Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
67
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of studying clinical terminology is to prepare prospective physicians in terms of terminology
(terminological). It is darcur who knows them not only by understanding the terms, but also by using them in practice
with a thorough mastery of the course. Each student studying at a medical institution, that is, future doctors, during
the course of study, face various terms related to the medical sciences-biological, anatomical, pharmaceutical and, of
course, clinical. Therefore, when studying terms composed of several terms from elements, it is advisable to approach
the term elements scientifically and practically.
KEYWORDS
Latin, Greek, medisina terms, terminology, globalization, language, education, science, linguistic structures.
INTRODUCTION
The word" Clini", from which the words" clinic"," clinic
"are derived, is Greek, meaning"bed, patient's bed".
Clinical terminology includes terminological names of
diseases and pathological conditions, methods of
treatment and examination of patients, names of
medical devices.
If in anatomical terminology most of the terms come
from Latin, in clinical terminology there is a large
number of words and morphemes of Greek origin. It is
historically related: firstly, that the literature related to
diseases and their treatment was mainly translated
from Greek by the Romans, and secondly, that most of
Research Article
THE USE OF LATIN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY IN MEDICAL PRACTICE
Submission Date:
November 07, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 12, 2024,
Published Date:
November 17, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue11-12
Sabirova Sabina Olimovna
Asia International University, Department of Fundamental Medical Sciences, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
68
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the doctors practicing in Rome were Greeks. The
greater flexibility of the Greek language in relation to
Latin in terms of the formation of new terms cannot be
denied.
Clinical terminology began to take shape in the
Hippocratic era. Many clinical terms are associated
with the name of this famous doctor, such as facies
Hippocratica "Hippocratic Mask" (Face of a dying
person).
Some terms of clinical terminology have historically
been formed as metaphors, viz.metaphorically used
words. Thus, the term cancer (cancer) was associated
with some external similarity of breast cancer tumor
and river cancer contour. The terms Pectus carinatum
are also based on external similarity. pectus " breast
"and carina" keel-like protrusion of the breast in birds",
hordeumlum "barley on the eyelid" (diminutive of the
Latin hordeum "barley"), etc.
Some clinical terms do not derive from Greek or Latin,
but instead return to other languages. For example,
the term pneumonia crouposa (there is also a cruposa
variant) is "crupose pneumonia". The term was
introduced by the famous Russian doctor and
researcher Sergei Petrovich Botkin to designate a
severe course of crouposis pneumonia. The term
comes from the English croup "wheezing", which
means the characteristic "wheezing", coughing and
wheezing voice in crouposis pneumonia. There are also
Terms-eponyms, viz. it is named after one or another
scientist. For example, in clinical terminology, the term
Tourette syndrome is used (an erect-shaped crease of
the muscles of the face, neck and shoulder girdle,
involuntary
movements
of
the
lips
and
tongue,frequent coughing, spitting, screaming).
The term comes from French neurologist Gilles de La
Tourette. The terms eponym are abundant in clinical
medicine: Marfan syndrome (a disease in the group of
hereditary pathologies of connective tissue), Gilbert's
syndrome( a frequent form of hereditary pigmented
hepatosis), Asperger's syndrome (serious difficulties in
social interaction, as well as limited, one of the
developmental
disorders
characterized
by
a
stereotypical, repetitive repertoire of interests and
professions), disease. Bekhtereva (systemic chronic
inflammatory disease of the joints and spine),
Parkinson's disease (slow progressive chronic
neurological disease typical of older people), etc.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Structurally, clinical terms can be divided into three
large groups.
First, these are terms consisting of a single word,
simple in the structure of Word formation, that is,
consisting of the root and the end.
Secondly, these are Latin words formed by the prefix,
suffix, prefix-suffix method or the method of adding
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
69
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
roots (bases). Such clinical terms have a structure that
allows you to describe the phenomenon in detail. For
example, diseases with inflammatory properties are
determined by the anatomical name of the affected
organ and the term itis, which indicates the
inflammatory process, for example, osteomyelitis
"bone marrow inflammation", lymphadenitis "lymph
node inflammation". If the inflammatory process
affects the outer shell of the organ, then the term
receives the prefix fairy- "around"
–
perinephritis
"inflammation of the kidney fiber capsule". If the
process affects the internal lining of the organ, this
term takes the prefix endo- "inside"
–
endocarditis
"inflammation of the internal lining of the heart". If the
inflammatory process covered the tissues around the
organ, the term received the prefix para- "close, close"
–
paraproctitis "inflammation of the fiber surrounding
the rectum".
The third group of clinical terms is phraseology (e.g.
pneumonia
crouposa
–
crupose
pneumonia,
pneumonia apicalis
–
apical pneumonia). Each phrase
has an identifiable word-name I. p. units or plural
determiners are, as a rule, adjectives. Their role is to
clarify a certain relationship of the general concept.
The most common meaning of determinants is the
localization of the lesion: abscessus appendicis,
abscessus femoris, abscessus parietis arteriae, etc.
The number of terms belonging to the field of clinical
terminology is very large, and it is almost not easy to
master them by simple memorization. But since most
clinical terms are made up of complex and simple
elements, it is much easier to master the necessary
amount of terminology with the meaning of these
elements (roots, bases, prefixes, suffixes).
The basic version is one of the effective ways to form
terms. In Latin, reasoning was not very common, while
in Greek it is a very common model of Word formation.
In modern medical terminology, there are terms
formed by the addition of Latin and Greek bases, as
well as mixed Latin-Greek forms.
Word bases can be connected through
–
o-and - i-
connecting vowels, as well as without the use of
connecting vowels. When combining two or more
Greek bases, the-I-vowel is usually used to combine the
–
o-conjugating vowel and the-I-vowel to combine the
Latin bases. It should be remembered that the same
Greek basis can be transmitted through Latin in
different ways. (E.g.: cheir - and chir - "hand", kephal -
and sephal -"head".)
In clinical terminology, the following Greek terms are
used for teaching, science, method of diagnostic
examination, treatment, suffering, disease: - logia
(logos) - science, sectional Sciences;
–
logo - - refers to
speech
disorders;
-
scopia
(scopeo)
-
examination,observation, study using tools;
–
metria,-
meter - (metreo) - measurement, size, size
determination; - graphia (grapho)
–
image recording
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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Publisher:
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process, graphic signal recording; - gramm (gram) -
signal recording, registration result;
–
therapia
(therapeia) - non
–
surgical treatment; noso - (nosos) -
disease; patho
–
, - pathia (pathos) - 1) suffering, illness;
2) mood; alg -,
–
algia, - algesia (algos)
–
pain sensitivity,
pain; - odynia (odyne) - pain.
The basis of a word that comes from different
languages, but has the same meaning, is called
Doublet. There are many Greco-Latin doublets in
medical terminology (e.g. vertebra-spine (lat.) and
spondylo (Greek). Latin doublets are mainly used in
anatomy, while Greek doublets are used in clinical
medicine.
When forming complex clinical terms from the bases of
declension III words, the basis of indirect cases is
usually used, but sometimes I. P. the basis of is also
obtained. for example, terms such as somatometry (a
set of methods for determining div size and weight),
somatotype (div structure type, div structure) are
formed from osno. (growth hormone) - I. from the
base p. Terminoelements denoting pathological
changes in organs and tissues, therapeutic and surgical
methods.
Clasia-surgery to destroy the organ, part of the div; -
ectomia-surgery to remove, remove the organ, tissues;
- ectasia-stretching, expansion of a tubular or hollow
organ; - eurysis-expansion of the organ; - iatria-
treatment, treatment; - lysis-dissolution, destruction,
resorption, dissolution; adhesion, adhesion, separation
of scars; - malacia-softness, abnormal softness; - pexia
- surgery to attach, fasten any internal organ;-plastica -
surgery to restore the organ;-ptosis - prolapse of the
organ;-rhaphia - suture operation;-schisis - division of
the organ;-sclerosis - seal, hardening;-stenosis -
narrowing;-stomia - surgery to apply artificial hole,
leak, drainage (organs, between vessels);-tomia-
dissection, autopsy operation.
The suffix method of forming terms is common in
medicine. Formants-osis and-iasis (OS, ios suffix, and-is
ending) are often used to form an affix term. These
formants are used in names with a common meaning"
process or result, called base " (stenosis
–
narrowing,
helminthiasis
–
helminthic lesion). Formant-ismus
(noun suffix and
–
us ending) is used in nouns with the
meanings of "phenomenon marked by a sign called the
productive basis" (alcoholismus-alcoholism). Formant
–
itis (it suffix and ending-is) is used in the names of
inflammatory processes and diseases (rhinitis
–
inflammatory syndrome of the nasal mucosa) and
formant-oma is used in the names of tumors (good
tumor of fibroma-fibrous connective tissue).
The method of forming prefix or prefix terms is often
used in a medical dictionary. Latin and Greek prefixes
of origin are used to form prefix terms. As a rule, Latin
prefixes are added to Latin roots, Greek
–
Greek roots,
but there are exceptions.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
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OCLC
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Publisher:
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Servi
There is a word in Latin: Ab ovo ad mala ("from egg to
Apple", which literally means" from the first meal of
dinner to the end", figuratively meaning"from
beginning to end"). Using the example of this proverb,
it can be observed that in prefixes derived from
prepositions, the basic values correspond to the values
of prepositions. Some prefixes are derived in addition
to the primary and secondary, figurative meaning (e.g.,
a para-prefix with a singular value of "approximately",
and the secondary "has similar external features with
some
phenomena,
but
essentially
something
different": paravesicalis is "close bubble", paranoia is
"mind deviation").
CONCLUSION
Based on the analyzes, the clinical term is made up of
elements with stem, base, prefixes and suffixes,
connecting vowel letters. Clinical terms are often used
in Greek. Prefixes to clinical terms are used a lot, they
are as follows:
When interacting with the first vowel of a word stem,
the final vowel of the prefix may undergo an
assimilation event. (Assimilation is a process that
consists of comparing sounds together within a word
or phrase).
Consider this phenomenon using the example of the
ad-prefix.
- Ad - + c-ac (accumulatio-stacking);
- Ad - + f-af (affectatio - abnormal excitation, stressed
expression of emotions);
- Ad - + g-ag (agglutinatio
–
stacking);
- Ad - + n-an (annihilatio
–
deletion;
- Ad- + p-ap (app - app);
- Ad- + t
–
at (attract - pull);
–
Ad
–
+ s-as (association-connect).
The most common prefixes in Latin are:
- ad-dan;
- AB-k;
-infra-inside;
- sub-under, below;
- ante-before, before;
- prae-before, before;
- post-then;
- inter-between;
- retro - the place behind something, direction
backwards;
- reset, repeat; Resistance; together;
-in - in (in anything), no, without (absence of a sign);
-des, de-delete, destroy.
The most common Greek prefixes by origin are:
- from apo;
- endo-inside;
- ecto-outside, outside;
- hypo-below, below;
- hyper-above, above;
- meta-after, behind;
- meso-in the middle;
- pro-before;
- dia-in the middle, through, through, divide;
- dys-break, break;
- peri-round;
- para-close, close, deviation from the norm;
- syn-together;
- anti-counter;
- ana-up;
- kata-down;
-a, an - refuse;
-eu-well, right.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
72
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
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67-73
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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