American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
38
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
38-42
10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue04-09
Prospects for The Development of Enterosorbent
Preparations Based on Local Glauconite Mineral Raw
Materials
Umaralieva Nilufar Ravshan kizi
Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Assistant of the Department of Industrial Technology of Medicinal Products, Uzbekistan
Maksudova Firuza Khurshidovna
Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Head of the Department of Industrial Technology of Medicinal Products, Doctor of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Associate Professor, Uzbekistan
Fayzullaeva Nodira Sultanovna
Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Drug Form Technology, Uzbekistan
Received:
25 February 2025;
Accepted:
21 March 2025;
Published:
24 April 2025
Abstract:
Enterosorbents are widely used in gastroenterology, toxicology, infectious diseases, allergology,
dermatology, surgery, oncology, hepatology, nephrology, and addiction medicine.
To expand the range of enterosorbent preparations using natural raw materials, the physicochemical and
technological properties of the natural mineral glauconite were studied as a promising source for the developing
granulated, encapsulated, and tablet-form oral enterosorbent preparations.
Keywords:
Enterosorbent, adsorption, absorption, endotoxins, exotoxins, technology, oral preparations,
granules, and capsules.
Introduction:
The development of enterosorbent
preparations with adsorption and detoxification
pharmacological effects is one of the promising areas in
pharmaceutical practice.
Enterosorbents are medicinal substances of various
structures and nature, whose mechanism of action is
aimed at binding and eliminating exo- and endotoxins
from the div through the gastrointestinal tract by
adsorption, absorption, ion exchange, and complex
formation. Depending on the mechanism of action,
sorbents can be divided into: 1) adsorbents -
substances
with
ion-exchange
properties;
2)
complexing agents - substances that, in a molecular or
ionic state, form stable compounds with ligands that, in
turn, bind and eliminate from the div toxins of
biologically active substances (antigens, histamines,
prostaglandins, bilirubin, xenobiotics, etc.), pathogenic
bacteria, and their toxins.
In the cases mentioned above, the mechanism of
sorption is related to both direct and indirect effects.
The
therapeutic-chemical
classification
of
enterosorbents includes compounds such as activated
charcoal, bismuth preparations, pectin, kaolin,
croscarmellose, attapulgite, diosmectite, and their
combined compositions [1, 2].
Currently, enterosorbent preparations are mainly
imported into Uzbekistan from abroad and do not fully
meet the needs of our country. Therefore, expanding
the range of preparations with sorptive properties is an
urgent task for modern pharmaceutical technology.
Based on the above, this study aims is to analyze the
market of enterosorbent pharmaceutical preparations
and biologically active additives (BAA) registered in the
Republic of Uzbekistan and to determine the potential
for expanding the range of medicinal products and
BAAs with enterosorbent properties using local natural
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
raw materials with sorptive properties, such as
glauconite. The study will examine the physicochemical
and adsorption properties, as well as the
pharmacological properties of the natural mineral
sorbent glauconite, to develop granulated and
encapsulated enterosorbent forms in the future.
METHODS
The analysis of official sources of information on
pharmaceutical preparations and biologically active
additives (BAA) registered in the Republic of Uzbekistan
[3, 4] was conducted. The object of the study was the
natural highly dispersed glauconite powder extracted
by open-pit mining from the sandstone of the "Changi"
quarry (Parkent district, Tashkent region, Republic of
Uzbekistan) and thermally processed to activate it in
the laboratory production conditions of LLC "Fati-
Derm." The thermal activation process was carried out
in a laboratory drying oven "SHSU-M1" (Russia) at
temperatures ranging from 100 to 300°C, as well as in
a laboratory muffle furnace "MP-2UM" (Vilnius,
Lithuania) at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800°C.
Thermogravimetric studies of the sieved fraction of
glauconite were conducted using a derivatograph from
MOM company in the temperature range of 200-800°C
with a heating rate of 10K/min.
The study of the physicochemical and technological
properties of thermally activated glauconite, as well as
the quality indicators of trial samples of granules and
encapsulating mass of glauconite, was carried out
according to the methods described in the literature
[5].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Currently, the State Register of Medicinal Products,
Medical Devices, and Equipment permitted for use in
medical practice in the Republic of Uzbekistan includes
1 pharmaceutical substance with sorptive properties
and 20 pharmaceutical products and dietary
supplements (BAA). These medicinal products contain
enterosorbents derived from substances of 5 types:
activated
charcoal
(4),
colloidal
silica
(2),
polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate (1), dioctahedral
smectite (5), hydrolytic lignin (2), and 6 types of BAAs
[3, 4]. The listed enterosorbent products are available
in the form of powders (suspensions), granules, tablets,
capsules, pastes, and gels [2, 3]. Among the registered
enterosorbent products in Uzbekistan, the most
popular are Smecta®, Polysorb MP, and Enterosgel®.
For many years, enterosorbents based on wood
charcoal, wood, limestone, and silica have been widely
used worldwide. However, as experiments have shown,
activated charcoal has the lowest sorptive activity
—
10
mg/g (D.A. Markelov, O.V. Nitsak, I.I. Gerashchenko,
2008). Therefore, the demand for these substances is
gradually decreasing. As a result, scientists from
various countries are actively researching new
promising sorptive materials with a wide range of
sorptive activity [2, 5].
Given the above, a promising sorbent with a broad
spectrum of action is the natural mineral glauconite.
Glauconite (Glauconite) is a potassium-containing
aluminosilicate with a complex and variable
composition (chemical formula - (KNa)(Fe3.AL
Mg)2(SiAl)4O10(OH)2). Glauconite belongs to the
group of hydrous micas, a subclass of layered silicates.
This relatively inexpensive natural mineral has a wide
range of sorptive activity, high ion-exchange and
buffering properties (depending on fractionation from
200 to 600 μm, the sorptive properties of glauconite
range from 20 to 100 mg/g, and after activation using
magnetic separation methods, its activity increases by
an additional 45%). A large absorption area was also
noted, with the specific sorption surface ranging from
0.10 to 0.16 mmol/g depending on the pH of the
medium (pH 5.2-7.5). Additionally, the coating
(encapsulating) properties of glauconite were studied.
The sample of glauconite mineral under study is a
polydisperse powder of a dark olive-green colour,
odorless and tasteless, and insoluble in water.
Examination of the glauconite powder under a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the
particles of glauconite have an isodiametric globular
form, in the shape of spheres, ovals, and kidney-like
forms. A significant number of particles have an
irregular shape with a bumpy, matte surface, and the
surfaces of the particles are cracked. The density of the
powder ranges from 2.2 to 2.9 g/cm³; the particle size
after fractionation was less than 0.2 mm (84.6% =
2.2%).
Porosity plays a significant role in the sorption process,
i.e., the presence of spaces between interconnected
pores. Porosity is a property of solid bodies
characterized by the presence of voids between
granular particles, crystals, and layers. Particles of
different enterosorbents differ from each other in
structure and pore radius. The porosity of glauconite
was determined according to GOST 30629-99, and it
was found that the porosity of the glauconite fraction
ranging from 200-
500 μm is 22±1.8%.
Glauconites extracted from various regions of
Uzbekistan have different chemical compositions
(Table 1). The type of glauconite in which potassium
predominates is called celadonite (for example,
samples of glauconite extracted from the deposits in
the Namangan region are rich in potassium ions).
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Table 1
Chemical composition of glauconites mined in the republics of Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan
The place where the
raw material is
mined
Main Components, %
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
CaO
MgО
Fe
2
O
3
K
2
O
Republic of
Uzbekistan Parkent
district Tashkent
region, quarry
"Changi"
54.5
1.9
8.8
1.9
10.0
4.5
Republic of
Karakalpakstan,
Krantau mine
59.4
3.3
5.1
1.29
88.1
6.5
Republic of
Uzbekistan Namangan
region
52.0
3.1
1.3
1.3
12.0
8.5
Russian Federation,
Tambov region,
Bandarsky district*
66.7
6.6
5.14
1.62
0.28
2.43
*Glauconite is imported to the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The results in Table 1 show that the chemical
composition of the main components of glauconites
mined in different quarries differs significantly. The
effect of temperature treatment on the quantitative
composition of the main components of glauconite was
also studied (Table 2).
Table 2
Results of changes in the chemical composition of glauconite mined in the Parkent district of the Tashkent region of the
Republic of Uzbekistan during the purification process
Purification method
Main Components, %
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
CaO
MgО
Fe
2
O
3
Sample of purification
54.5
1,9
8.8
1.,9
10.0
After 20 minutes of heat
treatment (at a
temperature of 400 0C)
54.2
2.0
6.1
1.6
10.0
After 30 minutes of heat
treatment (at a
temperature of 400 0C)
54.0
3.1
5.0
1.5
12.0
In order to study the possibility of producing oral
granulated
and
encapsulated
enterosorbent
pharmaceutical preparations, the physicomechanical
properties of thermally activated glauconite samples
were examined after heating for 30 minutes at 400°C.
The results of the studies are presented in Table 3.
As shown by the results of the study of the
physicomechanical properties of the thermally
activated glauconite substance: it is a polydisperse
powder, the particles of which are isodiametric in
shape (spherical grains of various sizes), olive-green in
colour, odourless, tasteless, and insoluble in water.
During fractionation, it was found that the majority of
the particles are less than 200 μm in size (69.84%). This
indicates the need for further grinding of the substance
and sieving through a sieve with a hole diameter of 150
μm.
The following properties of glauconite, such as relative
density, bulk density, flowability, angle of repose,
degree of compaction, and residual moisture, are
within the normal range. However, the compressibility
index is unsatisfactory; glauconite powder is classified
as an elastic substance, and to obtain quality granules
and encapsulating mass, a wet granulation process with
the use of binders with high adhesive activity is
required.
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Table 3.
Comparative study of the physical and mechanical properties of activated glauconite and its granules and
encapsulating mass
№
Studied indicators
Unit of
measurement
Results obtained
Purified and activated
substance
Granules
Encapsu
lated
mass
1.
Appearance
"Glauconite-Neo"
Granules in the
form of irregularly
shaped particles,
various
sizes,
olive-green
in
color,
odorless
and
tasteless,
insoluble in water
Particles
of
various
shapes
and
sizes,
green in
color,
odorless
and
tasteless
,
insolubl
e
in
water
2.
Fractional composition:
+1000
- 1000 +800
- 800 +500
- 500 +200
- 200 +150
- 150 +100
- 100
Mkm, %
0,1
3,9
56,9
18,5
16,5
3,0
1,1
37.18
24.25
21.15
16.22
1.20
-
-
0,03
1,24
10,25
42,11
46,20
0,15
0,02
3.
Relative density
g/cm³
1,26±0,6
1.5
0.1
1,4±0,1
4.
Bulk Density
kg/m3
413,2±2,2
1232±2,2
678,5±1
,5
5.
Flowability
10-3 kg/s
4,19±1,2
13,2
0,7
7,5
0,2
5
6.
Angle of natural repose
degree
23,2
1,2
26.2
0.2
35,2
0,
5
7.
Degree of compaction
1,22±0,10
1.07±0.03
2,57±0,
03
8.
Compressibility
N
26±1,5
37±1.7
36,6±1,
2
9.
Residual moisture
%, (40
0
С)
2,02±1,4
2.04±1.8
2,25±1,
5
When preparing model granules and encapsulating
mass, highly effective binders were used: a 5% starch
paste, 3-5% gelatin solution, 1-2% solutions of
methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose,
as well as 1%, 3%, and 5% solutions of polyethylene
oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, and low molecular weight
polyvinylpyrrolidone. The studies determined the
feasibility of using a 3% solution of low molecular
weight polyvinylpyrrolidone, which ensures good
binding of glauconite particles, and the resulting
granules retain their sorptive properties. For obtaining
the encapsulating mass, the use of a 2% solution of low
molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to be
appropriate.
CONCLUSION
As a result of the analysis of official sources of
information on pharmaceutical drugs and dietary
supplements, it was established that the range of
enterosorbent drugs in the Republic of Uzbekistan is
relatively broad: 1 pharmaceutical substance, 14
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
pharmaceutical drugs, and 6 named dietary
supplements. These drugs are mainly available in the
form of powders (42.9%), tablets (42.9%), and capsules
(7.1%), as well as one original product in a sachet-paste
form, "Enterosgel" (7.1%). The composition of the
listed dietary supplements is diverse, and they are
available in the form of powders, capsules, tablets, and
syrup for drinking. Since most enterosorbent drugs are
imported into the Republic of Uzbekistan, a promising
direction is the study of the physicomechanical
properties of glauconite to develop the composition
and technology for granulated and encapsulated
enterosorbent oral drugs based on it.
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