Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
89
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
89-100
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the general complex of technological operations, sowing wheat seeds between cotton rows is one of the most
difficult tasks. The uniformity of seedlings, facilitation of subsequent operations, yield and quality of the final product
depend on the quality of seed sowing. The solution to the problem lies in the development and creation of a unit and
the installation of small-sized coulters on runners. This article analyzes and defines the parameters of a hinged-skid
coulter for sowing wheat seeds between cotton rows.
KEYWORDS
Sowing wheat, cotton rows, hinged-skid coulter, coulter, coulter knife.
INTRODUCTION
Energy-saving technologies and technical means are
actively used worldwide to obtain high yields of cereals
and other grain crops. Global grain production exceeds
2.796 million tons, which necessitates the introduction
of technological solutions to ensure high-quality and
efficient work during planting.
In this regard, the development and implementation of
energy-saving technologies and sowing machines that
meet agrotechnical requirements is an important task.
Currently, scientific research is being conducted to
develop new technical solutions for resource-saving
Research Article
JUSTIFICATION OF THE NEED TO CREATE A SPECIAL UNIT FOR SOWING
WHEAT SEEDS IN THE INTERROWS OF COTTON AND DETERMINING
THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF A HINGED-SKID COULTER
Submission Date:
November 15, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 20, 2024,
Published Date:
November 28, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume04Issue11-14
Kalashnikov Vitaly Alekseevich
Doctor of Philosophy (Phd) Andijan Mechanical Engineering Institute, Uzbekistan
Abdullayev Baxodirjon Ikromjonovich
Doctor of Philosophy Phd Andijan Mechanical Engineering Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
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OCLC
–
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
technologies and equipment in order to efficiently
cultivate grain crops. Exceptional attention is given to
determining the parameters of a seeder that ensures
high-quality seed distribution and efficient resource
use in interaction with soil.
Obtaining high yields of winter wheat, which is
considered an agricultural crop, depends primarily on
the quality of seeds, soil and climatic conditions, timing
and norms, method of sowing, modes of fertilization
and irrigation.
Currently, in the territory of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, winter wheat is grown on irrigated lands in
open fields and in rows of cotton. According to data
obtained from the Department of Seed Production of
the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, today
the volume of crops in the rows of cotton is 55-65%.
The positive aspect of sowing winter wheat between
cotton rows is that we sow it within the established
agricultural terms, before the harvest of cotton is
collected. Otherwise, the agricultural terms for sowing
wheat would pass. As a result, wheat sprouts would
germinate late and could be exposed to cold without
entering the growth phase until the time of wintering.
[1].
From year to year, the amount of cultivated areas for
winter wheat between cotton rows increases. This, in
turn, leads to the fact that the technology for sowing
wheat between rows has not been developed, and
special machines have not been designed to do this.
This does not lead to high-quality or stable
performance at the level required by agrotechnical
standards, and causes a number of other problems.
Due to incorrect machine selection, timing and sowing
rates for winter wheat were not adapted to the row
spacing used for sowing cotton, and instead of sowing
seeds the scattering method was used, leading to
excessive seed consumption, as the seeding rate was
set at 250-300 kg/ha. [2].
In the irrigated areas of Uzbekistan, cotton is the main
agricultural crop. After harvesting cotton, wheat is
sown on most vacated fields. The field is then plowed
and prepared for the spring sowing of cotton.
At the present time, specialized machine was not
created for sowing wheat seeds between cotton rows.
Wheat seeds are sowed using various seeding devices
and machines that have other functions (granular
fertilizer spreaders, cotton row processing). These
machines
do
not
fully
meet
agrotechnical
requirements for seeding.
METHODS. The currently used technology for sowing
winter wheat and the technical means for its
implementation make it possible to plant wheat seeds
without burying them to the same depth, evenly
distribute them between rows, and prevent them from
sprouting evenly due to their accumulation in the
center and on one side of the furrow. In addition,
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
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because the seeders are not equipped with special
seed distributors, there is an excessive consumption
rate of seeds.
Based on the literature analysis and the results of the
conducted research [3], a new technology for sowing
wheat between cotton rows, as well as a machine and
a coulter for its implementation have been developed.
To prepare for sowing according to the proposed
technology, fields with cotton row spacing of 90 cm
are loosened twice with KHU-4 cultivator if necessary,
and seeds are then sown in plowed rows (Fig. 2.3).
a) - processing between rows to a depth of 12-15
cm;
b) - sowing wheat in 6 rows using the strip method
along the row spacing, 11-12 cm wide, 3-5 cm deep
and compacting the surface above the seeds;
c) - the position of sown seeds within the cross-
section between rows
Fig. 1. Proposed technology for sowing winter wheat between cotton rows
In this case, the rows are processed to a depth of 12-15
cm (Fig. 1a), wheat is sown in 6-8 rows along the furrow
profile using a strip method (Figs. 1b,c) to a depth of 3-
5 cm, with intervals of 9-12 cm. Additionally, during one
pass of the seeding machine, the soil is compacted
according to established agrotechnical standards.
When comparing existing and proposed technologies
for sowing winter wheat between cotton rows, it was
found that the proposed technology allows not only
significant reduction in labor, energy, fuel and lubricant
costs, but also a reduction in wheat seed consumption
due to sowing at the required level and uniform
germination of seedlings.
A design of a seeder has been created, equipped with
a hinged coulter that adapts to the complex profile of
cotton rows and performs sowing of wheat seeds
according to established agrotechnical requirements
at low energy costs. Each section has its own bunker,
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and a seeding unit is selected for it. Skids with central
and variable inclinations of the wings have been
selected on which coulters are mounted, as shown in
Fig. 2.
1-beam, 2-support wheel, 3-ripper, 4-furrow former, 5-coulter runner, 6-coulter, 7-seed tube, 8-seeding unit, 9-
hopper, 10, 11-spring parallelogram mechanisms, 12-lock, 13-traction, 14-parallelogram section mechanism, 15-frame,
16-hydraulic cylinder, 17-central runner, 18-right and left coulter wings.
Fig. 2. Scheme of the seeder section for sowing wheat seeds in rows between cotton rows.
In theoretical studies, the parameters of the skid, coulter and knife were determined. (UZ FAP 01846) [4] General
parameters of the skid and knife are shown in Fig. 3.
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h -
height of the skid nose, cm, α
- set angle of inclination of the skid beak, grad, R - radius of curvature of the skid
nose, cm, α1
-
angle of adaptation of the skid wing to the slope of the furrow, grad, β
- angle of constructive sharpening
of the knife, grad, β1
- angle of sharpening of the
knife, grad, β2
- angle of opening of the strips of the base of the knife,
grad. 1 - skid, 2 - knife, 3 - anchor-type coulter, 4 - skid wings
Fig. 3. Main parameters of the skid and the coulter knife
Skid parameters
To determine the height of a toe, the soil collected in front of it when immersed at a distance of [ho] on a level surface
is not greater than its height. A certain distance is then set in the longitudinal direction of the slide and the distance
between the highest and lowest points is measured. Fig. 4 shows this process.
Fig. 4. Methodology for determining the unevenness of row spacing
Average value of unevenness.
h
ср
=
∑h
n
n
h
n
- sum of the measured values;
n-number of measurements.
In order for the skid's movement to be stable, it must
be lowered from the greatest height hср to the depth ho
located below (Fig. 5). The soil collected by the skid must not exceed the height of its toe, which is determined by the
condition.
h = К
с
(h
ср
+ h
o
)
(1)
K
с
- a coefficient that takes into account soil compaction (K
с
=1,8).
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Fig. 5. Scheme for determining the height of the
skid
toe
RESULTS
Determination of the unevenness of the row spacing using special rulers was h
ср
= 8,7 cm. At the same time, the height
of the skid nose (h
о
= 0,5 cm) was h = 15,66 cm. In subsequent calculations and during the manufacturing of the skids,
h = 16 cm was used.
Determination of the angle of installation of the toe of the skid relative to the longitudinal plane.
The installation
angle of this angle (Fig. 2) is determined based on the condition of uniform sliding of soil particles along its surface
and the absence of accumulation of soil in front of it., [5]
α =
π
4
−
φ
1
2
(2)
φ
1
- the friction angle of the soil on the metal, grad.
Substituting the values φ
1
=20°...30° into equation (2), we determine that the angle of installation of the skid nose
relative to the longitu
dinal plane is approximately α=30°...35°.
Determining the width of the skid.
The width of the skid is determined by the number of sown rows and the distance
∆Х between them. Wheat seeds are planned to be sown in 6 or 8 rows along the cotton row width, excl
uding the
protective strip. The distances between these rows are 11.8 and 8.75 cm, respectively. Therefore, there is enough
space for plant nutrients. The width of a skid in such a case is calculated as follows.
В = ΔX (
n−2
2
)
(3)
∆X
- the distance between rows, cm;
n - number of rows.
Putting the above values into equation (3), we obtain that, when sowing wheat in 6 rows, B=23.6 cm and for 8
rows, B=26.25 cm. When making these assumptions, it was assumed that B=24 cm for 6 rows and B=27 cm for 8 rows.
Determination of the vertical force required to immerse the skid into the longitudinal direction and the coulter
attached to it to working depth.
To simplify the work, 4 cm high coulters were installed under the skid. When the skid
rests against the moving surface, the coulters are buried to the sowing depth. However, in order for the skid to move
steadily, it must be buried in the soil by ho=0.5 cm. When this condition is met, the depth of sowing wheat seeds is 4.5
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cm
. According to agrotechnical requirements, the depth for sowing wheat should be within 3…6 cm [6]. This means
that this method meets agrotechnical requirements.
The vertical force on the skid is created by a parallelogram mechanism installed on the seeder section. The force of
vertical pressure is determined by the condition of immersion of the coulter to a given depth, and is determined by
the following equation [7].
P
c
= S
c
⋅ h
o
⋅ q
м
(4)
P
c
- the vertical pressure force acting on the coulter (N);
q
м
- the coefficient of soil resistance to volumetric compression (N/cm
3
).
The supporting surface of the skid is determined as follows:
S
c
= b
c
⋅ l
(5)
b
c
- the width of the supporting surface, cm;
l - the length of the supporting surface that accepts the pressure, cm.
Taking into account the design dimensions of the skid, as well as the values of the quantities involved in the
equations, i.e., b
c
=24 cm, l=6 cm, ho =0.5 cm and q
м
=4.5 N/cm
3
, it was determined that the vertical pressure force was
equal to P
с
=324 N.
The value of the force required to immerse the skid to a given sowing depth should be ab
out [Рc] = 400
- 550 N. If we
take into account the weight of the parallelogram mechanism falling on the skid, then it can be Рc ≈ [Рc]. The change
in vertical pressure relative to the supporting surface of the skid is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Change in vertical pressure depending on the supporting surface of the skid
Using this graph, the required vertical pressure can be determined based on the parameters of the new skid.
Parameters of the coulter knife
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To determine the angle of entry of the knife into the soil, it is necessary that, when the coulter is working, the remains
of weeds remain inside the furrow and their roots slip under the coulter without accumulating in front of it. The forces
acting on the knife are shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Scheme of knife forces acting on a soil particle
Determining the size of the coulter knife
Determining the angle of entry of the knife into the soil.
Let us consider the condition under which, during the
operation of a coulter in a furrow, the remains of weeds and their roots will slide underneath the coulter and not
accumulate in front of it.
DISCUSSIONS
When the coulter moves in the soil, its knife, at a height of h
м
from the bottom of the furrow, acts with a force N on a
particle of soil M. Friction F = Ntgφ
1
(φ
1
- the coefficient of friction of soil on the surface of the knife), occurs when a
particle of soil slides along the edge of a knife. The resultant N` of forces N and F can be divided into components:
horizontal N
x
and along the tip N
b
(Fig. 7). The force N
x
shifts the soil in the direction of the coulter movement and is
added to the shear resistance forces. The N
b
force pushes plant remains and soil down, helping to cut them.
It is known that when particles slide, the cutting resistance is the smallest [3]. From the scheme in Fig. 7, we obtain
N
в
=
N sin[γ
1
−(
π
2
+φ
1
)]
cos φ
1
(6)
γ
1
- angle of knife entry into soil;
φ
1
- angle of soil friction on metal, grad, (20º-30º)
According to this equation, for a vertical force to appear, the value of the angle [γ
1
-
(90º+φ
1
)] must be positive.
Therefore, the condition for the sliding of soil particles along the knife edge is as follows [7]:
N
в
= Nctg(π − γ
1
) > F = Ntgφ
1
(7)
or
γ
1
>
1
2
π + φ
1
(8)
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If this condition is not met, soil particles accumulate in front of the knife, which affects the quality of sowing.
Plant residues are more slippery than soil due to their physical properties; condition (7) must be met to ensure that
they slide along the edge of a knife.
γ
1
>
1
2
π + φ
2
(9)
φ
2
- friction angle of plant residues on the surface of the knife.
Equations (8) and (9) allow us to determine the condition under which soil particles and plant residues slide along the
edge of a knife, but do not allow us to determine the angle at which the knife enters the soil. For this, using the diagram
in Fig. 7, we find the time t of interaction of a soil particle with the tip of a knife [8].
t = −
h
э
V
n
(cos γ
1
+sin γ
1
∙tgφ
1
) sin γ
1
(10)
h
э
- sowing depth, m;
V
n
- unit speed, m/s.
In accordance with previously conducted studies and requirements for sowing, substituting the obtained values into
equation (10): at a sowing depth of h
э
=0.05 m, unit speed V
n
=1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 m/s, and also taking φ
1
=φ
2
=20, 25 and 30°,
a graph was constructed using the equation t to γ
1
(Fig. 8). These graphs show that, for all values of V
n
and φ
1
, the
time t varies in a concave parabola depending on the angle γ
1
, which means that, for certain values of the angle γ
1
,
time will have a minimum value.
Analysis of the graphs shows that at angles of entry of the knife into the soil within the range of 140-155° t is minimal,
at smaller angles the friction force F will be greater than the force of movement of soil and plant residues along the
knife edge, at larger angles it leads to an increase in the time of movement of soil and plant residues along the knife
edge.
Substituting the previously given values of φ
1
into (10), we find that in the range γ
1
=147-153° t has a minimum value.
Therefore, for soil particles and plant debris to slide along the knife ed
ge, the value must be in the range of γ
1
=147-153.
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at a, b, c equal φ
1
=20°; 25º and 30º, respectively
at 1, 2, 3 equal V
n
=1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 m/s, respectively
Fig. 8. The influence of the angle of entry of the knife into the soil on the change in the time of sliding of soil
particles and plant residues along the tip
Determining the sharpening angle of a knife tip.
The knife edge has a constructive β and an actual β` sharpening angle
(Fig. 9), and to determine β it is necessary to determine the actual s
harpening angle. To do this, we will use the
condition that the soil in front of it does not stick or accumulate.
It is known that in order to prevent the soil from sticking and accumulating in front of the knife, the following
equation must be satisfied:
β` =
π
4
−
φ
1
2
(11)
or
2β` =
π
2
− φ
1
(12)
β`
- actual sharpening angle of the knife tip
Substituting the values of φ
1
into equation (12), we determine that 2β`=55
-65°.
Since the angle of entry of the knife into the soil is
1
90°, the actual sharpening angle of the knife 2β` (Fig. 9) differs
from its design sharpening angle 2β, that is, there is a shift in the section |UK| to |JK|
According to the scheme in Fig. 9
|UK|
|JK|
=
l
l`
= sinγ
1
, and also
ltgβ = l`tgβ`
(13)
and considering that equalities will be appropriate, we formulate the following resulting relation (14), which shows
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the relationship between actual and design sharpening angles of a knife.
tgβ` = tgβ sin γ
1
. (14)
Fig. 9. Scheme for determining the sharpening angle of the knife tip
Solving equation (14) for β, we obtain [8]
2β = arctg
tg(
π
2
−φ
1
)
sin γ
1
. (15)
Substituting the values of γ
1
and φ
1
into equation (15), we construct a graph of the change in the sharpening angle of
the knife tip, 2β, depending on its angle of entry, γ
1
, into the soil (Fig. 10). From the graph, it is established that the
angle for constructive sharpening of the knife's tip is within the range of 81-107°.
for a, b, c equal φ1=20°, 25º and 30º, respectively
Fig. 10. Graph of the change in the sharpening angle of the knife tip, depending on its angle of entry into the soil.
CONCLUSIONS
1. A design has been created for a sectional seeder
equipped with a hinged-skid coulter that adapts to the
complex profile of cotton rows, performing sowing of
wheat seeds at the level of established agrotechnical
requirements with low energy costs.
2. As a result of theoretical study of the main working
element of the skid, the following was established:
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height of toe h = 16 cm; angle of mounting of toe of skid
relative to longitudinal plane α=30°...35°; width B=24
cm; vertical pressure force P
c
=324N.
3. It was found that the angle of entry of the anchor
coulter knife into the soil was γ
1
= 147 °… 153 °, and its
sharpening angle was 2β' = 55 ° … 65 °.
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