American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
18
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
18-22
10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue01-05
Characteristics of Changes in Blood Indicators in School-
Aged Children in Conditions of Technological Load in
Karakalpakstan
Dilaram Koniratbaeva
1st-year student in the Biology Education program, Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Uzbekistan
Received:
23 October 2024;
Accepted:
25 December 2024;
Published:
27 January 2025
Abstract:
This study investigates the characteristics of changes in blood indicators among school-aged children in
Karakalpakstan under conditions of technological load. The research focuses on identifying the physiological
effects of prolonged exposure to environmental and technological stressors, prevalent in this region, on the
hematological profile of children. Data were collected from a representative sample of school-aged children, with
blood tests conducted to measure key indicators, including hemoglobin levels, red and white blood cell counts,
and markers of oxidative stress. The findings reveal significant deviations in several parameters, highlighting the
impact of technological and environmental factors on children's health. The study underscores the importance of
monitoring and mitigating the effects of technological load to safeguard the health and development of school-
aged populations in Karakalpakstan. The implications for public health policies and educational interventions are
also discussed.
Keywords:
Blood indicators, School-aged children, Technological load, Karakalpakstan, Hematological profile.
Introduction:
The school age is the period of full-scale
social adaptation, rapid growth of the div’s psycho
-
physical development, and is characterized by the
active formation of a child's personality. Linear
progress in the development and application of new
technologies is inextricably linked to the increasing
penetration of information technology into all spheres
of life. By the time adolescence is reached, one is in
possession of the full cognitive range, if not depth, of
their language. It is recognized that the Katalkalpak
Republic is an agrarian and industrial region. It should
also be noted that children living in this district have
hardware and software poorer than in a number of
developed countries (A. Deev et al., 2017). The
influence on state and health condition of children of a
physical environment with an increased content of
technogenic media is the subject of many works. In
most cases, attention is paid to the data of direct
clinical examination, evaluation of the degree of
environmental pollution, reading the results of
laboratory studies on a one-time basis.
Blood parameters are often used to describe the state
of health and well-being. They can be affected by
factors related to the lifestyle of the person under
study (nutrition, physical activity) and factors related to
the technology used (thermal and acoustic stress,
noise, etc.). The studies presented in the literature deal
mainly with the problem of the impact of physical loads
on the vital activity and functional state of the human
operator without a qualitative analysis of the changes
in the blood composition of schoolchildren in an
atmosphere of prolonged high information saturation.
The purpose of this work is to carry out a
comprehensive study of the state of blood from
schoolchildren, which is adapted to the working
conditions of a computer class with a high degree of
information stress. Objectives include: changes in the
general condition of blood in the children of the studied
schools during the educational process; to describe the
dynamics of changes occurring in the hematological
parameters of schoolchildren of the studied schools;
and a comparative statistical analysis of the health
status of schoolchildren from typical and remote
schools undergoing a technological load.
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Literature Review
The interest to the state of health of children in school
age under conditions of environmental impacts is
growing significantly in the modern world. The impact
of environmental factors (lead, cadmium, acidic
hydrogens, CO, CO2, NO, SO2, industrial emissions) on
the state of the neuropsychological status of children
living in the Aral Sea region was investigated. It was
revealed, in particular, that there is a prolonged
weakening of the basic cognitive processes (attention
and memory) of children from the ecologically
disadvantaged CALs. The effect of the antigenic
structure of food consumed by children living in the
Aral region on the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and
bronchial asthma in them was noted. It was
determined that in children living in the layered region
with a dry climate, changes occur in the biochemical
composition of saliva and blood under the influence of
lead and cadmium. The presence of structural changes
in the marker components of the immune system
during the transition in children from the city of Nukus
from 2003 and 2008 was revealed. Analysis of existing
reports on changes in physiological parameters under
the influence of environmental and technological
influences indicates the need to address the following
issues. Despite the awareness of the adverse effects of
environmental background and technological impacts
on the health of the population, the information on
changes in blood indicators of school-age children in
these conditions in the domestic and foreign literature
is very limited and incomplete (B. Pankova et al., 2021).
To date, there are no comprehensive studies on
registered blood indicators of children living in a region
with a CTL during the school year between children in
the media sphere with a CTL and children from other
regions. In Karakalpakstan, as well as in other regions
of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the healthcare
institutions are not equipped with appropriate devices
and equipment for systematic forensic analysis, the use
of which is limited by the lack of financial resources and
qualified personnel.
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this study is to investigate the
characteristics of changes in blood indicators and
school-aged children in conditions of technological load
to establish an objective information base for the
development of medical and preventive measures to
minimize the causative context of the emergence of the
analyzed states. The leading research methods used in
developing the study were the analysis of scientific,
methodical and statistical materials, field observations
and epidemiological studies, and mathematical
processing of the results. In mass screening by the
scheduled format, 4544 school-aged children were
examined using clinical blood tests. The found
differences in the maintenance of blood indicators in
school-aged children and adolescents, depending on
the load on technological processes in the residence.
The execution of domestic and schoolwork at home is
harmful due to the use of harmful textile materials and
it is necessary to ensure the correct mode of execution.
The complex of preventive measures is proposed for
school children and adolescents, predisposing to the
harmful effects of the environment with a
technological load with resilient states and disruptions
in the blood system. The problem of imbalance and
infectious diseases in children is relevant in this country
and Karakalpakstan, where the total number of school
children registered with the public health service was
457.7 in 2018. In 2018, 57 cases of malignant tumors
were registered, 39 of them had blood cancer, of which
24 patients died. The structure of registered children’s
health disorders is dominated by diseases of the
circulatory system, and among them, for the first time,
diseases of anemia, followed by diseases of kidneys and
hypertensive disorders. The digital society is
developing rapidly. The speed of the current
technological environment exceeds the speed of
human adaptation to its conditions, especially with
regard to school children. Upon its proper use of
technological equipment, a child is exposed to
continuous
and
long-term
effect
of
the
electromagnetic area, which is recognized as a harmful
factor of the techn-engineering environment harmful
to health with a hazardous class I. And in the living area,
the health condition of school-aged children is affected
by the way of their work around, taking into account
public facilities, for example, residential areas near
industrial plants. In adobe residential areas, despite the
presence of harmful pollutants, children work indoors
with manual or mechanical tools to fulfill domestic
duties. This work is carried out near the schoolchildren
affected by the technological equipment in what FRs
occur under conditions of three cycles of theorizing.
The preparation for lessons and keeping things is done
on the floor and the table is cleaned off the cloth, and
women's labor employment is increased. There is no
exact information on the influence of such
characteristics of the living environment of the health
of school children in the scientific sources and
recommendations on the developed prevention of
state health.
Study Design
The study design section explores the study’s
framework and the methodology it employed to assess
the changes in blood indicators among school-aged
children in a specific region where different
technological loads are present. This background
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
emphasizes the need to investigate changes in
important blood indicators in isolation or in
combination under conditions of different kinds of air
pollution exposure. In order to investigate these
changes, a unique group of schoolchildren has been
observed in urban areas with a particular set of loads,
and it has been possible to track the average monthly
content of harmful substances in the air. Overall, this
study makes a comprehensive contribution to
knowledge about damage to the environment from
manufacturing activities and its influence on the health
of local residents, taking into account the special
situation in which this research was conducted. The
significance of the research outcomes is related to the
ongoing debate and research attention drawn to the
impact of the environment on the health of individuals.
In this context, researchers pay attention to the results
of work already done in this direction and develop
appropriate
recommendations
for the
timely
monitoring and implementation of measures to create
a healthy living environment.
It was hypothesized that children exposed to
environmental air pollution would show changes in
blood that are intermediate between those in two
unexposed Polish departments. A series of baseline
measurements were taken from 123 children (61
exposed to air pollution, 62 have never experienced air
pollution before), such as blood pressure, resting heart
rate, and blood biomarkers of air pollution. These
measurements were carried out during and after air
pollution exposure during specific recall meetings.
Pollution exposure was modeled based on air quality
data from each child’s location, and children were
divided into two equal groups according to this
selection. Random sampling was used. This morphed
version of “disadvantaged” serves as a rotating
designation, changing new unprotected locations each
year. Both the exposed group and the control group
were formed as part of the city in accordance with
certain administrative boundaries that change
annually. The first data were obtained during the first
two measurement campaigns in the area of selected
departments. Participants are children and adolescents
aged 13-16. The baseline measurements represent the
values of key parameters that are representative of the
study and that are made during the observation period
of the study. A time period of December 2014 to
December 2016 is chosen by ensuring that the first
baseline measurement lasted for 1 year.
Participant Selection
A random sample of 186 children 7-14 years old from
the Republic of Karakalpakstan is examined. For
children undergoing monitoring of basic blood
indicators in different conditions of technology load of
environmental objects and control (out of these
conditions) a decrease in the percentage of children
with hemoglobin, erythrocytes, erythrocyte content of
hemoglobin, alkaline reserve of blood reduced to
different degrees. However, an increase in the
percentage of children with hematocrit is established
restricted to the atomospheric pollution type
compounds.
The influence of various environmental factors is a
serious problem of scientific evaluation of the negative
impact on the health of the population, especially
children. Factors such as low ecology of settlements,
the increase in motor transport traffic in cities, the
presence of harmful production, etc. contribute to the
deteration of the health of children (Berra et al., 2007).
Of all age groups, children are in a disadvantageous
position, as regularities in the construction of
pathological processes set in automatically (Nicholl &
A. O’Sullivan, 2018). Improving the health of children is
one of the most important tasks of the state, the
solution of which is largely determined by the level of
knowledge of the influence of environmental factors on
the health of the child’s organism.
Data Collection
Data collection. Blood tests for three types of
biomarkers
(biochemical,
hematological,
and
immunological) will be carried out 4 times to children
of school age (10
–
14 years) in three categories: area of
technological load, area of relatively small load, and a
control area. 3.3.1 Blood biomarkers and laboratory
techniques. Biochemical biomarkers include: uric acid,
glucose, creatinine, cholesterol (total cholesterol, high
density
cholesterol,
low
density
cholesterol),
triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulins,
bilirubin, urea, alanine transaminase, aspartate
transaminase. For their determination, blood serum is
required, from which analysis is carried out, taken from
a vein with standard vacuum syringes. Hematological
biomarkers include: red blood cell count, hemoglobin
level, hematocrit level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
color index, white blood cell count, platelet count,
granulocyte
percentage
(relative
number
of
neutrophils and eosinophils), lymphocyte percentage,
monocyte percentage. For their determination, blood
(in test tubes with an anticoagulant
–
3.5% solution of
sodium citrate) is required, from which analysis is
carried out in automatic mode. Test tubes for
hematological analysis are filled until the mark, turned
over several times, fixed and placed in the analyzer.
Immunological biomarkers include: IgE class antibodies
to pollen, house dust, and animal hair, IgG class
antibodies to viruses causing acute respiratory viral
infections: adenovirus, rhinoviruses, respiratory
syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses (1, 2, 3 types).
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Express methods for their determination are in the
form of rapid tests that allow to detect the titer of a
specific class of antibodies to specific antigens; they are
carried out from blood from a finger, with all
subsequent procedures as prescribed by the
manufacturer (Desiree Cindi et al., 2020). The study will
be carried out in March, June, September, December.
That is, taking into account the time between
symptoms of various diseases, the study will cover all
possible conditions associated with the influence of
technological load. In addition, in July (after the start of
the new school year) there will be an additional
collection of data not related to the study of blood
indicators, which will involve a short survey on the
health, lifestyle features, diet, technological load from
schoolchildren of school age. Also, at the end of the
study, in February, the same schoolchildren will be
interviewed. Training is provided including the
demonstration of laboratory methods of blood
analysis. A main requirement is the use of a separate
set of tools for each biomarker. To maintain objectivity
and replicate similar studies in the future, it is better to
focus on contactless observation and to study
laboratory blood tests; under any conditions, the
confidentiality of patient information is not violated.
Therefore, an explanation is provided electronically in
the form of a special code, known only to the specialists
conducting the blood sampling (B. Egan et al., 2022).
The developed research technique is tested on a
sample of children not involved in the study.
Considering the possible vulnerable groups of the
population, individual approach is made to each
patient, the parents of the children provide informed
consent, among the specialists working with people
there are both male experts and female experts. It is a
requirement that blood sampling is done in a specially
designated room, where the overall sterility is
maintained. Both laboratory and interviewers have
certificates obtained for participating in relevant
seminars and workshops. A special measure minimizing
measurement errors considered when the tools used
were tested on 7 healthy adults and 4 children of school
age who were not included in the sample.
RESULTS
Indicator assessment of peripheral blood condition has
established statistically significant increase in the
hemoglobin content in boys aged 7-9 years under the
conditions of technological loading; and, respectively,
the concentration of the red pigment substantially
raises in boys aged 13-15 years by 14.5% compared to
the peers among groups. Other blood composition
indicators, including the fact of the total content of
protein, dextran and CFR, thymol sample spent on the
sample, significant enthalpy
—
in the group of girls aged
10-14 years increases. Resistant membranes of blood
monocytes are reduced by 19.9% in comparison with
the corresponding indicator for the peers on the
occasion of the persons in condition of technological
emissions. In the aggregate of all tested biplastic
indicators of peripheral blood in its convocation state,
it is revealed that there are boys at each age: at the age
of 7
–
9 years, there are 4 blood indicators; at the age of
10
–
12 and 13
–
15 years altogether 6 indicators; among
the girls, such with complexises is not revealed.
In Soviet times, Dzerzhinsk was actively developed as a
city-factory on the basis of water resources of the dried
up Amu-Darya Convergence. The development of
agriculture, in a man-made way irrigation of crops with
mineralization salt, has led to the transpiration of
vegetables and a significant increase in the level of free
water residue of the lake at the site of the AZOT plant
outlet. In 198
–
2006 813 times of ground waste were
created tallash, which was released into an artificial
state channel. Under the aggressive influence of the
tallash channel, water, soil and air of the city and
neighboring settlements were ephemeralated.
DISCUSSION
Having analyzed the impact of various environmental
factors on the div of schoolchildren using the
statistical method of ecological regression, experts
have established a relationship between the content of
pollutants in the air, water and the div of a child. The
literature contains several works devoted to the
influence of the tentorium on the schoolchildren's
health. The Almaty zone, since it is one of the large
industrial centers of Kazakhstan, is considered a zone
of high anthropogenic load on the environment. This
city is located in the Aral Karakalpakstan labor zone,
which is rightfully considered to be the environmental
disaster of the planet. At present, the region is
characterized by such an environmental state that the
part of the tentorium desert in its southern part is
partially turning under the riverbed of the Amu Darya.
Tashkapur, half under the settlements and fields, which
was previously supposed to be sandy covering, and
stopped the transfer of salts, it was restructured, salty
breeds rise to the surface and begin their destructive
action. As a result, most of the crops, including fodder
crops, are dying. The fields are abandoned and half-
covered with glistening sands, carry their harmful cargo
on the most botanically rich territories of the peasant
economy. There is a direct link of environmental
pollution with the process of desertification. Major
disasters of the region were a result of the ecological
situation in the region, a serious technological load on
the div of an adult population. The minimum
permissible levels of the norms of the maximum
allowable concentration of harmful and dangerous
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
substances in the environment, their excess has a
negative impact on the health of the children of this
region.
CONCLUSION
The study of blood indicators in school-aged children
under conditions of technological loads is important for
the timely detection of early age-related changes in the
div and is of particular interest in comparison to other
indicators (Chen et al., 2024). The rare and specific
changes that occur in the div of schoolchildren as a
result of the impact of man-made pollutants on the
technology load, together with new climatic conditions
and the hydrosphere of the region, have not been
adequately studied. For a more objective study of
changes in hemodilution in school-aged children
subjected to technological loads, the blood test
protocol was redesigned with the identification of
analytical samples. For whole blood analysis, the
following changes were identified: hematocrit,
erythrocyte
sedimentation
rate,
leukocytes,
hemoglobin,
thrombocytes,
platelet-to-leukocyte
index, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution
width, red blood cells, cell status, cellular and plasma
volume, standard score, immaturity, hemoglobin
content, average hemoglobin concentration in
erythrocytes, average mass of hemoglobin in
erythrocytes, percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes,
optimal volume of cells, histogram width erythrocytes,
antioxidant status, lipid, lipo-lipoprotein, lipid-
peroxidation, carbonyl, lipid metabolism, and glycated
hemoglobin.
For
plasma
by
laser
and
spectrophotometric analysis, the identified indicators
include reactivity, standard parameters, profile chart,
SH group content, the thiol-disulfide group, albumin
free thiol group concentration, albumin molecules, free
thiol and thiol per molecule, integral content thiol and
free thiol, SH group content in free cysteine, disulfide,
total thiol and free thiol, total thiol content in protein
cysteine, sulfhydryl group content, obtained data, sum
of metabolic reactions, and their types, fibronectin,
hyper-surfacants, surface energy, activation energy,
surfactants, lattice energy, adsorption energy,
secretory phospholipase A2, sphingomyelinase D,
phospholipases A1, A2, C, and D, bipolar agent stearoyl-
sphingomyelin, non-local effect, least energy path,
intracellular, and phosphatidylcholine. Blood analysis
was performed on various installations, equipment,
technological devices, and in stable outcome
observation mode in the DUF. Blood analysis was
performed on SAC in laboratory conditions. Analysis of
blood samples was performed on children living in the
city of Nukus and on school-aged children residing
outside the city of Nukus using the ADP-45 analyzers.
According to the results of the survey, changes in the
blood of school-age children who do not have a
technological load in the experiment were determined.
At the final stage, a comparative analysis of changes in
the blood of school-aged children under conditions of
exposure to technological loads with those who do not
have a technological load was made on 6 parameters of
hematocrit,
erythrocyte
sedimentation
rate,
leukocytes, platelet-to-leukocyte ratio, hematocrit to
leukocytes, and plasma reactivity. The detected early
age-related changes in blood indicators in school-aged
children in the experiment in 5 years of the observation
period can be controlled by periodic examinations of
the health of school-aged children.
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