American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
128
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue 06 2025
PAGE NO.
128-136
10.37547/ajast/Volume05Issue06-28
Improving The Calibration Quality Of A Vibrating
Sieve-Type Potato Sorting Machine By Optimizing Its
Technological Parameters
Bakhadirov Gayrat Atakhanovich
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Institute of Mechanics and Seismic Stability of Structures named after M.T.Urazbaev of the
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tursunaliev Ismoil Esonalievich
Researcher, Fergana State Technical University, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Received:
27 April 2025;
Accepted:
23 May 2025;
Published:
30 June 2025
Abstract:
A promising and efficient vibrating sieve-type potato sorting machine, which is a structural component of
a mechanized complex for post-harvest processing and storage of potatoes, has been studied. The relevance of
developing effective methods for designing and calculating sorting equipment that classifies potato tubers into
fractions by size is emphasized. As a result of theoretical research aimed at designing an optimal configuration of a
vibrating sieve sorting machine, a highly efficient device was developed. According to the experimental results, the
highest calibration accuracy reaches 94%. This level of performance is achieved under the following operating
conditions: product feed rate
–
18 tons/hour, sieve vibration amplitude
–
A = 30 mm, vibration motor speed
–
300
rpm, inclination angle of the calibrating surface
–
β = 7°, crank inclination angle –
ɛ =
-6°, and spring stiffness of the
vibration mechanism
–
k = 13 N/mm.
Keywords:
Potato sorting, tuber fractions, potato sorting machine, sieve-type sorting device, vibrational sorting,
efficiency, quality.
Introduction:
In the scientific literature, potato calibration is
described as the process of passing tubers through
square holes of a specified size and sorting them by
their maximum diameter [1,2]. Accordingly, at
present, enterprises and agricultural clusters in
Central Asia
—
particularly in Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan
—
specialized in potato and onion
production and processing, widely utilize calibration
machines equipped with square-hole mechanisms
manufactured by foreign companies such as Grimme,
Schouten, and Tolsma. Among them, Tolsma
machines are most commonly used due to their
compact size and simple structure.
Although these machines are considered relatively
reliable, they also have certain drawbacks. One of the
common disadvantages of such calibrating machines
is the jamming of tubers within the sieve holes during
operation. Specifically for Tolsma machines, rapid
wear of the drive shaft clutch and frequent breakage
of transmission belts have been reported.
To identify the causes of such shortcomings in these
types of sorting machines, detailed analyses were
conducted focusing on the kinematic and dynamic
forces
acting
on
the
machine's
operating
components. Recommendations for improvement
were developed accordingly [3].
Theoretical studies have emphasized that when
modernizing existing machines, it is essential to
consider dynamic vibrations, which may cause potato
tubers to become wedged into sieve openings and
suffer mechanical damage. Hence, while improving
the working mechanism of a vibrating sorting
machine, it is necessary to take into account the
forces acting on the tubers and apply vibration
damping measures. One of the simplest and most
effective damping methods is the use of springs [4].
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
The working surface of the sorting machine is
installed at an inclined angle relative to the horizontal
plane. It consists of three sequentially mounted
frames, each fitted with metal rods (sieves) covered
with elastic material. The spacing between the rods
differs from frame to frame: the first frame has the
smallest spacing, the second is wider, and the third
has the widest spacing. Each subsequent frame is
positioned slightly lower than the previous one.
The front end of the frame assembly is mounted on
the machine bed using vertical springs, while the rear
end rests on rollers. The base supports of the machine
are made of vibration-absorbing material and fixed to
the foundation with rubber-like components. An
electric motor with an eccentric mass is attached to
the vibrating base supports to induce oscillatory
motion.
During operation, the pile of root crops is delivered to
the inclined sieving surface using a conveyor and
guide chute. When the motor is activated, the
eccentric mass causes horizontal vibrations of the
support structure and both horizontal and vertical
oscillations in the springs. As a result of this vibratory
motion and the inclined plane, the tubers move along
the working surface. During their movement, the
tubers fall through the gaps between the rods
corresponding to their size and are thus sorted. The
calibrated tubers are then transported to their
respective collection points via conveyors.
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the side view and top
schematic view of the proposed vibrating sieve-type
sorting machine.
Figure 1. Side view of the vibrating sorting machine.
Figure 2. Top schematic view of the working surface of the vibrating sorting machine
The vibrating sorting machine consists of a working surface (3), formed by three frames (2
1
, 2
2
, 2
3
), each equipped
with sieving rods (1
1
, 1
2
, 1
3
) positioned at varying distances from one another. To generate vertical vibration, springs
(5) are installed between the working surface and the machine frame (4). The driving unit includes an electric motor
(6), with an eccentric mass (7) mounted on its shaft to induce horizontal vibration.
The system includes a feeding conveyor that delivers the heap of potatoes to the inclined sieving surface, and chutes
(8 and 9) guide both the incoming tubers and the sorted fractions toward the corresponding conveyors. Rollers (10),
kinematically attached to the working surface and capable of moving along the machine base, ensure horizontal
displacement of the sieving platform.
The machine frame is supported by elastic steel rod supports (11), which vibrate during operation. To dampen the
transfer of vibration to the ground, rubber-like damping elements (12) are placed underneath the supports. The
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
system also includes multiple conveyors (13
1
, 13
2
, 13
3
, 13
4
) that transport sorted fractions to designated locations.
The working surface (3) is inclined downward from its beginning to the end relative to the horizontal axis (Figure
1). It is composed of three sections, each formed by a frame with sieving rods arranged longitudinally at different
spacings: the first frame has the smallest spacing, the second is wider, and the third is the widest (a < b < c), as
shown in Figure 2.
For experimental testing, design documentation and a prototype of the sorting machine were developed. The
prototype was constructed as a mobile unit, allowing it to be used independently or integrated into a larger post-
harvest processing line for potatoes. In addition to the main components shown in Figure 3, the setup includes
conveyors for feeding and discharging sorted fractions, as well as a screw mechanism for adjusting the inclination
angle of the sieving surface.
1
–
sorting surface; 2
–
electric motor; 3
–
spring; 4
–
wheel.
Figure 3. Experimental prototype view of the main components of the sorting machine:
The machine frame is equipped with a screw adjustment mechanism mounted on its supports, which allows for
real-time modification of the inclination angle of the sorting surface during operation.
Figure 4. View of the machine’s working surface.
Materials and Methods
Due to the low power requirement for the operation of the machine, a 0.75 kW electric motor was installed. The
process can be controlled by adjusting the working surface parameters of the vibrating sieve-type sorting device.
In the proposed vibrating sorting machine, experimental studies were conducted under laboratory conditions to
evaluate the influence of changes in technological parameters
—
such as vibration amplitude, rotational speed,
inclination angle, etc.
—
on the quality of the sorting process.
During the laboratory experiments with the potato sorting machine, the effects of the following parameters on the
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
calibration of potato tubers were investigated:
−
Vibration amplitude of the working unit (A): 26 mm; 30 mm; 34 mm; 38 mm
−
Angular speed of the electric motor (ω): 150 rpm; 300 rpm; 450 rpm; 600 rpm
−
Inclination angle of the working surface (β): 4
°; 6°; 8°; 10°
−
Spring stiffness (k): 4 N/mm; 8.5 N/mm; 13 N/mm; 17.5 N/mm
−
Crankshaft inclination angle (ɛ):
-9°; -6°; -3°; 0°; +3°
−
Feed rate of potato tuber mass (Q): 14.4 t/h; 16.1 t/h; 18.0 t/h; 19.8 t/h
To ensure continuity in the technological calibration process, the rotation frequency of the loading
conveyor's drive shaft was selected such that the tuber mass was delivered to the calibration surface
proportionally
—
i.e., the feed timing and the linear velocity of the conveyor belt were synchronized, preventing
overloading or uneven feeding.
To study the effect of tuber feed rate in the experimental prototype, the mass of potato tubers corresponding to
each selected feed rate was calculated based on the above parameters (see Table 1). This mass was evenly
distributed along a specific section of the conveyor belt. For further analysis, the concept of hourly throughput was
used, as it is equivalent to specific feed rate when related to the geometric dimensions of the machine's calibration
surface.
The performance of the machine during the experiment was evaluated based on sorting accuracy. For this purpose,
identical volume samples were taken from the sieve outlet and from each discharge stage. These samples were
weighed and then the tubers were separated into their respective fractions. Tubers that did not meet the target
fraction criteria but were found within a particular group were separated and reweighed to assess misclassification.
Table 1. Experimental loading masses of potato tubers corresponding to different feed rates
Kartoshka tuganaklari uyumini uzatish
Soatiga, t/s
Soniyasiga, kg/sek
14,4
4
16,1
4.5
18
5
19,8
5,5
Data Processing and Evaluation
The obtained experimental data were tabulated, and the following evaluation criteria were applied:
•
Sorting accuracy for each individual fraction was determined using the formula:
1
·100%
i
M
µ
M
=
(1)
Where:
i
M
–
mass of tubers that meet the requirements of the target fraction;
M
–
total mass of all tubers that fell into the fraction.
•
Overall sorting accuracy of the machine was calculated as:
0
(
/
)1
%
·
00
n
i
M M
−
=
(2)
Where:
n
–
number of fractions;
M
–
total mass of all sorted tubers.
The data obtained from the laboratory experiments
were processed using statistical variation methods
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
[5], and to enhance visual comprehension, the results
were also expressed through graphical relationships.
RESULTS
Based on the literature review [6, 7, 8, 9, 10], the main
operating modes and parameters of existing potato
sorting machines with sieve-type calibrating
surfaces
—
featuring square, round, or hexagonal
holes
—
have been established. In such machines, the
inclination angle of the calibrating surface (β) and the
crankshaft deviation angle (ɛ) typically range between
6° and 10°. The vibration amplitude (A) of the sieve
generally varies between 10 mm and 40 mm, while
the vibration frequency (ω)
of the sieves lies within
the range of 23 to 37 s⁻¹.
Effect of Vibration Amplitude and Frequency on
Sorting Accuracy
Previous research [8] has shown that the two most
influential parameters in the calibration process of
potato tubers are the angular speed of the sieve and
the vibration amplitude. Therefore, the initial phase
of the present investigation focused on determining
the influence of these two parameters on the sorting
efficiency of the vibrating sieve-type potato sorting
machine.
As discussed in the previous section, the actual
vibration frequency of the sieve is not directly
proportional to the frequency of the vibration-
generating mechanism [11]. Hence, the experiments
were carried out based on the rotational speed of the
electric motor.
Experimental results revealed that when the vibration
amplitude of the sieve was A = 26 mm or lower and
the motor rotation speed was 150 rpm, the sorting
process of the potato tuber mixture did not occur
across any tested vibration frequencies. This was
attributed to the insufficient displacement of the
potato mixture along the sieving surface, which
caused the tubers to accumulate on the surface
instead of moving and separating.
Figure 5. Effect of electric motor rotation speed on calibration accuracy:
1
–
A = 26 mm; 2
–
A = 30 mm; 3
–
A = 34 mm.
Influence of Vibration Amplitude and Frequency on
Sorting Accuracy
At a constant vibration amplitude of A = 26 mm
(Figure 5, curve 1), the calibration of the potato tuber
mass begins at a vibration frequency of
ω = 150 rpm,
where the sorting accuracy (μ) is 87%. As the
frequency increases to 300 rpm, the accuracy reaches
a peak of 92%, which is considered the optimal value
for this amplitude. However, further increases in
frequency result in reduced accuracy: at
ω = 450 rpm,
the accuracy decreases to 90%, and at ω = 600 rpm, it
drops further to 86%. This decline is attributed to the
increasing movement speed of the tuber mixture
across the sieving surface at higher vibration
frequencies, which reduces the time available for
effective separation.
When the vibration amplitude is increased to A = 30
mm (curve 2), the sorting process begins even at the
lower frequency of ω = 150 rpm, yielding an accuracy
of 85%. As the frequency increases, the accuracy
improves significantly, reaching a maximum of 94% at
ω = 300 rpm. However, similar to the previous case,
any further increase in vibration frequency results in
a drop in sorting accuracy, falling to 84% at ω = 450
rpm.
Curve 3 in Figure 5 represents the case when the sieve
vibration amplitude is A = 34 mm. The sorting process
starts at ω = 150 rpm and achieves a maximum
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
300
450
600
Sort
in
g a
ccura
cy
,
µ
%
Number of revolutions,
ω,
rpm
The effect of vibration amplitude and frequency on sorting accuracy
1
2
3
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
accuracy of 90% at ω = 300 rpm. Beyond this
frequency, the accuracy declines sharply, with only
76% accuracy observed at ω = 600 rpm, which does
not meet agro-technical requirements for sorting.
These results demonstrate a clear pattern: as the
angular vibration frequency increases, the sorting
accuracy initially improves up to a certain optimal
point, after which it begins to decline. This behavior is
explained by the increased horizontal movement
speed of the potato tubers along the sieving surface
at higher frequencies, which limits the effectiveness
of fraction separation.
As shown in the plotted dependencies, the highest
sorting accuracy of 94% was achieved when the
vibration frequency was ω = 300 rpm and the
vibration amplitude was A = 30 mm.
Effect of the Inclination Angle of the Sieving Surface
on Calibration Accuracy
Previous studies on vibrating sieves [6, 8, 12, 13] have
demonstrated that an inclination angle of the sieving
surface within the range of β = 10° to 30° produces
effective results. However, these investigations were
primarily conducted on general-purpose vibratory
sorting devices used for screening raw construction
materials, such as rock and ore.
In contrast, studies specifically related to agricultural
products
—
particularly those targeting potato tuber
calibration
—
have shown that the optimal sorting
accuracy is achieved at inclination angles of β = 6° to
8° [14]. Based on this, our laboratory experiments
were carried out within a narrower range of β = 4° to
10°, with additional focus on β = 7° in certain modes.
Studying the effect of the sieve surface inclination
angle on calibration accuracy allows for identifying
the most optimal installation angle for the sieves.
Figure 6 presents the results of this analysis for three
selected vibration frequencies:
1
–
ω = 300 rpm;
2
–
ω = 450 rpm;
3
–
ω = 600 rpm.
Initial experimental results revealed that the highest
sorting accuracy was observed at a vibration
amplitude of A = 30 mm and vibration frequency of ω
= 300 rpm. Under these fixed vibration conditions, the
influence of the calibration surface inclination angle
(β) within the range of 4° to 10° was examined (see
Figure 6).
When the angle w
as β = 4° (curve 1), the sorting
accuracy was 86%. As the inclination increased to 6°,
accuracy improved by 6%, reaching 92%. However,
when the angle was further increased to β = 8°, the
accuracy slightly declined to 90%. Since the difference
between β = 6° and β = 8° was marginal, we decided
to conduct an additional experiment at β = 7°, which
resulted in the maximum observed accuracy of 94%.
Figure 6. Effect of the slope angle of the sorting surface on calibration accuracy
At a rotation speed of ω = 4
50 rpm, the dependence
of calibration accuracy on the inclination angle of the
sieving surface (curve 2) exhibits a trend similar to
that of curve 1 (ω = 300 rpm). The highest sorting
accuracy of 92% was achieved at an inclination angle
of β = 7°. However,
when the inclination was
increased to β = 8°, the accuracy dropped to 87%.
At a higher rotation speed of ω = 600 rpm (curve 3),
the calibration accuracy increased gradually with the
inclination angle. For example, at β = 4°, the accuracy
was μ = 84%, and when the angle increased to β = 6°,
the maximum observed accuracy was μ = 86%.
Further increase in the inclination angle led to a
gradual decline in accuracy, reaching only 82% at β =
80
85
90
95
100
4
6
7
8
Sort
in
g a
ccura
cy
, µ
%
Sorting surface slope angle
β
°
The effect of the slope angle of the sorting surface on calibration
accuracy
1
2
3
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
8°, which does not satisfy the agro-technical
requirements for potato sorting.
From the data presented above, it can be concluded
that the highest calibration quality is achieved at a
sieve surface inclination angle of β = 7° and a vibration
frequency of ω = 300 rpm, where the sorting accuracy
reaches a maximum value of 94%.
Effect of Crankshaft Inclination Angle on Sorting
Accuracy
As previously noted in this section, most existing
vibrating sieve-type potato sorting machines have a
crankshaft inclination angle (ɛ) ranging from 6° to 10°
relative to the horizontal, which generally
corresponds to the inclination angle β of the sieving
surface.
Figure 7. The effect of the connecting rod inclination angle on the sorting accuracy: where, ω = 300 rpm; A =
30 mm; β = 7°.
To determine the influence of the crankshaft
inclination angle on calibration accuracy, a series of
experiments were conducted at a fixed vibration
frequency of ω = 300 rpm, vibration amplitude of A =
30 mm, and sieving surface inclination angle of β = 7°.
Based on the experimental results, a dependency
graph was plotted (Figure 8).
The curve representing the effect of crankshaft
inclination angle on calibration accuracy exhibits a
parabolic trend. The highest accuracy of μ = 94% was
observed at a crankshaft angle of ɛ = –
6°. For any
other angle, the calibration accuracy declined
progressively.
These findings suggest that the optimal crankshaft
inclination angle for the experimental vibrating
calibration unit is ɛ = –
6°.
Effect of Spring Stiffness on Calibration Accuracy
Kinematic and dynamic analyses of vibrating
machines used for potato tuber sorting indicate that
studying the springs used for vibration damping is
crucial for evaluating their influence on sorting
quality. For this purpose, springs with high, low, and
medium stiffness
—
relative to the weight of the
sieving surface
—
were selected for testing.
In the developed sorting machine, the springs serve a
dual purpose: they absorb dynamic vibrations and
prevent tubers from jamming between the sieving
rods upon impact. However, the spring installation
must ensure that their mechanical properties do not
negatively affect the calibration accuracy.
90
91
92
93
94
95
-9
-6
-3
0
3
Sort
in
g a
ccura
cy
, µ
%
Connecting rod inclination angle ɛ
°
The effect of the angle of inclination of the connecting
rod on the accuracy of sorting
91
93
96
92
89
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
4
8.5
13
17.5
23
Sort
in
g a
ccura
cy
, µ
%
spring stiffness k, N/mm
The effect of spring stiffness on sorting accuracy
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Figure 8. Effect of spring stiffness on sorting accuracy
The following initial parameters were set for this
experiment: vibration amplitude A = 30 mm, vibration
frequency ω = 300 rpm, sieving surface inclination
angle β = 7°, and crankshaft inclination angle ɛ = –
6°.
As observed in Figure 8, the calibration accuracy
varies significantly with changes in spring stiffness.
The curve demonstrates that as the spring becomes
softer (lower stiffness), the accuracy decreases.
Springs with high stiffness are unable to absorb
dynamic "shock" loads effectively. At the lowest
tested stiffness of k = 4 N/mm, the sorting accuracy
was minimal. The highest accuracy of μ = 96% was
recorded with a spring stiffness of k = 13 N/mm.
Beyond this point, further reduction in stiffness
resulted in a decline in calibration performance.
These findings indicate that spring stiffness directly
influences the machine’s ability to dampen
vibrations, which in turn affects the sorting quality.
An optimal stiffness value ensures both smooth
vibrational damping and accurate separation of
tubers.
Effect of Tuber Feed Rate on Calibration Accuracy
During the calibration process, it is crucial that the
flow of potato tubers across the sieving surface
remains uniform and in a single, evenly distributed
layer. Therefore, the rate at which the tuber mass is
fed into the machine has a significant impact on the
sorting accuracy.
To achieve the highest sorting performance and
accuracy, it is necessary to determine the maximum
allowable feed rate that does not compromise the
machine’s operational quality. Excessive feed can
lead to tuber overlap, reduce effective contact with
the calibration surface, and consequently decrease
sorting accuracy. Thus, balancing high throughput
with minimal performance loss is essential for optimal
operation.
Figure 9. The effect of the amount of potato pile transfer on sorting accuracy
The experiments were conducted using the following
fixed parameters: vibration amplitude A = 30 mm,
frequency
ω = 300 rpm, sieve inclination angle β = 7°,
spring stiffness k = 13 N/mm, and crankshaft
inclination angle ɛ = –
6°. The feed rate of the potato
mixture was regulated by adjusting the mass on the
loading conveyor.
At the minimum feed rate of 14.4 t/h, the overall
calibration accuracy of the machine was 93% (Figure
9, curve 2). As the feed rate increased to 16.1 t/h, the
accuracy improved slightly to 94%, reaching its
maximum. However, a further increase in feed rate
caused the machine to become overloaded, leading
to tubers accumulating on the sieving surface and a
decrease in calibration accuracy. For instance, at Q =
18.0 t/h, the accuracy dropped to approximately 93%,
and at Q = 19.8 t/h, it declined further to 91%.
Since the potato mixture moves sequentially through
multiple calibration zones, this affects the accuracy of
sorting specific fractions. Medium fractions may
contain both smaller and larger tubers, which reduces
their purity. Therefore, Figure 9 also includes two
additional curves:
•
Curve 1 represents large fraction calibration
accuracy;
•
Curve 3 represents medium fraction
accuracy.
The behavior of curves 1 and 3 was similar to that of
curve 2. At a feed rate of 20.0 t/h, calibration accuracy
reached 96% for large fractions and 92% for medium
88
90
92
94
96
Q=14,4
Q=16,1
Q=18
Q=19,8
Sort
in
g a
ccura
cy
, µ
%
Potato waste pile volume Q, t/h
The effect of the amount of potato pile transfer on sorting accuracy
1
2
3
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
fractions
—
both values satisfying agro-technical
calibration standards.
From these relationships, it can be concluded that
product feed rate has a significant impact on sorting
accuracy, and the optimal feed rate for the proposed
vibrating sieve-type potato sorting machine is 18.0
t/h.
CONCLUSION
Based on the laboratory investigation of the vibrating
sieve-type potato sorting machine, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
•
The developed vibrating sieve-type sorting
machine demonstrated high performance, as well as
favorable technical and quality indicators.
•
The maximum calibration accuracy of 94%
was achieved when the sieve surface was inclined in
the
direction
of
product
movement.
This
performance was observed under the following
conditions:
o
Feed rate: 18 t/h
o
Vibration amplitude: A = 30 mm
o
Motor speed: 300 rpm
o
Sieve inclination angle: β
= 7°
o
Crankshaft angle: ɛ = –
6°
o
Spring stiffness: k = 13 N/mm
•
High-quality sorting can be achieved by
maintaining the potato feed rate within the range of
17
–
18 t/h.
•
The sorting accuracy and productivity of the
proposed experimental machine were found to be
superior compared to existing commercial machines
that separate potato tubers into three fractions using
traditional sieve mechanisms.
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