Vol. 5 No. 06 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 06

Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, has gained significant attention due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and multifunctional properties. Traditionally extracted from animal sources such as crustacean shells, plant-derived chitosan from fungi and mushrooms is emerging as a promising alternative. This article presents a comprehensive comparison of chitosan derived from animal and plant sources, focusing on structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and biomedical applications. Analytical techniques including FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD, are reviewed to highlight differences and similarities. The findings indicate the potential for tailored biomedical applications based on the chitosan source, with implications for sustainable development and medical innovation.

In an era of rapid technological advancement and global market fluctuations, traditional management approaches are proving insufficient. This paper investigates innovative management practices (IMPs) that contribute to sustainable organizational development. Using a mixed-methods approach—quantitative surveys of mid-level managers and qualitative interviews with executives across three industries — we examine how practices such as agile leadership, design thinking, data-driven decision-making, and decentralized structures enhance adaptability, employee engagement, and long-term performance. The findings suggest that organizations that actively implement IMPs experience up to 27% higher operational efficiency and a 35% increase in innovation output. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by offering a framework for embedding innovation into core management processes.

This article analyzes the importance and advantages of automating the process of renting bridal dresses. It discusses how automated systems can simplify business processes, provide customer convenience, and increase efficiency. The article explores technological solutions for automation, opportunities provided to users, and advanced practices in this field.

This article critically explores the growing challenges posed by traditional long-form standardized language tests such as the IELTS and TOEFL in the context of increasing diagnoses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the shorter attention spans characteristic of Gen Z and Gen Alpha learners. Drawing on cognitive science, educational psychology, and recent innovations in assessment design, the article argues for a paradigm shift toward more inclusive, adaptive, and modular language testing formats. It concludes with a set of forward-looking recommendations, including the integration of AI-driven, focus-aware testing systems.

This article examines the methodological features of young boxer’s physical training.

Observations of a certain phenomenon, the nature of which changes over time, give rise to an ordered sequence, which is called a time series. In the article, using the method of statistical time series analysis, statistical pattern of time series ((y_t ) ̅ ) -average yield of cotton in 5-regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan(on materials of CSB of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 20-30 years). Point and interval estimates for the average cotton yield were constructed with a 95% guarantee, explicit types of trends were determined, and the yield in the region was predicted for subsequent years. Using statistical criteria of Durbin-Watson, it was found that the average yield of cotton in the region has an autocorrelation dependence. The used methods of processing and analysis of dynamic series after testing can be used in the research of masters and researchers.

The Kyzylkum Desert represents a unique and extreme ecosystem where plants depend critically on their associated microbiomes for survival and adaptation. This review explores the intricate composition, dynamic interactions, and functional roles of plant microbiomes in such harsh environments, emphasizing their ecological importance and potential applications. Despite significant progress in microbiome research, major gaps remain in understanding the specific mechanisms that enable these microbial communities to thrive under extreme abiotic stressors like high salinity, nutrient deficiency, and drought. Advanced molecular approaches, including metagenomics and 16S rRNA sequencing, are highlighted as indispensable tools for unraveling microbial diversity and functionality in desert ecosystems.

Key findings reveal the vital roles of microbial communities—bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and archaea—in enhancing nutrient acquisition, improving drought resilience, and mitigating oxidative stress in desert plants. Notably, symbiotic associations such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are crucial in facilitating plant survival in the nutrient-poor soils of the Kyzylkum Desert. Furthermore, this review underscores the unique adaptive traits of desert microbiomes, including stress-response proteins, exopolysaccharide production, and osmoprotectants, which collectively sustain plant-microbe interactions under challenging conditions.

This review integrates findings from local and international research to bridge critical knowledge gaps and underscores the potential of desert microbiomes for sustainable applications, including bioinoculants, soil health enhancement, and desertification mitigation. These insights pave the way for innovative strategies to harness microbial communities in addressing global challenges in agriculture and ecosystem restoration.

This article analyzes the role of mоdern didactic approaches and concepts in the teaching of physics. It highlights the importance of didactic principles, teaching methоds, and innovаtive technologies in developing students' scientific thinking. The paper also recommends methоdological approaches thаt can be applied to achieve effective outcomes in the current educаtional process.

This article covers the types of chemical soil pollution and the causes of their occurrence, the negative impact of industrial waste on soil composition, sources of pollution, and consequences. In particular, the influence of heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum products, and other toxic substances on the soil composition was analyzed. Also considered are the levels of pollution, environmental standards, and criteria for assessing the state of soils. Information is provided on the negative impact of these pollutants on agriculture, the environment, and human health, as well as on preventive measures.

The efficient organization of spare parts supply is a critical factor in the operational success of auto service enterprises. This article examines the key components involved in the supply chain, including inventory management, supplier selection, procurement strategies, logistics, and digital integration. It explores current challenges such as part diversity, counterfeit products, and global disruptions, and presents best practices such as demand forecasting, digital platforms, and strategic supplier collaboration. The article also includes a case study of Toyota’s spare parts distribution system to illustrate effective supply management. Ultimately, a well-structured spare parts supply system enhances service quality, reduces downtime, and improves customer satisfaction.

This article examines how Uzbekistan is integrating digital technologies with green transformation to achieve sustainable industrial development. It highlights current initiatives in renewable energy, smart agriculture, and eco-friendly manufacturing, along with key policies and partnerships supporting this shift. The article also outlines future strategies to expand digital infrastructure, green financing, and workforce development, positioning Uzbekistan as a regional model of industrial harmony.

The rapid advancement of lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology demands the development of new electrode materials to improve energy density, safety, and longevity. Inorganic materials, including transition metal oxides, silicon-based alloys, and olivine phosphates, have shown great potential as next-generation electrode candidates due to their superior electrochemical properties and structural stability. This article reviews recent progress in inorganic electrode materials, emphasizing their advantages, challenges such as volume expansion and conductivity issues, and strategies like nanostructuring and composites to enhance performance. Furthermore, the article highlights key industrial applications and future prospects, demonstrating how inorganic materials are shaping the future of energy storage.

The rapid evolution of geospatial technologies has re-shaped the epistemology of physical geography and opened new pedagogical avenues. This article investigates the didactic potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) for improving the comprehension of physical-geographical processes in higher education. A mixed-methods study was carried out with 112 first-year geography undergraduates who took part in a GIS-enhanced geomorphology module that embedded multi-temporal satellite imagery and spatial analysis tasks. Quantitative learning gains were measured with pre- and post-tests, and qualitative insights were gathered through reflective journals and semi-structured interviews. Results indicate a statistically significant improvement in conceptual understanding, spatial reasoning, and transfer of knowledge to field contexts. Students reported greater engagement and a shift from rote memorisation towards inquiry-based problem-solving. The findings corroborate recent research that positions GIS and RS as catalysts for higher-order thinking and scientific literacy in geography education, while also revealing infrastructural and methodological challenges that need to be addressed to unlock their full didactic potential.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical and laboratory diagnostics of viral hepatitis types (A, B, C, D, E) in children, methods for evaluating viral load, and the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) models for prognosis. It discusses the use of machine learning algorithms like LSTM, GRU, and random forest for analyzing, forecasting, and classifying hepatitis dynamics based on viral load data obtained through serological and molecular testing. Key aspects such as data preparation, platforms, and clinical integration of AI models are also considered.

This article presents a comprehensive comparative study of chitosan extracted from Apis mellifera (honeybee) and fungal (Agaricus bisporus) sources. It explores their structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and biomedical applicability. Using FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD analyses, as well as evaluations of degree of deacetylation (DDA), solubility, and antimicrobial activity, the article identifies key similarities and differences. This study supports tailored applications of each chitosan type in targeted biomedical fields.

A study investigating the role of cathepsin D (CTSD) in neuroprotection has provided compelling evidence of its critical importance in preventing neurodegenerative processes.

The central idea of the work is that overexpression of CTSD can compensate for the deficiency of this enzyme caused by genetic knockout, thereby preventing the development of lethal consequences and the accumulation of amyloid plaques characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Lysosomes, intracellular organelles, play a key role in the degradation of proteins and other cellular components, thereby ensuring cellular homeostasis. Cathepsins, including CTSD, are the most important lysosomal proteases responsible for the breakdown of various substrates, including toxic protein aggregates. CTSD deficiency in humans leads to the development of neurolipofuscinosis (NCL), a group of severe inherited neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in nerve cells and progressive neuronal damage. This disease demonstrates a direct link between lysosomal protease deficiency and the development of neurodegeneration.

This article discusses the synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan from various molecules. The mass of chitosan, including low mass, has been determined in multivariate tests and averages 50–190 kDa, with a median size of 210–300 kDa and higher. Regarding antioxidant and moisturizing properties, carboxymethyl chitosan improved water solubility by 96%, 90%, and 89%, respectively. Natural chitosan resulted in the enhancement of the viscosity properties of carboxymethyl with higher molecular weight. As for the antioxidant properties, the radical scavenging activity values were 1.70 and 1.37 mg/mL, and thus the molecule had high antioxidant radical scavenging properties. Distilled water, propylene glycol, and pure Chitosan of three molecular weights have lower solubility and weaker antioxidant activity than carboxymethyl.

The passenger transportation services market of Uzbekistan has travelled a long trajectory from the post-Soviet contraction of the early 1990s to the multi-modal, digitally mediated ecosystem observed today. Drawing on official statistics, ministerial reports and corporate disclosures for the period 2018-2024, this article reconstructs the formation phase of the market and identifies the key drivers of its current development trends. Quantitative analysis reveals a compound annual growth rate of 3 % in total passenger journeys during 2018-2024, strong surges in metro and air ridership, measured gains for rail, and rapid formalisation of taxi services through ride-hailing platforms. Qualitative examination situates those trends within the wider context of government liberalisation policies, infrastructure investment and the diffusion of digital technologies. The discussion highlights unresolved challenges such as the persistent dominance of private automobiles, capacity constraints in urban transit, and the environmental cost of a road-oriented modal split. Recommendations are offered on data-driven regulation, fiscal incentives for public transport and strategic human-capital development.

This article will study the functional, hygienic and aesthetic characteristics of special clothing models that are recommended for preschool children. Model solutions that ensure children's freedom of movement, safety and comfort are analyzed.

This study investigates the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of indigenous microorganisms present in soil and water sources within the industrial zone of the Shargun coal mine in Surkhandarya region. Physiological and enzymatic activities, metabolic adaptability, and carbon-assimilation capacities of the isolated strains were evaluated in nutrient media containing coal as the sole carbon source. Bacillus simplex, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens demonstrated high growth rates, substantial protein synthesis, and notable hydrolytic activity towards complex substrates (starch, cellulose, tannin). These findings indicate that the isolated strains can be effectively employed for bioindication and bioremediation of soils contaminated with coal and coal-derived waste in industrial areas.

This paper provides a comprehensive examination of cogeneration power plants, also known as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, which simultaneously produce electricity and thermal energy from a single fuel source. Unlike conventional plants that waste significant heat, CHP systems recover and utilize it, reaching efficiencies up to 90%. The study outlines the core operational principles, key technologies like HRSG and biogas-based systems, and highlights international case studies. It further addresses economic benefits, sustainability advantages, and challenges faced in implementation. The research concludes with insights on the role of CHP in achieving global energy efficiency and carbon reduction goals.

Acidic or basic catalytic systems, as well as zeolite-type catalysts are used for condensation and polymerization reactions of ethyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Reactions involving lower aldehydes, as a rule, are carried out in the gas-phase variant and have rather low selectivity and conversion of reagents. This problem is partially solved by recirculation of unreacted reagents. The most promising way to solve the problem of selectivity and activity is selective carrying out of the reaction under conditions of homogeneous catalysis with varying acid-base properties of the catalyst and reaction medium.

A promising and efficient vibrating sieve-type potato sorting machine, which is a structural component of a mechanized complex for post-harvest processing and storage of potatoes, has been studied. The relevance of developing effective methods for designing and calculating sorting equipment that classifies potato tubers into fractions by size is emphasized. As a result of theoretical research aimed at designing an optimal configuration of a vibrating sieve sorting machine, a highly efficient device was developed. According to the experimental results, the highest calibration accuracy reaches 94%. This level of performance is achieved under the following operating conditions: product feed rate – 18 tons/hour, sieve vibration amplitude – A = 30 mm, vibration motor speed – 300 rpm, inclination angle of the calibrating surface – β = 7°, crank inclination angle – ɛ = -6°, and spring stiffness of the vibration mechanism – k = 13 N/mm.

Background.  Magnesium is used as a binding material to create magnesium-containing magnesium alloys.

Purpose. The thermal decomposition of magnesian rocks resulting from the thermal decomposition of magnesian rocks leads to the occurrence of thermal processes, as a result of which magnesian rocks lose their energy and turn into magnesian rocks.

Methodology. Assessment and geological study of the suitability of magnesium-containing rocks for obtaining high-quality magnesium binders for construction purposes.

Scientific novelty. Principles of rational use of Uzbekistan's magnesium raw materials for the production of magnesium binders and construction materials based on them.

The obtained data. Obtaining a magnesium binder based on highly active dolomites, brusites, and magnesites allows for significant economic and environmental benefits.

Effective nurse-patient communication is foundational to quality healthcare, fostering trust, improving patient outcomes, and ensuring patient safety. For nursing interns, the clinical placement period represents a critical phase for developing these essential communication skills. However, these nascent professionals often encounter challenging or negative communication experiences that can significantly impact their learning, psychological well-being, and future professional practice. This article investigates the prevalence, nature, and influencing factors of adverse nurse-patient communication experiences among nursing interns. Drawing on a review of existing literature and outlining a hypothetical study design, we explore how individual characteristics, patient-related factors, and the clinical environment interact to shape these experiences. Understanding these determinants is crucial for designing targeted educational interventions, enhancing clinical mentorship, and ultimately supporting the holistic development of nursing interns to ensure high-quality, patient-centered care.