91
projections embodied in variant severed ties with home and repeatedly ran away from home, and
rationalization variants manifest in the decision to live independently with life as he wants.
Based on research on the inner conflict of the solving of the problems in the main character in the
novel The Adventures of Hucklebberry Finn can be concludes that in solving of the problem the main
character often use the projections, the most widely realized by the main character when he fled from the
house.
This article looked at expressing conflicts in The Adventures of Hucklebberry Finn which written by
Mark Twain. We can study the some special features of conflicts in this work. The Adventures of
Hucklebberry Finn will undoubtedly have a bright pay to investigate this kind of expressing of conflicts.
References
1.
Lewis, Barry. "Postmodernism and Literature The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism NY:
Routledge, 2002. P.125-234
2.
Lapsansky-Wemer, Emma J Modern America Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2011. P.132-600
3.
Cooley, Martha. "On the Work of Italo Calvino", The Writer's Chronicle, May 2008 P.210-220
4.
Gardner, R C, & Tremblay, P.F. On Motivation, Research Agendas and Theoretical Frameworks. Modern
Language Jourmal, 78,
5.
S.Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning Rowley,
Mass: Newbury House Publishers, 1972
6.
Schmitz, T. A. (2007). Modern LiteraryTheory and Ancient Texts. Australia
7.
8.
HASANOVA, N., ABDUAZIZOV, B., & KHUJAKULOV, R. The Main Differences Between Teaching
Approaches, Methods, Procedures, Techniques, Styles And Strategies.
JournalNX
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(02), 371-375.
9.
Obloqulovna,
M.
S.
(2022).
PIRLS-MATNNI
O’QISH
VA
TUSHUNISH
DARAJASINI
BAHОLASH.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 209-212.
10.
Obloqulovna, M. S. (2022). MAKTABGACHA TA’LIM TASHKILOTLARIDA TASHKIL
ETILADIGAN TA’LIM-TARBIYA JARAYONLARI.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
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(1), 213-216.
11.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Baxtigul, A. (2022). OLIY TA’LIM TIZIMINI KOMPLEKS RIVOJLANTIRISH
VA
SIFAT
DARAJASINI
OSHIRISHDA
INNOVATSION
LOYIHALARNING
TADBIQ
ETILISHI.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
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(1), 205-208.
12.
Shamsiddinovna, K. H., & Shovqiyevna, K. N. (2022). LINGUAPRAGMATIC STRUCTURE OF
COMMAND SPEECHES (on the example of English and Uzbek languages).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE & INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ISSN: 2277-3630 Impact factor: 7.429
,
11
(01), 171-
173.
QURILISH VA MUHANDISLIKKA OID TERMINLAR TARJIMASINING MUAMMO VA
YECHIMLARI
Kuchiboyev Mansur Abdumurotovich
Samarqand davlat arxitektura-qurilish instituti, ingliz tili o’qituvchisi
Annotatsiyа:
Ushbu maqolada xorijiy tillardan o’zbek tiliga kirib kelgan qurilish va muhandislikka
oid atama va terminlarning qo’llanilishi, unga mosmuqobillarni topish muommolari va ularning yechimlari
milliy qadriyatlarimiz bilan uzviy bog’liqligi haqida fikr mulohazalar misollar orqali yoritiladi.
Kalit so’zlar:
muqobil,termin,muhandislik,konstruksiya,oval,arka,me’moriy yechim,restovratsiya.
So’ngi yillarda yurtimizda tilga bo’lgan e’tibor davlat siyosati darajasiga ko’tarildi.Mamlakatimizda
“2020-2030 yillarda o’zbek tilini rivojlantirish hamda til siyosatini takomillashtirish konsepsiyasi”ning qabul
qilinishi hamda O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining farmoni mamlakatda til siyosatini izchil amalga
oshirish , zamonaviy, yangi ilmiy tadqiqotlar yaratish, nutqiy muloqotni yanada takomillashtirish vazifalarini
belgilab berdi.
“O’zbekiston Respublikasining davlat tili haqida”gi qonunning qabul qilinishi o’zbek tilining
huquqiy maqomini belgiladi, tilning imkoniyatlaridan keng foydalanishga zamin yaratdi
.
Tilga ma’naviy-
madaniy meros, umummilliy boylik, oliy qadriyat sifatida qarash kabi yondoshuv shakllandi, tilni milliy
ruhva milliy imkoniyatlar asosida ilmiy tadqiq etish harakati kuchaydi,tilning Grammatik qonun-qoidalari
hodisaning mazmun va mohiyatini yuzaga chiqarilishiga, voqe bo’lishiga bo’ysindirildi, tilning ifodalash
uslublari takomillashtirildi va rivojlantirildi. Umuman tilga bo’lgan ilmiy-amaliy munosabat o’zgardi.
O’zbek tiliga to’g’ridan-to’g’ri murojaat qilish, bir tllik,ikki tillik, uch tillik lug’atlar yuzaga keldi
[Sh.S.Sharipov 2020.3].
92
Bugungi kunda yurtimizda qurilish ishlari jadal rivojlanib bormoqda. Shu bilan birga qurilish,
muhandislik va arxitektura sohalariga oid xorijiy tillardan o’zbek tiliga yangi terminlar va iboralar kirib
kelmoqda. Bunday terminlarni tilimizda ba’zan muqobil variantini qo’llashimiz mumkin, ba’zan esa
muqobili bo’lmagano’sha atamaning o’zini qo’llashga to’g’ri kelmoqda. Shunday ekan, bu kabi
muommolarning yechimini topishda jahon tamadduni hamda dunyo axborot resurslaridan keng foydalanish
dolzarb vazifalardan biri bo’lib kelmoqda.
Mamlakatimizda davlat tilini yanada rivojlantirish va takomillashtirish borasida amalga
oshirilayotgan tadqiqotlarda, haligacha qurilish sohasiga oid terminlarni rus tilida qo’llanilishi hamda o’quv
muassasalarimizda ham rus tilida berilishi kuzatildi. Bu esa o’z navbatida bo’lajak mutaxassislarimizga
qiyinchiliklar tug’dirib kelmoqda. Bundan ko’rinib turibdiki, biz tilimizning rivoji uchun juda ko’p sohalarda
ko’plab islohatlar o’tkazishimiz kerak.
Bunga misol tariqasida ingliz tilidagi “concrete” so’zi bizga rus tili orqali “ beton” bo’lib kirib
kelgan. Afsuski, bu so’zning o’zbekcha muqobili yo’q.[Timirov A.M.2021.8]. Ingliz tilidan rus tiliga
o’zlashgan “concrete” (конкрет, конкретный)so’zi esa bizning tilimizda ham umuman boshqacha ma’no
anglatadi, ya’ni juda zo’r degan ma’noda qo’llaniladi. Yana shunday misollardan biri ingliz tilidagi
muhandislikda ko’p qo’llaniluvchi “pump” atamasi bizga rus tili orqali “насос”-nasos bo’lib kirib kelgan. Bu
so’zni biz “so’rg’ich”deb so’zma-so’z tarjima qilishimiz mumkin, ammo muloqatda esa allaqachon “nasos”
bo’lib kirib kelgan va keng qo’llanilmoqda. Aslida bu atama(pump,pumps) bizga mashhur “pumpers”
brendi orqali istimolimizga kirib kelgan bolalar tagligining nomi [Kuchiboyev M.A.2021.74].
Qurilishda va me’morchilikda keng qo’llaniladiganatama “Arka” so’zi hammamizga tanish lekin uni
o’zbek tilidagi muqobili “ravoq” so’zi borligini hamma ham bilmaydi [Samig’ov N.A. 2002.45]. Bunday
atamalarning o’zbek tilida ekvivalenti borligiga qaramasdan, hamon rus tilidan kirib kelgan “арка”
atamasining qo’llanilishi, sohaga oid adabiyotlarning asosan rus tilida mavjudligidan dalolat beradi.
“YUNESKO tomonidan Xiva shahri Ichan-Qal’a ansambli, Buxoro shahri markazi, Shahrisabz
shahri va Samarqand shahri arxitektura yodgorliklari jahon umuminsoniy qadriyatlari deb e’lon qilinishi,
O’zbekiston me’morchiligining qadimdan rivojlanganekanligini dunyoga tanitdi. Shu tufayli hozirgi kunda
dunyoda bu umuminsoniy qadriyatlarga bo’lgan qiziqish keskin ortib bormoqda va rivojlangan mamlakatlar
obidalarimizni “restavratsiya” qilish ishlariga investitsiya kiritish istagini bildirmoqdalar” [Samig’ov
N.A.2002.38]. Ushbu jumlada qo’llanilgan “restovratsiya” so’zi inglizcha “restoration” so’zidan olingan
bo’lib, bizning tilimizga rus tiliidagi “рестоврация” so’zi orqali kirib kelgan. Bu atama asosan san’at
asarlarini va me’moriy yodgorliklarni qayta tiklashda keng qo’llaniladi. Bu atamani biz so’zma so’z “qayta
tiklash” deb o’zbek tiliga o’girishimiz mumkin, lekin bu bilan biz “рестоврация” atamasini istemoldan
chiqara olmaymiz.
Muhandislikda ko’p qo’llaniladigan “Гайка” atamasi rus tilidan kirib kelgan bo’lib texnika va
muhandislik sohalarida juda keng qo’llaniladi. Afsuski hanuzgacha tilimizda uning muqobil varianti mavjud
emas. Ingliz tilida esa bu atama “Nut” so’zi bilan ifodalanadi. Ammo “Nut” so’zi asosan yong’oq degan
ma’noda qo’llanilishini hisobga olib, tarjimada e’tiborliroq bo’lish talab etiladi. Aks xolda qo’pol xato kelib
chiqishi mumkin [Timirov A.M. 2021.112].
Masalan yana bir ko’p qo’llaniladigan ruscha “овал” so’zi, inglizcha “oval”- aylana degan ma’noni
anglatadi. Me’morchilikda soha mutahassislari tomonidan va bo’lajak mutahassislar bo’lmish talabalar
tomonidan ham bu so’z boshqalari kabi keng qo’llaniladi.
Bu kabi misollarni M. A. Ahrorqulova, F. E. Qultayevalarning “Building materials and products”
nomliuchtillik (Ingliz-Rus-O’zbek) qurilish atamalari lug’atida ko’rishimiz mumkin. Qurilishda eng ko’p
ishlatiladigan birgina g’isht so’zini ishtirokida qurilish sohasida u bilan bog’liq bo’lgan juda ko’p terminlarni
uchratish mumkin. Misol uchun: Ingliz tilida
“Brick”,
rus tilida
“Кирпич”,
O’zbek tilida
“G’isht”
deb
tarjima qilinadi, lekin ingliz tilidagi
“Brick”
so’ziga oid atamalarni o’zbek tiliga so’zma-so’z o’gira
olmaymiz: “green brick” atamasini so’zma-so’z tarjima qilsak
“yashil g’isht”
deb o’girsak juda katta xatoga
yo’l qo’ygan bo’lamiz. Buni biz tilimizda mavjud bo'lgan
“xom g'isht”
deb o’girsak maqsadga muvofiq
bo’ladi. Rus tiliga esa
“необожженный кирпич” (“kuydirilmagan g’isht”)
deb o’giriladi. Bunga yana bir
misol qilib,
“face brick”
atamasini olsak, so’zma-so’z
“face-yuz, brick-g’isht”
deb tarjima qilinadi lekin asl
ma’nosi esa
“pardozbop g’isht”
nazarda tutiladi, rus tilida
“облицовочный кирпич”
deb o’giriladi.
Xulosa qilib aytganda, bu kabi ba’zi atamalarning tilimiizda muqobil varianti bo’la turib, undan
foydalanmayotganimizdan shu ko’rinib turibdiki, bu sohada haligacha yetarlicha tadqiqotlar va izlanishlar
olib borilmagan.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
Timirov A.M.English for engineering constructions. Turon nashr,2021.-B.8,74.
2.
Samig’ov N.A., To’laganov A.A., Komilov X.X. Bino va inshootlar restavratsiyasi.Toshkent-2002.-B.45.
93
3.KuchibboyevMansur.ENGLISH FOR engineering communication in constructions faculty. Fan bulog’i
nashriyoti, Samarqand-2021.
4.
Timirov A.M.English for engineering constructions.(Conversation pratice) Turon nashr, Samarqand-2021.-
B.112.
5.
Sh.S.Sharipov-Tilga e’tibor-elga e’tibor. Tilni o’qitish va o’rganishda XXI asr ko’nikmalari.Xalqaro ilmiy-
amaliy konferensiya.2020.-B.3.
6.
M. A. Ahrorqulova, F. E. Qultayeva. Building materials and products.Uzbek-English-Russiantrilingual
vocabulary.Samarqand 2014 yil.
7.
HASANOVA, N., ABDUAZIZOV, B., & KHUJAKULOV, R. The Main Differences Between
Teaching Approaches, Methods, Procedures, Techniques, Styles And Strategies.
JournalNX
,
7
(02), 371-
375.
8.
Obloqulovna, M. S. (2022). PIRLS-MATNNI O’QISH VA TUSHUNISH DARAJASINI
BAHОLASH.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 209-212.
9.
Obloqulovna, M. S. (2022). MAKTABGACHA TA’LIM TASHKILOTLARIDA TASHKIL
ETILADIGAN TA’LIM-TARBIYA JARAYONLARI.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 213-216.
10.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Baxtigul, A. (2022). OLIY TA’LIM TIZIMINI KOMPLEKS
RIVOJLANTIRISH VA SIFAT DARAJASINI OSHIRISHDA INNOVATSION LOYIHALARNING
TADBIQ ETILISHI.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 205-208.
11.
Shamsiddinovna, K. H., & Shovqiyevna, K. N. (2022). LINGUAPRAGMATIC STRUCTURE OF
COMMAND SPEECHES (on the example of English and Uzbek languages).
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE & INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ISSN: 2277-3630 Impact
factor: 7.429
,
11
(01), 171-173.
12.
Obloqulovna, M. S., & Yusupovna, A. M. (2022). THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE AND PLACE
OF FICTION IN LITERATURE LESSONS.
PEDAGOGS jurnali
,
4
(1), 104-108.
THE WORLDS OF H. D. WELLS.
Xudoyberdiyeva M.Q.
MA student of Karshi state university.
Scientific advisor: F.T. Atamurodova,
Karshi state university
Annotation:
The article reveals creative career of great English science fiction writer Gerbert Wells
and gives main information about literary features of novels written by this novelist.
Key words:
fantasy, non-fiction, plot, brochures, publication, cosmic, transform, creature, experiment,
discovery.
Throughout his creative life, Wells wrote about 40 novels and many volumes of short stories, more
than a dozen polemical works on philosophical issues and about the same number of works on the
restructuring of society, two world histories, about 30 volumes with political and social forecasts, more than
30 brochures on the topics of the Fabian society, armaments, nationalism, world peace, etc., 3 books for
children and an autobiography.
Wells' novels are action-packed, devoid of static, active people act in them. They are close to the
novels of Jules Verne, because they are based on scientific discovery. But if technical innovations
themselves are important for Jules Verne, then for Wells their social results as a result of revolutionary
changes in the scientific field. Wells' novels have a tendency towards catastrophic, "cosmic" situations of
worldwide scope.
As a novelist, Wells became largely known and popular after the publication in 1895 of the book "The
Time Machine", in which he parodies the English division into classes. The protagonist of the work and the
narrator, Hillier, talks with friends about the theory of time travel. A week later, he gathers his friends and
tells them the incredible story that he returned from the year 802701. The Time Traveler encounters two
different kinds of inhabitants in the future: Epoi, a weak and small people living above ground in the Edenic
Paradise, and Morlocks, creatures living underground, not only working for the Eloi, but also killing them.
In 1896, the book "The Island of Dr. Moreau" was published, in which a mad scientist transforms
animals into human beings. The story is about a man named Prendik who travels with a biologist to a remote
island that is ruled by Dr. Moreau. In his laboratory, he experiments with animals, and created animal
people.
This was followed by The Invisible Man (1897), a fantasy story of a scientist who tampered with
