites - the most common magnesium raw
material in Russia, Europe, and Asia. But all attempts
were mainly limited to laboratory tests. Recently, due
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
to the introduction of energy- and resource-saving
technologies in all industries, there has been an
increased interest in studying the possibility of
obtaining a magnesium binder from dolomites by
industry, both in our country and abroad. [4].
Dolomite, a mineral from the carbonate group, is a
double carbonate of calcium and magnesium CaMg
(CO3) 2. In its crystal lattice, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
alternate along the triple axis. Dolomite is grayish-
white, sometimes with a yellowish, brownish, or
greenish tinge. Moos scale hardness is 3.5...4, density
is 2.8...2.9 g/cm3. [2, 4].
The dolomites of Western Uzbekistan are confined to
Paleozoic and Mesocainozoic deposits. The mineral
resource base of dolomites is represented by
numerous deposits and occurrences in the Central
Kyzylkum, Malguzar, and Nurota Mountains.
The main consumer of dolomite is metallurgy, which
uses dolomite refractories in large quantities. The
quality of the consumed raw materials is determined
primarily by the content of magnesium, silicon,
aluminum, and iron oxides. The corresponding quality
requirements of the refractory industry are of
particular industrial interest, as they can be obtained
by firing periclase as the main component of
magnesian refractory products, which has the highest
refractory properties within 2000°C.
The leading role of dolomite application is
substantiated by the presence of a significant number
of deposits and manifestations of this type of mineral
in the republic. About forty dozen promising dolomite
resources are known (within 10 of them accounting
for the region under consideration), containing more
than 20% magnesium oxide. By comparing the
chemical compositions of the studied dolomites with
such developed deposits in Russia (Shelkovskoye,
Bilimbayevskoye, Nikitovskoye) [4, 5], it was
established that the dolomites of Western Uzbekistan
meet the first grade of quality in the raw materials
used. Chemical composition of dolomites, in %): SiO2-
0.22; Fe2O3 - 0.62; MnO-0.11; Al2O3 - 0.67; CaO -
29.63; MgO - 21.8; P2O5-0.05; SO3-0.01, which
indicates a high magnesium content suitable for the
production of magnesian energy-efficient building
materials.
Method of obtaining magnesian binders
Obtaining a magnesium binder was carried out by
hydration and roasting of the initial raw materials.
The process included the following stages:
1. Raw material firing: The temperature range of 600-
1200°C was investigated with a holding time of 1.5-2
hours.
2. Hydration of the fired material: The fired raw
material was mixed with water in a liquid/solid ratio
of 0.3 to 0.6.
3. Adding modifying additives: Chloride and sulfate
salts were used in an amount of 5-10% of the binder's
mass to regulate setting times and strength
characteristics.
4. Molding and hardening of the samples: The
prepared paste was poured into 40×40×40 mm molds
and kept at a temperature of 20°C and a humidity of
95% for 24 hours.
Initial materials and their preparation
Various types of raw materials, including natural
magnesium minerals (bischofite, caustic magnesite)
and technogenic waste containing magnesium, were
used for the research. The initial materials were pre-
dried at a temperature of 105-110°C to a constant
mass, after which they were ground to a fraction of
less than 0.1 mm.
These data can be useful in selecting the appropriate
composition of the magnesium binder based on the
required properties (strength, heat resistance, setting
time, etc.).
Table 1
Here is an expanded table with external parameters, porosity
№
experiments
Bischofit
(%)
Caustic
magnesite
(%)
Technogeni
c waste (%)
Density
(g/cm3)
)
Compressiv
e strength
(MPa)
Shrinkag
e time
(min)
Porosit
y (%)
Therma
l
stability
(°C)
МВ 1
50
30
20
1.
25
40
18
850
МВ 2
4
4
20
1.90
28
3
16
900
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№
experiments
Bischofit
(%)
Caustic
magnesite
(%)
Technogeni
c waste (%)
Density
(g/cm3)
)
Compressiv
e strength
(MPa)
Shrinkag
e time
(min)
Porosit
y (%)
Therma
l
stability
(°C)
МВ 3
30
50
20
1.95
30
30
15
950
МВ 4
60
20
20
1.80
2
45
20
800
MV
1 has a high bisophyte content, but low density
and compressive strength. Optimal component ratio.
Average porosity (18%) and good heat resistance
(850°C). High strength (25 MPa). A device for general-
purpose construction materials. MV 2 is characterized
by a low content of bisophyte and caustic magnesite,
but high density and rapid setting time. There may be
an error in the data (bischofite and magnesite by 4%
or 40%?). High strength (28 MPa), but too fast setting
(3 minutes) causes discomfort in operation. Good
heat resistance (900°C). MV 3 demonstrates optimal
component balance, high strength, and heat
resistance. Maximum heat resistance (950°C),
strength (30 MPa), and high porosity (15%). A device
for refractory materials and high-temperature
applications. MV 4 has a high bisophyte content, but
low compressive strength and heat resistance. High
bischofite content (60%) led to a decrease in strength
(2 MPa). High porosity (20%) reduces mechanical
resistance. Can be used as a thermal insulation
material.
Fig.1. Analysis of experimental compositions
These data can be useful in selecting the appropriate
composition of the magnesium binder based on the
required properties (strength, heat resistance, setting
time, etc.).
Research methods
To assess the properties of the obtained magnesium
binder, the following methods were used:
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Fig.2. X-ray phase analysis (XPA) - for determining the phase composition.
18° (2
θ
) - Hydrated phases of magnesium (Mg (OH) 2, brushite)
28° (2
θ
) - MgCO3 (magnesite)
32° (2
θ
) - MgO (periclase)
40° (2
θ
) - MgCl2·6H2O (bisophyte)
50° (2
θ
) - MgSO4·H2O (epsomite)
58° (2θ)
- MgO residual phases
Fig.3. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) - for the study of heat resistance.
100-200°C - Loss of adsorbed water.
300-400°C - Decomposition of hydrated phases (Mg
(OH) 2 → MgO + H2O).
600-800°C -
Decarbonization of magnesite (MgCO3 →
MgO + CO2).
900-1100°C - Crystallization of periclase MgO.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) - to study the
mass loss of samples depending on temperature.
100-200°C - Loss of adsorbed water (~2%).
300-400°C - Decomposition of hydroxides (~5%).
600-800°C - Decarbonization of MgCO3 (~15%).
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900-1100°C - Completion of volatile component
removal (~20%).
Strength tests - measuring compressive strength after
3, 7, and 28 days of hardening.
Determination of water resistance - testing of
samples for stability in water at a temperature of 20°C
for 28 days.
The research results were processed using statistical
methods using software, analyzing the average values
and standard deviations of the strength, water
resistance, and phase composition parameters.
Table 2
Minimal strength, water resistance
Structure
3-day
strength
(MPa)
7 day
strength
(MPa)
Strength of
28 days
(MPa)
Water resistance
(%)
МВ 1
12.5
18.7
25.3
92.1
МВ 2
10.8
16.5
22.9
89.4
МВ 3
14.2
20.1
27.5
95.2
МВ 4
11.3
17.4
24.0
91.0
Data analysis:
1. Strength:
o The composition MV 3 exhibits the highest strength
at all stages (3, 7 and 28 days).
The composition MV 2 has the lowest strength.
o All compositions show an increase in strength over
time, which is characteristic of binding materials.
2. Water resistance:
o The highest water resistance is observed in
composition MV 3 (95.2%).
o The lowest water resistance is observed in
composition MV 2 (89.4%).
o All compositions have water resistance above 89%,
indicating their suitability for use in high humidity
conditions.
Figure 4. Strength and water resistance of compositions
• MV 3 is the most optimal composition for strength
and water resistance.
• MV 2
has the lowest performance indicators, which
may limit its use in high loads or humidity conditions.
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• MV 1 and MV 4 demonstrate average indicators and
can be used in less demanding conditions.
Based on the conducted research, the optimal
composition of the magnesium binder is MB 3, as it
has the highest compressive strength after 28 days
(27.5 MPa), as well as good heat and water resistance
indicators. This composition ensures a balanced
combination of phase composition and mechanical
properties, making it the most promising for practical
application.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the issue of obtaining a magnesium binder from
high-magnesium rocks is the most studied. The
production of a magnesium binder based on highly
active dolomites, brusites, and magnesites allows
achieving significant economic and environmental
benefits both by reducing the firing temperature and
the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
and can also be used as a promising raw material for
the production of building materials of various
purposes.
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