Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
41
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
41-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Lexicalized metaphors are recognized as metaphorical uses of language, yet their meaning is largely set in a given
language.
A lexicographic type is a group of lexemes with a shared property or properties, not necessarily semantic, which are
sensitive to the same linguistic rules and which should therefore be uniformly described in the dictionary. I shall
exemplify this concept with the classes of factive and putative predicates. Both of them will be narrowed down to the
subclasses of verbs denoting mental states (not processes or actions).
KEYWORDS
Metaphor, theory of metaphor, political language, literary language, and comparison language metaphor, figurative
metaphor, individual genuine metaphor.
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental tenets of the lexicographic
description of metaphorical nominations, present
issues, and future directions of metaphorical
lexicography are covered in this article.There haven't
Research Article
LEXICOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF INDIVIDUAL METAPHORS
Submission Date:
February 17, 2024,
Accepted Date:
February 22, 2024,
Published Date:
February 27, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue02-08
Karjawbaev Orazali Esbosinuli
Karakalpak State University Named After Berdakh, Bachelor Degree Of The Faculty Of English Linguistics 2-Nd
Year Student, Uzbekistan
Toleubayeva A.O
Scientific Advisor, Karakalpak State University Named After Berdakh, Bachelor Degree Of The Faculty Of
English Linguistics 2-Nd Year Student, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
42
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
41-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
been any independent descriptions of the metaphor
until lately. In the 21st century, a new approach to
vocabulary exercise called metaphorical lexicography
started to take shape. The development of figurative
and artistic lexicography, the development of
ideographic dictionaries, and the regular fixation of
figurative (metaphorical) meanings of words in
explanatory dictionaries were prerequisites for the
emergence of metaphorical dictionaries as a self-
sufficient lexicographic branch. [1:34]
Long before the creation of normative explanatory
dictionaries, metaphorics as a distinct category of
language units in the Russian vocabulary didn't stand
out. The lexicographical description of metaphorical
nominations was done within the framework of the
creation of normative explanatory dictionaries
(Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,
Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language,
and Dictionary of the Russian Language, all edited by
D. N. Ushakov, V. I. Chernyshev, and "Almost every
polysemous term incorporates metaphorical meanings
and shades. [2:65]
The criteria for placing words, including their figurative
(metaphorical) meanings, in these lexicographic
sources were gradually established by the authors of
explanatory dictionaries. Yet, the fundamentals of
their lexicographical description (order of placement in
a dictionary entry; the existence of interpretation;
grammatical and stylistic markers; and illustrative
material) are often the same throughout various
dictionaries. The topic of how metaphors are
represented in dictionaries is addressed ambiguously,
which is connected to several unresolved theoretical
problems in lexicography and semantics. The first
concern is how to tell the difference between
figurative meanings (linguistic metaphors) and
figurative word usage (speech metaphors), as well as
how to choose which metaphorical words to use. As a
result, it's crucial to employ the criteria for
differentiating related concepts in vocabulary practice.
N. D. Arutyunova, L. S. Kovtun, O. N. Laguta, G. N.
Sklyarevskaya, and others established the techniques
for lexicographically describing language metaphors.
The basic tenets of lexicographic description of
metaphors were developed in the writings of G. N.
Sklyarevskaya (1988, 1993), who established the
metaphor as a systemic phenomena of language that
follows specific formational and functional patterns.
"Since the dictionary cannot leave any of its
constituents outside the systematization, the linguistic
metaphor
has
already
been
experimentally
systematized and categorised" (Sklyarevskaya, 1993:
26).
Explanatory dictionaries (such as "Explanatory
Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov
and N. Yu.Shvedova, "Russian Explanatory Dictionary"
by V. V. Lopatin and L. E. Lopatina, and "New Dictionary
of the Russian Language") continue to carry out the
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
43
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
41-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
lexicographic
description
of
metaphorical
nominations, reflecting the characteristics of the
collective figurative thinking of native speakers of the
Russian language at the current stage of its historical
development. Explanatory and derivational" by T. F.
Efremova, etc.)in line with the normative lexicographic
traditions. The following are the fundamental
guidelines for lexicographical metaphor descriptions
of
metaphorical
nominees
in
contemporary
explanatory
dictionaries:
The
introduction
of
grammatical and stylistic marks; the presentation of
actual illustrative material demonstrating the
functioning of this metaphorical nomination in speech;
and reflection of various semantic and word-formation
connections of metaphors are all examples of clear
hierarchization of metaphorical meaning in the
structure of a polysemantic word and its
corresponding fixation in the dictionary entry.
According to the lexicographic metaphors description
approach, the accessible metaphorical dictionaries
may be conditionally classified into the following types:
ideographic
(thematic),
author's
(idioletic),
explanatory, and terminological. The complexity of this
phenomena and the peculiarities of the linguistic
substrate necessitate the formation of several
categories of dictionaries of Russian metaphors. The
most active development in metaphor dictionaries has
occurred since the turn of the century.[3:78]
Lexicographic metaphors here is the identification of
‘lexicographic types’, that is, groups of words with
similar grammatical, semantic, pragmatic, prosodic,
and cooccurrence patterns, and individuating words
within those types through ‘lexicographical portraits’.
As practiced by Apresjan, this often means minute
observation of sets of near-synonyms in order to
determine parameters on which they can be
differentiated into smaller and smaller groups. This is a
linguistically-informed lexicography, with the meaning-
text theory of Igor Mel’čuk and the
Moscow school
serving as the theoretical bedrock.
The lexicography of metaphors is derived from the
examination of writers' and poets' ideolects:
"Prishvin's Dictionary of Metaphorical Images"
(Turanina, 2007), "A. Blok's Dictionary of Metaphors"
(Turanina, 2000), and "Metaphor of Mayakovsky:
Dictionary. Tables. Commentary" (Turanina, 1997). For
instance, the usage of this lexeme in the metaphorical
context come after the primary component in
Mayakovsky's dictionary of metaphors. There are one
to thirty various settings in which the metaphor is used
in the dictionary entry. The list of metaphorical use
examples is sorted by date. Every example comes with
the "output" that the researcher needs. The semantics
of metaphors used in a variety of discourses are
described in dictionaries. Thus, metaphorical terms
typical of contemporary Russian political language may
be found in the Dictionary of Russian Political
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
44
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
41-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Metaphors. An examination of the definitions of
metaphor dictionaries revealed that contextual
bases
—
such as media texts, materials, programs,
etc.
—
and
explanation
dictionaries
—
which
list
figurative words
—
are the primary sources of the
lexicography of the semantics of metaphorical units.
Thus, there are 6,000 instances of metaphors in
political writings and the media according to the
Dictionary
of
Russian
Political
Metaphors.
Makhnitskaya (2003) developed the rules of the
lexicographic description of economic metaphors by
utilizing encyclopedic dictionaries on economics as
well as parts of scientific and media writings on the
subject. The process of gathering data for the
Dictionary of Information Technology Metaphors
comprised choosing scenarios that aligned with the
study's goals, adding the data into the database, and
choosing every metaphor. Words that were discovered
in the interpretation of metaphors and had semantic
links with the selected metaphor were picked, using
Ozhegov's explanatory lexicon. Additionally, the
Russian
Associative
Dictionary's
data
were
utilized.[4:98]
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of existing metaphorical dictionaries
made it possible to single out the following basic
principles of metaphorical lexicography: fixing a
metaphor as a head word; complex structuring of a
dictionary entry due to the introduction of new
components (indication of the motivating meaning,
metaphorical model; interpretation of a typical
figurative representation, etc.); adding various
comments and marks; the integrative nature of the
description, including not only the interpretation of
metaphorical semantics, but also other information
(from history, cultural studies, etc.). The major
problems of metaphorical lexicography are: 1) criteria
for the selection of metaphorical material for different
types of dictionaries; 2) further development and
unification of the principles of the lexicographic
description of metaphor in different types of
dictionaries; 3) identification of new facts of
metaphorization in various discourses and their
fragments; 4) adequate interpretation of occasional
metaphors; 5) establishment of changes in Russian
metaphorical system at different stages of its
evolution. A synopsis of a few Russian language
dictionaries including metaphors was completed. The
National Corpus of the Russian language, contextual
databases, and explanatory dictionaries serve as the
primary sources for the lexicography of the semantics
of metaphorical units. A few issues that come up when
dictionaries and contextual databases are used as
information sources were noted, along with
suggestions for how to resolve them. Generally
speaking, we think that in order to fully characterize
the semantics of metaphors, we must employ a
number of techniques: systemic techniques (such as
the method of unifying dictionary definitions) and
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
45
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
41-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
anthropometric
techniques
(the
experimental
research methods for recording real meanings of
metaphors).
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