American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
135
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajsshr
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
135-138
10.37547/ajsshr/Volume05Issue05-32
Dental Diseases and Damage from Them
INDIAMINOVA Gavkhar Nuriddinovna
Doctor of Philosophy medical sciences (PhD), Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Received:
28 March 2025;
Accepted:
24 April 2025;
Published:
26 May 2025
Abstract:
The most common dental diseas
es include tooth decay, gum disease, and oral cancer. Let’s take a closer
look at how these happen and how they can be prevented.
When you consume food and drinks that are sugary or starchy (high in carbohydrates), the bacteria that naturally
live in your mouth, break them down forming acids. These acids attack and dissolve the outer surface (enamel) of
your teeth. Over time this can result in a hole. The risk of tooth decay is increased for people with dry mouth
syndrome.
Keywords:
Risk of tooth, tooth decay, acids attack, food and drinks.
Introduction:
The first sign of tooth decay is a chalky
white spot on the tooth. At this stage, the decay
process can be reversed. If you think you might have
early stage tooth decay, make an appointment to see
your oral health professional.
Gum Disease. Gum disease is usually caused by a build-
up of plaque (bacteria) on your teeth. There are two
main stages of gum disease: gingivitis and
periodontitis.
Gingivitis is early gum disease and occurs when dental
plaque builds up on your teeth, particularly around the
gum line. Signs of gingivitis include bleeding, redness,
and/or swelling of the gums. Periodontitis is advanced
gum disease that can occur if gingivitis is left untreated.
The part of the gum that joins to the tooth becomes
weakened and allows bacteria to become trapped
between the gum and the tooth. This can damage the
soft tissue that connects your teeth and jaw bones,
which can cause teeth to loosen.
Oral cancer refers to cancer that develops in the lips,
tongue, gums, floor and roof of the mouth. Oral cancer
is the 8th most common cancer in men in Victoria, and
the 14th most common cancer in women. Consuming
alcohol and tobacco are the two main risk factors for
oral cancer.
Oral cancer symptoms can include:
A visible mass or lump (may or may not be painful)
Mouth ulcer that won’t heal
White or red patches in the mouth/tongue/gums
Loss of sensation anywhere in the mouth
Difficulty swallowing, moving your tongue, or moving
your jaw
Loose teeth or sore gums
Altered taste
Swollen lymph glands
Whilst dental diseases are common, there are several
simple ways you can reduce your risk. Clean well for a
healthy mouth. Regular tooth brushing helps to
prevent tooth decay and gum disease by reducing the
amount of bacteria and plaque around your teeth and
gums. Tips for effective cleaning include: Clean your
teeth twice a day; in the morning and before bed.
Use a toothbrush with a small head and soft bristles
and a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste.
Gently brush teeth and along the gum line in small
circles, making sure to brush each tooth on the front,
back, and chewing surfaces.
After brushing, spit out toothpaste
–
do not swallow it,
and do not rinse with water. This allows the fluoride
more time to strengthen your teeth. Electric
toothbrushes can also be a good option. Guide the
brush slowly across, pausing for a few seconds at each
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
tooth. Do not press too hard or scrub, let the brush do
the work. Find out about tooth brushing for children.
Flossing
It is important to clean between teeth where a
toothbrush can’t reach. Products such as floss and
interdental brushes can remove plaque from between
your teeth. Talk to your oral health professional about
whether you should use one of these products.
Eat well for a healthy mouth
The foods you eat impact your oral health. Sugary and
starchy foods feed the bacteria that can cause tooth
decay and gum disease.
Tips for eating well include:
Limit how often you have sweet foods and eat them at
mealtimes rather than between meals. Choose healthy
snacks such as fresh fruit, vegetable sticks, natural
yoghurt, plain popcorn, soups, or cheese. Choose fresh
fruit over dried fruit, as dried fruit can stick on your
teeth and feed the bacteria that cause tooth decay.
Have a piece of cheese after eating sweet or acidic
foods as dairy foods assist in repairing damage by
decay-causing bacteria.
METHODS
For more information on eating well, visit the
Australian Dietary Guidelines.
Chewing sugar-free gum can also be helpful in the fight
against decay. It can help to produce saliva, which is
able to wash sugar out of the mouth into the stomach,
neutralize acid, fight bacteria and repair the early
stages of tooth decay.
Drink well for a healthy mouth
Like food, what you drink also impacts your oral health.
Sugary drinks feed the bacteria that can cause tooth
decay and gum disease. Choosing tap water (which
contains fluoride for most Victorians) helps to repair
the damage done by bacteria and reduces your risk of
tooth decay.
The early signs of dental disease can be difficult to see.
An oral health professional is trained to spot and treat
any problems early, which can prevent bigger problems
developing. They can also provide you with care to
prevent disease, such as fluoride treatments and dental
sealants to prevent tooth decay.
Ask your oral health professional how often you should
have a dental check-up. If you have not had a dental
visit for a while, it might be a good idea to book one.
Having no pain does not always mean that your teeth
and mouth are healthy.
Always see your oral health professional if you have:
mouth pain
bleeding gums
swelling of the face
a damaged or knocked out tooth (or teeth)
mouth sores that don’t heal after a couple of weeks.
Most people learn at an early age that regular brushing
and flossing can help prevent cavities. But what many
don’t know is that good dental health is key to
maintaining whole-person health
–
especially for
people with certain medical conditions.
“During a routine exam, a dentist can often detect the
first signs of underlying conditions such as diabetes,
leukemia, or heart disease,” said Dr. Cary Sun, Cigna’s
chief dental officer. “Regular treatment i
s crucial for
these patients to help address needed dental
treatment and prevent serious infections that can
impact their overall health.”
Improving whole-person health. This link will open in a
new tab. has become a key focus in health care. Just as
mental illness has shown to increase the risk. This link
will open in a new tab. of diabetes and heart disease,
poor oral health can exacerbate those and other
conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In
addition to improving overall health, obtaining routine
preventive dental care can also reduce overall health
care costs. A recent Cigna study. This link will open in a
new tab. found that on average, those who receive
consistent preventive dental care can reduce their total
medical costs by 4.4% per year. For those with
diabetes, the savings was even higher
–
an average of
12.25% per year.
Cavities are areas in the hard surface of your teeth that
are damaged. These areas of tooth decay become tiny
openings or holes that can lead to a serious toothache,
infection and tooth loss. There are several causes of
cavities, including bacteria in your mouth, snacking a
lot, sipping sugary drinks and not cleaning your teeth
well.
Cavities and tooth decay are among the world's most
common health problems. They're especially common
in children, teenagers and older adults. But anyone
who has teeth can get cavities, including babies.
If cavities aren't treated, they get larger and affect
deeper layers of your teeth. Regular dental visits and
good brushing and flossing habits are the best ways to
protect your teeth from cavities. The symptoms of
cavities vary, depending on how many you have and
where they're located. When a cavity is just beginning,
you may not have any symptoms. As the decay gets
larger, it may cause symptoms such as:
Toothache and other pain.
Tooth sensitivity.
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something
sweet, hot or cold.
Holes or pits in your teeth that you can see.
Brown, black or white staining on any surface of a
tooth.
Pain when you bite down.
When to see a dentist
You may not be aware that a cavity is forming. That's
why it's important to have regular dental checkups and
cleanings, even when your mouth feels fine. But if you
have a toothache or mouth pain, see your dentist as
soon as possible. Plaque forms. Dental plaque is a clear
sticky film that coats your teeth. It's due to eating a lot
of sugars and starches and not cleaning your teeth well.
When you don't clean sugars and starches off your
teeth, bacteria quickly begin feeding on them and
forming plaque. Plaque that stays on your teeth can
harden under or above your gum line into tartar. Tartar
makes plaque harder to remove and creates a shield for
bacteria. A dental professional needs to remove this
plaque.
Plaque attacks. The acids from bacteria remove
minerals in your tooth's hard, outer enamel. This
erosion causes tiny openings or holes in the enamel
—
the first stage of cavities. Once areas of enamel are
worn away, the bacteria and acid can reach the next
layer of your teeth, called dentin. This layer is softer
than enamel and less resistant to acid, causing your
teeth to be more sensitive.
Damage continues. As tooth decay happens, the
bacteria and acid move through your teeth to the inner
tooth material (pulp) that contains nerves and blood
vessels. The pulp becomes swollen and irritated from
the bacteria. Because there is no place for the swelling
to expand inside of a tooth, the nerve becomes
pressed, causing pain. Sometimes pain and damage can
spread outside of the tooth root to the bone, causing
bone loss around the tooth and even reaching nearby
teeth.
Anyone who has teeth can get cavities, but these
factors raise the risk:
Tooth location. Decay most often occurs in your back
teeth
—
your molars and premolars. These teeth have
lots of grooves, pits and crannies, and multiple roots
that can collect food particles. That's why they're
harder to keep clean than your smoother, easy-to-
reach front teeth.
Certain foods and drinks. Foods that cling to your teeth
for a long time are more likely to cause decay than
foods that are easily washed away by saliva. These
foods include milk, ice cream, honey, sugar, soda, dried
fruit, cake, cookies, hard candy and mints, dry cereal,
and chips.
Snacking or sipping a lot. When you snack or sip sugary
drinks a lot, you give mouth bacteria more fuel to make
acids that attack your teeth and wear them down. And
sipping soda or other acidic drinks throughout the day
helps create a continual acid bath over your teeth.
Bedtime baby feeding. When babies are given bedtime
bottles filled with milk, formula, juice or other liquids
that have sugar, these beverages remain on their teeth
for hours while they sleep. This feeds bacteria that can
cause decay. This damage often is called baby bottle
tooth decay. Similar damage can occur when toddlers
wander around drinking from a sippy cup filled with
these beverages.
Not brushing your teeth well. If you don't clean your
teeth soon after eating and drinking, plaque forms
quickly, and the first stages of decay and gingivitis can
begin.
Not getting enough fluoride. Fluoride, a naturally
occurring mineral, helps prevent cavities. It also can
reverse the earliest stages of tooth damage. Because of
its benefits for teeth, fluoride is added to many public
water supplies. It's also a common ingredient in
toothpaste and mouth rinses. But bottled water usually
does not contain fluoride.
Younger or older age. In the U.S., cavities are common
in very young children and teenagers. Older adults also
are at higher risk. Over time, teeth can wear down and
gums may recede, making teeth more likely to decay.
Older adults also may use more medicines that reduce
saliva flow, raising the risk of tooth decay.
Dry mouth. Dry mouth is caused by a lack of saliva.
Saliva helps prevent tooth decay by washing away food
and plaque from your teeth. Substances found in saliva
also help counter the acid produced by bacteria.
Certain medicines, some medical conditions, radiation
to your head or neck, or certain chemotherapy drugs
can raise your risk of cavities by reducing saliva
production.
Worn fillings or dental devices. Over the years, dental
fillings can weaken, begin to break down or get rough
edges. This allows plaque to build up more easily and
makes it harder to remove. Dental devices can stop
fitting well, allowing decay to begin under them.
Heartburn. Heartburn, a common symptom of
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can cause
stomach acid to flow into your mouth. This is called
reflux. It can wear away the enamel of your teeth and
cause a lot of damage. This exposes more of the dentin
to bacteria, creating tooth decay. Your dentist may
recommend that you talk with your healthcare
professional to see if GERD is causing your enamel loss.
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
Eating disorders. Anorexia and bulimia can lead to a lot
of tooth erosion and cavities. Stomach acid from
repeated vomiting, called purging, washes over the
teeth and begins eating away at the enamel. Eating
disorders also can get in the way of saliva production.
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