Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
101
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
101-105
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article examines the components of composite derivation as indicators of gender differentiation during the
Norman influence era. The study explores the ways in which composite derivation in language reflects and reinforces
gender norms and stereotypes. The research suggests that the linguistic structure of composite derivations can reveal
underlying social constructs related to gender, highlighting the influence of the Normans on gender differentiation in
language. The findings contribute to the understanding of how language both reflects and shapes societal attitudes
towards gender during this historical period.
KEYWORDS
Components of composite derivation, gender differentiation, Norman influence, language evolution, linguistic
analysis, lexical structures, semantic shifts, historical linguistics.
INTRODUCTION
Reflecting the specifics of the language, composite
derivation, along with some common features for
many, has characteristics characteristic of this period.
For example, the Old English compound word differed
from the compound words of Middle English in that it
had
more
morphologically
fully
segmented
components, that is, more differentiated bases [1, 18].
Middle English compound nouns were structurally
simpler and consisted of full-bodied root stems. In
connection with the borrowing of new words of the
Research Article
COMPONENTS OF COMPOSITE DERIVATION - AS INDICATORS OF
GENDER DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ERA OF NORMAN INFLUENCE
Submission Date:
November 09, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 14, 2024,
Published Date:
November 19, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue11-18
Tleumuratov G.
Associate professor of the department English linguistics, KSU named after Berdakh, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
102
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
101-105
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Norman dialect, the process of composite derivation in
Middle English slowed down to a certain extent.
Despite this, in Middle English, the word system did not
undergo much change because the number of French
compound words borrowed was small. In the XIII
century, the components of some words consisted of
French foundations, which denoted concepts of a
terminological nature. For example: burÞ -tonge
"native language," chīef
-
cancelēr, loverd
-
cancelēr
"chairman," gentilman "noble man," gramerschoole
"grammar
school,"
scoolmayster
"teacher,"
clerkwyrke "clerk's work." The main composition of
Old English compound words is completely preserved.
It should be noted that in most cases, in Middle English,
the postpositive component acts as a geno-sexual
indicator in any derivational act of verbiage. The
prepositive component rarely serves as an indicator of
biological differences in noun names. As part of
compound nouns, certain derivational formants of the
type: -ere, -end (-and), -ist, -our, -a (u) nt for males, and
formants -e, -estre, -esse, -ice (-yce) for females act as
indicators of biological gender.
Individual types of composite nouns can be
determined by the nature of the formal (syntactic) and
semantic (logical) relationship of the components, as
well as the categorical or derivational value of the
main, leading component, which serves as an indicator
of biological differentiation.
In the category of composite nouns formed with the
participation of non-derived components, the
following models were distinguished, which clearly
express the biological difference of living beings with
the meaning of the actor:
Model N1 + N2: compound nouns formed according to
this model make up approximately 80% of the total
number of gender-gender nominations and this model
is highly productive. Indicators of gender differences
were words of the type: for the face - -man, -wiman; -
broþer, -süster; -bonde, -wif, -fæder, -moder; -dauhter,
-sune; -dame, -guma, -bere < (from Old English "bora"),
- þein; for non-person - -buc, -coc, -mare. Less
productive and active than the previous ones were -
knave, -child, -stiward, -gange. For example: fote-knave
"infantryman"; ærend -ralce "messenger"; chef-
stiward "farm manager"; chirch-gange "going to
church."
The gender components designating female persons
had other making base. Cf.: bede-man 'pilgrim' are
bedewoman 'pilgrim'; freōbroÞer 'young brother' are
bed-süster 'concubine'; husbonde 'husband, owner'
are hūsuwīf 'hostess'; godchild 'godson' are
goddauhter 'goddaughter'; god-fæther 'godfather' are
godmōder 'godmother'.
Adj model. + N
–
syntactic model as the location of her
components coincides with location of elements in a
phrase, for example: þeeldeman 'that old man'.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
103
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
101-105
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In Middle English, composites formed according to this
model have a postpositive substantive component as
an indicator of the biological genus, the semantics of
which include the idea of a male or female sex. For
example: eldeman "old man" - eldwimman "old
woman";
eldfader
"grandfather"
-
eldmōder
"grandmother"; bel-father "grandfather" - beldame
"baboon"; holi-mon "sacred, holy man"; midwif
"helper"; freoman, freo-brother, wiðermon "enemy,
hostile man"; wed-
brōþer "engaged brother";
gentilman "noble man."
N + N models; The Dj. + N with the -man-distinguishing
component differ from other models in their
productivity. Moreover, the postpositive -man
component in composite derivation, in close
association with the first component, differentiates
different lexical-semantic features.
The model of Dj. + -man is less productive, syntactic:
holiman "holy man"; alderman "ruler"; Northman
"northerner"; freoman "free man," etc.
Model V + -man - unproductive, syntactic: waccheman
'observer, night watchman'; spekeman "narrator";
wakeman "watchguard"; wepman "male warrior,
voivode"; hangman "executioner," etc.
Adv. + -man models; Num. + -man were unproductive:
overman "warden"; þūsenman "thousandth."
Sometimes composites are found, in the composition
of which interfixes -e, -s, -es: cynesman "relative" are
present; heovesman "ruler; tormentor, executioner ";
heordemon "shepherd"; tūnesman, tūnman "city
dweller," etc.
Thus, models of compound nouns with a postpositive -
man component that form nouns, with the meaning of
male persons, have a number of specific features. In
Middle English, its semi-formative character has not
yet been formed and this component was an
independent word. All of this can be illustrated by the
following examples:
carlmen and wimmen, and diden, heom in prison efter
gold and silver… (P. Chr., 169); for þenne mot ha
þen
chen of þekues fodder, of heordemonnehure… (P.
Chr., 171); ha clepeð hire sauleþechapmon of helle (P.
Chr, 337) þewismanwil o wisdom here; þe foul hym
draws to folynere (Cursor Mundi, 49); with him ther
was a Plowman , was his brother… (Mosse, 258).
In addition, there are compound nouns with the -man
component, expressing the general concept: his
leofmonbehaldeþronhu he bohte hire luve, letteþurlin
his scheld, openin his side, to schawin his his heorte, to
schawin hire openlichehuinwardliche he luvede hire
ant to ofdrahen hire heorte (Ancrene Wise, 147).
The N + V-er model is a syntactic model, since its second
component points to an action agent indicated by a
noun with the formant -ere, -are
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
104
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
101-105
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
For example: fish-mangere "fish seller"; fæder -
cwellare "paternal killer"; erende-bearer "messenger";
wæiwiter
"conductor";
house-here
"business
executive"; candle-quencher "candle extinguisher";
evil-doer, bal-pleier, bok-
binder и т.п.
Model Dj. + N-er, -ling - asyntactic model, forms
compound nouns denoting male persons: for-bügger
"savior, deliverer"; for-
bōkere "supplier"; forcwiddare
"predictor"; foregengel "predecessor."
Model Adv. + V-er - syntactic model: afterfolgere
"follower";
upholder
"retailer";
before-goere
"harbinger."
The prepositive component in this period has not yet
become an active indicator of the biological genus.
However, there was a tendency for the first
component to function as an element of demarcation.
For
example:
carlmen
"man";
maidservaunt
"handmaid"; carlfugol "male bird."
Thus, composite derivation was one of the productive
methods of word formation and was associated with
the genus category throughout the development of
the English language.
In models of adding non-derived components of
differences, gender indicators were words of the type:
-man, -wiman, - broÞer, -süster, -bonde, -wif, - fæder, -
moder, -dauhter, -sunne, -dance, -guma, -bere, - Þein
for animate faces, -buc, -coc, -mare for not They were
more active measures of gender difference compared
to the passive components -knave, -child, -
stīward,
-
gange.
The components of composite derivation in the
functional meaning of gender difference differentiated
the social status of people, signs of occupation,
professional affiliation, social position and age in
persons, in non-persons only biological sex
differentiated and constituted their correlative pairs.
REFERENCES
1.
Авдеева
Л.А.
Структура
сложных
существительных древнеанглийского языка.
Автореф. дис…. канд. филол. наук. –
Ленинград,
1980.
–
28 с.
2.
Буранов Дж. Происхождение и развитие
полусуффикса –
man в английском языке.
Автореф. дис…канд. филол. наук. –
Ленинград,
1962.
–
22 с.
3.
Brook G.L. A History of the English Language.
–
New York: Norton, 2004.
–
564 p.
4.
The Cambridge History of the English Language.
Vol.II: 1066-1478. (Ed by N.F. Blake).
–
Cambridge:
CambridgeUniversity Press, 1992.
–
685 p.
Dictionaries:
5.
Kurath H., Kuhn S.M. A Middle-English Dictionary.
–
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956-1983.
–
308 p.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
105
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
101-105
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
6.
Antone E. Farnham, A Sourcebook in the History of
English.
–
New-York, 1969.
–
153 p.
7.
P, Chr.
–
The Peterborough Chronicle. ed.by C.
Clark.
–
Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1958.
–
60 p.
