American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
15
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
15-17
10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue01-04
The course and treatment tactics of oral mucosal diseases
in pregnant women
Sodikova Shoira Amriddinovna
Scientific advisor: Assistant of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Muratova Dilnoza
Students of group 504, Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Arzikulov Dilshod
Students of group 504, Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Received:
24 October 2024;
Accepted:
26 December 2024;
Published:
23 January 2025
Abstract:
Oral mucosal diseases during pregnancy, such as pregnancy gingivitis, pyogenic granulomas, oral
candidiasis, and herpes simplex virus infections, are common due to hormonal and immune changes. These
conditions can cause discomfort and complications for both mother and fetus. Prevention through good oral
hygiene, regular dental visits, and proper nutrition is essential. Treatment strategies focus on safe, non-invasive
therapies, including antimicrobial agents and antifungal treatments. Timely management ensures both maternal
and fetal health during pregnancy.
Keywords:
Oral mucosal diseases, pregnancy gingivitis, pyogenic granulomas, oral candidiasis, herpes simplex,
prevention, treatment, pregnancy health.
Introduction:
Oral health is an integral part of overall
health, and its importance is magnified during
pregnancy. The physiological changes that occur during
pregnancy can significantly impact the oral mucosa,
making pregnant women more susceptible to certain
oral diseases. These conditions can range from benign
conditions such as pregnancy gingivitis to more serious
issues like oral candidiasis or even oral manifestations
of systemic diseases. Understanding the course and
treatment of oral mucosal diseases in pregnant women
is essential for healthcare providers to ensure both
maternal and fetal well-being. This article delves into
the most common oral mucosal diseases encountered
during pregnancy, their clinical course, and effective
treatment tactics that are safe for both mother and
fetus.
During pregnancy, hormonal changes are among the
most significant contributors to oral mucosal
alterations. The increase in estrogen and progesterone
levels can cause changes in the structure and function
of oral tissues, particularly the gums and mucosa. These
changes can lead to inflammation and a higher
incidence of gum diseases. One of the most common
oral conditions during pregnancy is pregnancy
gingivitis, which occurs in about 60-75% of pregnant
women. This condition is characterized by redness,
swelling, and bleeding of the gums, often aggravated by
plaque accumulation. Pregnancy gingivitis typically
starts in the second month of pregnancy and reaches
its peak during the second trimester. The symptoms
tend to subside after delivery, but if left untreated,
pregnancy gingivitis can progress to more severe
periodontal disease.
Another condition commonly observed in pregnant
women is the formation of pregnancy tumors, also
known as pyogenic granulomas. These benign, vascular
lesions are typically found on the gingiva and are often
associated with pregnancy-induced hormonal changes.
Pyogenic granulomas appear as red, raised masses that
bleed easily, and although they are non-cancerous,
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
16
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
they can cause discomfort and bleeding. These tumors
usually resolve postpartum, but in some cases, they
may need to be surgically removed, particularly if they
interfere with mastication or oral hygiene.
Pregnancy can also exacerbate the risk of oral
candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by the
overgrowth of Candida albicans in the oral cavity.
Hormonal changes, along with a weakened immune
response during pregnancy, can create an environment
conducive to fungal overgrowth. Oral candidiasis
typically presents as white, creamy lesions on the
tongue, palate, and inner cheeks, which may be painful
or associated with a burning sensation. In some cases,
the infection may extend to the esophagus, leading to
a condition known as esophageal candidiasis, which is
more severe and can lead to swallowing difficulties.
Pregnant women with diabetes or those who use
inhaled corticosteroids are at increased risk of
developing oral candidiasis.
Another condition that may affect the oral mucosa
during pregnancy is herpes simplex virus (HSV)
infection. HSV can manifest as painful lesions or sores
on the lips, tongue, gums, and other areas of the
mouth. While primary infections are often the most
severe, reactivation of latent HSV during pregnancy is
also common, particularly in the first trimester.
Pregnant women who have a history of oral herpes may
experience recurrent outbreaks, often triggered by
stress, fever, or hormonal changes. The risk of
transmission to the fetus is highest during active lesions
at the time of delivery, which can result in neonatal
herpes, a potentially life-threatening condition for the
infant. One of the more serious oral manifestations
during pregnancy is related to the autoimmune
disorder known as pemphigoid gestationis. This rare
condition presents as blistering lesions in the oral
mucosa and can cause significant discomfort.
Pemphigoid gestationis is typically diagnosed by biopsy
and is associated with other symptoms like pruritus
(itching) and erythema. Although it can be distressing,
it usually resolves after delivery.
The treatment of oral mucosal diseases during
pregnancy requires careful consideration to avoid any
harm to the developing fetus. In general, the approach
focuses on maintaining the health of both the mother
and the fetus, managing symptoms, and preventing
complications. The primary tactic in managing
pregnancy-related oral mucosal diseases is prevention.
Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene are
essential for minimizing the risk of oral diseases.
Pregnant women should be educated about the
importance of brushing at least twice a day with
fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and using a mouth rinse
to reduce plaque buildup. Professional dental cleanings
are also recommended to remove tartar and plaque
that may contribute to gum disease.
For conditions such as pregnancy gingivitis, the initial
treatment involves improving oral hygiene through
proper brushing and flossing, as well as frequent
professional cleanings. In more severe cases, a dentist
may recommend localized antimicrobial agents such as
chlorhexidine
mouthwash.
However,
systemic
antibiotics should be avoided during pregnancy unless
absolutely necessary, as they may pose risks to fetal
development. Ensuring that women receive adequate
nutrition during pregnancy, particularly vitamins C and
D, is also crucial for gum health, as deficiencies in these
nutrients can exacerbate gum disease.
In the case of pyogenic granulomas, treatment typically
involves removal if the lesions are large, painful, or
interfere with oral function. Surgical excision is the
most common approach, although some cases may
resolve spontaneously after childbirth. When surgery is
required, it is typically performed under local
anesthesia to minimize risks to the fetus. However,
treatment is generally delayed until after delivery in
cases where the lesion is not causing significant issues.
Oral candidiasis during pregnancy is managed with
antifungal treatments that are considered safe for use
during pregnancy. Topical antifungal agents, such as
nystatin or clotrimazole, are preferred over oral
antifungal drugs, as they are less likely to affect the
fetus. In more severe cases, systemic antifungal
therapy may be considered, but it should only be
prescribed by a healthcare provider with careful
evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. Pregnant
women with diabetes are advised to keep their blood
sugar levels in check, as hyperglycemia can increase the
risk of fungal infections.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, oral mucosal diseases are common
during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and other
physiological factors. Conditions such as pregnancy
gingivitis, pyogenic granulomas, oral candidiasis, and
herpes simplex virus infections can cause discomfort
and potential complications. However, with early
detection, proper oral care, and appropriate treatment,
the majority of these conditions can be managed
effectively. Pregnant women should be educated about
the importance of maintaining oral health during
pregnancy and encouraged to seek timely dental care
to prevent and address oral mucosal diseases. The
safety of both the mother and the fetus should always
be prioritized, with a focus on non-invasive and
pregnancy-safe treatments.
REFERENCES
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
17
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Lima, T. C., & Silva, D. D. (2019). Pregnancy and oral
health: Impact of pregnancy on oral mucosal diseases.
Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 46(8), 755
–
764.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13192
Allen, E. M., & McCullough, M. J. (2016). Oral
manifestations
of
pregnancy:
Diagnosis
and
management. Australian Dental Journal, 61(3), 337
–
342. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12356
Kassebaum, N. J., & Bernabé, E. (2020). Global burden
of oral diseases and conditions: An overview. Journal of
Dental
Research,
99(3),
233
–
241.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520909234
Squier, C. A., & Kremer, M. J. (2018). Oral health and
pregnancy: A review of literature and management
strategies. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology
and
Oral
Radiology,
126(4),
311
–
318.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.04.005
