102
understood from a part of speech, a feature that is understood from a part of speech, can occur after or before
a feature.
A. The action in the preposition, the action following the feature, precedes the action. These types of
adverbs include the following types of adverbs:
I will not allow him to go anywhere, to watch or to go home until he repeats the lessons he learned last
week and memorizes them from the past tense. Before the people leave the village, the shootings are stopped
for a while. The meaning is clear: neither the lantern of the sky moved, nor the star walked, did not move,
stood with a deep pleasure.
Literatures
1.
Sayfullayev A. Contextual bases of codification of prepositions. -Tashkent: Fan, 2014. -144 p.
2.
Abdullayeva S.Y. Syntax of compound sentences with time. (Modern German based on the material).
Candidate-diss. avtoref. -Samarkand: 2009. -26 p.
3.
Hemingway E. Goodbye, gun! –Tashkent: 1986. -378 p.
4.
Hemingway E. A Farewell to Arms. - Leningrad. 1971. -263 p.
5.
Muxin A.M. Functional syntax. Functional lexicology.
Functional morphology. - St. Petersburg, SPB, 2007. -198 p.
6.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Yusupovna, A. M. (2022). THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE AND PLACE OF
FICTION IN LITERATURE LESSONS.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 104-108.
7.
Зубайдова, Н. (2022). ЛИНГВО-ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ГРАДУАЛЬНЫХ СИНТАКСЕМ
В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ.(НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО И РУССКОГО
ЯЗЫКОВ). Архив научных исследований, 2(1).
8.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Izatullayeva, S. (2022). HUDUDLAR RIVOJLANISHINI STRATEGIK
TAHLIL QILISH VA REJALASHTIRISH METODIKASI.
Zamonaviy dunyoda tabiiy fanlar: Nazariy va amaliy
izlanishlar
,
1
(7), 73-75.
9.
Zubaydova, N. (2022). Semantic Characteristics of the English and Uzbek Languages. International
Journal on Integrated Education, 5(6), 357-363.
10.
Berdievich, T. G., Mamasharifovich, N. B., Oblokulovna, M. S., Isroilovich, K. R., & Nasimovich, H. H.
(2021). The esland efl in the world today.
ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal
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11
(6), 180-182.
11.
Ne’matullayevna, Z. N. (2020). EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO
EXPLOIT
CORRECTLY
INFINITIVE
AND
GERUND. PalArch's
Journal
of
Archaeology
of
Egypt/Egyptology, 17(7), 8502-8509.
12.
Мамаёкубова, Ш. (2019). Тилшуносликда гап бўлаклари ва синтактик алоқалар
масалалари.
Иностранная филология: язык, литература, образование
, (2 (71)), 130-137.
INGLIZ TILIDA ANATEM BIRLIKLARNING LEKSIK-SEMANTIK VOQELANISHI
Hasanova Nasiba Shavqiyevna
SamDCHTI, o’qituvchi
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqola anatem birliklarning kelib chiqish tarixi, qo’llanilish o’rni va badiiy asarlardagi
namunalari haqida qisqacha ma`lumot beradi. Anatem birliklar tilshunoslikning pragmatika sohasi mavzusi
hisoblanadi va bu deyarli o’rganilmagan yo’nalish. Maqola U.Shekspir, Goffrey Chauser, Jon Don asarlariga
murojaat qiladi hamda ularda qo’llanilgan anatemalarning ma’nosini o’quvchiga taqdim qiladi.
Kalit so’zlar:
anatema, la’nat, qarg’ish, pragmatika, cherkov, kofir, pragmatic qobiliyat, nutqiy akt.
Pragmatika tilshunoslikning bir sohasi bo’lib, unda so’zlovchining fikri tinglovchi tomonidan turli
omillarni hisobga olgan holda tushunilishi o’rganiladi, bunda nutq so’zlangan vaziyat, tinglovchining aqliy
holati hamda bundan oldin sodir bo’lgan dialog muhim o`rin tutadi.
N.Ishihara, A.D.Kohen (2010) pragmatic qobiliyat hamda nutqiy aktlar haqida quyidagi fikrlarni aytib
o’tgan: pragmatic qobiliyatga ega bo’lish og’zaki yoki yozma nutqning o’z ma`nosini emas, balki undan
anglashilgan taxmin, maqsad va amalga oshirilayotgan ishlarning turlarini ham tushuna olishni anglatadi.
Chunki muloqot jarayonida fikrlar har doim ham ochiq bayon qilinmaydi, ba`zida yashiringan ma`noni
tushunish ingliz tilida so’zlashuvchilar uchun ham qiyin bo’lishi mumkin va buning bir qancha sabablari bor.
Pragmatik qobiliyat haqida so’z borganida, suhbat jarayonida kishilarning kechirim so’rash,
shikoyatqilish, talab qilish, rad qilish, xushomad qilish va minnatdorchilik kabi maxsus ijtimoiy vazifalarini
103
bajarish uchun xizmat qiladigan nutqiy aktlar ham nazarda tutiladi. Nutqiy aktlarning eng kam o’rganilgan
turlaridan biri anathema bo’lib, uning ma`nosi Wikipedia da quyidagicha izohlanadi: “Anatema, keng
qo’llanilganda, eng yomon ko’rilgan, nafratlanilgan kimsa yoki narsani nazarda tutadi, uning yana bir
ma’nosi diniy mazmunga ega bo’lib, Yangi Ahdga ko’ra “cherkovdan haydalgan” degan ma`noni beradi,
bunda anathema kundalik foydalanishdan qurbonlik uchun ajratilgan mavjudot yoki narsa nazarda tutilgan”.
“Anatema” so`zining kelib chiqishi haqida manbalarda quyidagicha ma’lumot beriladi, bu so’z yunon
tilidan olingan bo’lib, “taklif”, “bag`ishlov”, “taqdim” kabi ma`nolarni anglatadi. Yangi Ahdga binoan,
Yaratganning roziligi uchun diniy urushlarda qo’lga kiritilgan dushmanlar va ularning qurol-aslahalari yo’q
qilingan. Dushmanlar qurollari munkir hisoblangan va ular asta sekin “iblisga tegishli”, “iblisga
bag`ishlangan” yoki “la’nat” degan ma’nolarni anglata boshlagan. Yangi Ahdda ham bu so’zning ma’nolari
o’zgarib borgan. Avliyo Pavel anathema so’zini “lan’at” ma’nosida ishlatgan hamda nasroniylar jamiyatidan
quvg’in qilingan kishi yoki narsani nazarda tutgan, shuningdek, anathema tavba qilmagan kofirlarga nisbatan
quyidagi mazmunda qo’llanilgan:
"condemned to eternal fire with Satan and his angels and all the reprobate, so long as he will not burst
the fetters of the demon, do penance, and satisfy the Church" – “iblis hamda uning malaylari va barcha
yaramaslar bilan birga abadiy do’zaxga mahkum bo’lsin, jazosini olsin va bundan Cherkov qanoatlansin”.
VI asrga kelib, bu terminning ma`nosi o’zgarishi natijasida, u endi cherkov va ruhoniylar tomonidan
rasman haydalgan, Papa yoki boshqa diniy ulamolar tomonidan Nasroniylar va Cherkovga qarshi
bo’lganlarga nisbatan qattiq qoralashn ibildirgan.
Misollar:
“It's no wonder then, that Paul calls down God's curse, God's anathema, His ban on those behind their
potential defection from Christ.” - Pavel Iso Masihdan voz kechganlarga Yaratganning la’nati bo’lsin deb
duoibad qilganining hech ajablanarli joyi yo’q.
“He shrank from the venerable saint as if to avoid an anathema.” – U lan`atdan cheklanmoqchidek
muhtaram avliyodan ortga tisarildi.
1504 yilda anatema Rim tomonidan Sharqiy Yepiskopga, so’ngra esa uni joriy etgan kardinalga
nisbatan qo’llanganligi aytiladi. Bu hodisa Sharqiy va G`arbiy Cherkovlarga ajralishda sodir bo’ladi,
Papaning Konstatinopoldagi Sarkardasi Kardinal Gumbert Yepiskop Maykl Serulariosni la’natlaydi,
yepiskop esa o’z navbatida bu la’natni kardinalga yo’llaydi. Ikki tomonlama bo’lgan ushbu anathema
cherkov parchalanishadigi so’nggisi deb hisoblanadi. Garchi Cherkovlar boshqa qaytadan birlashmagan
bo’lsada, 1965 yilga kelib Papa Paul VI va yepiskop Afenagoras I 1054 yildagi ikki tomonlama anatemani
bekor qildi.
1526 yilda esa “anatema” so’zi birinchi bor zamonaviy ingliz tilida “la’natlangan nimadir” ma’nosida
paydo bo’ldi, qisqa vaqtdan so’ng “atalgan narsa”, “tabarruk narsa” kabi ma`nolari ham ishlatila boshlandi,
lekin ko’p o’tmay, ushbu ma’no iste’moldan chiqib ketdi. Eng zamonaviy va keng ko’lamda qo’llanilishi
“nafratlanilgan, chap berilgan kishi yoki narsa” ma’nosi bo’lib qoldi.
Ingliz tilida “anatema” so’zi diniy mazmunda ishlatilib kelinmoqda, lekin XVIII asrga kelib uning
ma’nosida kuchsizlanish ko’zga tashlandi va u “ommaviy ayblash” ma`nosida kela boshladi. Uning
dunyoviy ma’nosidan hali hanuz foydalanib kelinmoqda.
Misollar:
“Racial hatred was anathema to her.” – Irqiy nafrat uning uchun tavqila’nat edi. “The idea that one
would voluntarily inject poison into one's div was anathema to me.” – Kimningdir o’z tanasiga ixtiyoriy
zahar jo’natish fikri menga tavqilan’at bo’lib tuyulardi.
“This notion was anathema to most of his countrymen.” – Bu g’oya uning yurtdoshlarining ko’pchiligi
uchun tavqila’nat edi.
Ingliz tilida yozilgan badiiy asarlarda esa qarg`ishni ifodalash asosan birikma va gaplar tarzida
keltirilgan. Asarlarida eng ko’p anatemalar ishlatilgan davr bu O’rta asr adabiyoti bo’lib, Uillyam Shekspir
va Joffrey Chauser asarlarining rang barangligi qarg`ishlardan nihoyatda mahorat bilan foydalana
olganliklaridadir, ehtimol. U.Shekspirning “Qirol Lir” asarida Kordeliyaning otasiga o’z mehrini ifodalashda
haqqoniy bo’lgani, opalari singari balandparvoz so’zlardan foydalanmaganligi sababli otasining qarg`ishiga
uchragani quyidagicha yoritilgan:
Let it be so. Thy truth, then, be thy dower,
For by the sacred radiance of the sun,
The mysteries of Hecate and the night,
By all the operation of the orbs
From whom we do exist and cease to be,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity, and property of blood,
104
And as a stranger to my heart and me
Hold thee from this forever.
The barbarous Scythian,
Or he that makes his generation messes
To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom
Be as well neighbored, pitied, and relieved
As thou my sometime daughter.
……
Hence and avoid my sight! —
So be my grave my peace as here I give
Her father’s heart from her. —
Call France. Who stirs?
Tarjimasi:
Shunday bo’lsa bo’la qolsin, nima qilardi,
Haqqoniylik senga sep ham, bisot ham bo’lsin.
Ont ichaman oftobning ezgu nuriga,
Qasam bo’lsin oy shul’asi Gekat Ma’budga
Oydin kecha sirlariga va ko’kda kezib
Bizning hayot mamotimiz taqdirin yeshgan
Mash’al kabi porlab turgan sayyoralarga:
Otalikning bor mehridan inkor qilaman,
Bundan keyin ishqim, sen ham menga begona –
Bir umrga begonasan! Vahshiy skiflar
Yo bo’lmasa ochligiga taskin berish-chun
O’z bolasing`ajib yegan boshqa qabila
Menga qancha mehribon va yaqin bo’lsa,
Sen ham menga shunday yaqin va mehribonsan,
Qachonlardir mening qizim atalguvchi shaxs.
….
Uni hammadan
Ortiq ko’rib sevar edim, uning mehriga
Takiya qilish menga hordiq berar deyardim.
Jo’na, yuqol! Qora go’rdanasib bo’lajak
Istirohat hurmatiga qasam ichaman:
Men bu qizni yuragimdan yulqib tashlayman.Qirol Lir qizi Kordeliyani merosdan mahrum qilib,
qarg`ishlarga ko’madi, Burgund gersogi hamda Fransiya qirolini huzurigacha qirib Kordeliyani
quyidagicha ta’riflaydi:
Will you, with those infirmities she owes,
Unfriended, new-adopted to our hate,
Dowered with our curse and strangered with our oath,
Take her or leave her?
Tarjimasi:
Ayb ish qilgan va hammaning ko’zidan tushgan,
Bizning cheksiz qarg’ishlarga giriftor bo’lgan,
Uning sepi otasidan tekkan la’natlar,
Hammamizning mehrimizdan chetga qoqilgan
Ushbu qizni olish-qo’yish ixtiyoringiz
Robert A.Bryanning “John Donne`s use of Anathema” nomli maqolasida “The Curse” – “La’nat”
nomli qisqa she`rida uning Bekasi shaxsiyatini fosh qilgan kimsani la’natlagan bo’lsa, “The Bracelet”da
Donga Bekasi tomonidan hadya qilingan va yo’qolgan bilakuzukni topgan kimsaga nisbatan aytilgan, “The
Expostulation” da sevgi sirlarini fosh qilgan har qanday kimsaga la’nat o’qiydi. Donning anatemalarida
ko’plab o’xshashliklar mavjudligini ko’rish mumkin: la’natlangan kimsalardan jamiyat yuz o’girishi,
doimiyxorlik, kasallik, qashshoqlik, xorlikda o’lim toppish hamda do’zaxdagi adabiy olov va og’riqlarni
boshdan kechirishi aytiladi.
Joffrey Chauser esa “House of Fame” asarini o’rta asrlarga xos tush tasviri bilan boshlaydi, bu tush
shu choqqacha ko’rilganlardanda ajoyibroq ekanligini ta’kidlaydi. Bu ajoyib tushning ahamiyati ta’kidlanadi.
U faqat uyqu ma’budining da’vatidan so’ng hikoya qilinishi, tinglovchilarning hayotiga esa uning ta’siri
bo’lishi aytiladi, buni tinglovchilarga barcha yaxshiliklar yor bo’lsin, har turli yomonliklardan yiroq bo’lsin
105
deyiladi. Buni masxaraqilganlarning, nafratganlarning, ustidan kulganlarning boshlariga tashvishlar
yog’ilsin, Iso masihdek olomon ko’z o’ngida xoch gator tilsin deya la`natlaydi.
Xulosa o’rnida aytish mumkinki, Anatemaning kelib chiqish tarixiga nazar tashlaydigan bo’lsak,
Yaratganning qonunlariga, mavjud qonun qoidalarga bo’ysunmagan kimsalarning xor zorlikda umr
kechirishlari hamda o’limdan keying hayotlarida ham qiynoq va azoblarni boshdan kechirishlari qattiq
xohlanadi. Asarlarda esa anatem birliklar so’zlovchi nafratining qay darajada kuchli ekanligini ko’rsatadi,
asarga hissiy bo’yoq beradi, o’quvchiga qahramonlarning tuyg’ularini yurakdan his qilishlariga sabab
bo’ladi.
References:
1.
N.Ishihara, A.D.Kohen (2010) – Teaching and Learning Pragmatics. Pearson Education Limited.
2.
Bryan, R. A. (1962). John Donne’s Use of the Anathema.
The Journal of English and Germanic
Philology
,
61
(2), 305–312. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27714014
3.
Work, J. A. (1932). Echoes of the Anathema in Chaucer.
PMLA
,
47
(2), 419–430.
https://doi.org/10.2307/457887
4.
Villiam Shekspir (1981) Tanlangan asarlar, besh jildlik, 2-jild. Toshkent. G’afur G’ulom
nomidagi adabiyot va san’at nashriyoti.
5.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathema
6.
https://www.deseret.com/1999/8/22/19461877/anathema-has-had-opposite-meanings-since-its-
greek-birth
7.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity
8.
https://shakespeare.folger.edu/
9.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Yusupovna, A. M. (2022). THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE AND PLACE OF
FICTION IN LITERATURE LESSONS.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 104-108.
10.
Зубайдова, Н. (2022). ЛИНГВО-ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ГРАДУАЛЬНЫХ
СИНТАКСЕМ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ.(НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО И
РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ). Архив научных исследований, 2(1).
11.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Izatullayeva, S. (2022). HUDUDLAR RIVOJLANISHINI STRATEGIK
TAHLIL QILISH VA REJALASHTIRISH METODIKASI.
Zamonaviy dunyoda tabiiy fanlar: Nazariy va
amaliy izlanishlar
,
1
(7), 73-75.
12.
Zubaydova, N. (2022). Semantic Characteristics of the English and Uzbek Languages. International
Journal on Integrated Education, 5(6), 357-363.
THE STUDY AND ISSUES OF TRANSLATION OF PROVERBS
Khushmanova Farangiz
SamSIFL, Student of Master’s degree
Ochilova Noila, SamSIFL
Abstract:
Nowadays the head of our country pays much attention to education of young generation.
A plenty of scientists work with translation of proverbs from one language to another. The sphere of
phraseology is wider than other side of linguistic. As it is large sphere there is more problems in
phraseology. In lexicology, phonology, lexicography and in other sphere they have their own functions and
by this way we can learn their status in linguistic.
Key words:
Linguistic, communicative, feedback, illustrate, denominations, regulative functions,
interjectional phraseological unit.
The proverbs are historical features of humanity. Most of the scientists agreed that the proverbs are
folklore speech. Yes of course because the people established these proverbs. Where was not only the
person's point of view but also general people's out look is expressed. Proverbs and sayings play important
role in language. They give emotionality, expressiveness to the speech. They have certain pure linguistic
features that must always be taken into account in order to distinguish them from ordinary sentences. "As a
learning process
,
transfer supports the learner's selection and remodeling of input structures as he progresses
in the development of his interlanguage knowledge. As a production process
,
transfer is involved in the
learner's retrieval of this knowledge and in his efforts to bridge linguistically those gaps in his knowledge
which cannot beside-stepped by avoidance" [3,96]. Proverbs are brief statements showing uncondensed form
of the accumulated life experience of the community and serving as conventional practical symbols for
abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image bearing. Many of them become very polished and there is
no extra word in proverbs and sayings. Proverbs are important aspects of verbal discourse within the socio-
