American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2023, 14, 506-516
https://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps
ISSN Online: 2158-2750
ISSN Print: 2158-2742
DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2023.144034 Apr. 30, 2023
506
American Journal of Plant Sciences
Prospects and Problems of Implementation of
Recreation Works in Degradated Areas
Abdukholikov Farrukh Bakhrom O’g’li
1
, Karshibaev Hazratkul Kilichevich
1
,
Masudjon Norkulov Marufovich
2
1
Gulistan State University, Guliston, Uzbekistan
2
Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract
This article is devoted to work aimed at normalizing the condition of
degraded soils in open-pit mines as a result of anthropogenic influences
through phytomass. By creating a biological cover from plants, it has been
achieved to improve the composition of the soil. Plants such as
Datura
starmonium
,
Portuluca oleracea
,
Caspella bursa
-
pastoris
,
Chenopodium
vulvaria
,
Chenopodium album
,
Plantago lanceolata
,
Vaccaria hispanica
,
Vicia
angustifolia
were used for the research. The effect of micronutrients on plants
was studied.
Keywords
Flora, Introducer, Phytomass, Degradation, Technical Recultivation, Biological
Recultivation, Microelement
1. Introduction
Nowadays, as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises, the extraction and
use of minerals and other anthropogenic factors, chemical pollution of the soil
cover, changes in soil properties and productivity are observed all over the
world. Various types of soil pollution lead to soil degradation, a decrease in the
quality and quantity of productivity, as well as the formation of other problems
related to the ecosystem
Land recultivation (latin prefix meaning re-return, restoration; cultivated-
restoration of land that has become unusable due to extraction of minerals, con-
struction of water facilities, construction of cities and other reasons, environ-
ment a set of activities aimed at improving environmental, ecological conditions
. The main task of land recultivation is to restore the disturbed fertile
How to cite this paper: O’g’li, A.F.B.,
Kilichevich, K.H. and Marufovich, M.N.
(2023) Prospects and Problems of Imple-
mentation of Recreation Works in Degra-
dated Areas.
American Journal of Plant
Sciences
, 14, 506-516.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2023.144034
Received: February 21, 2023
Accepted: April 27, 2023
Published: April 30, 2023
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
A. F. B. O’g’li
et al.
507
American Journal of Plant Sciences
layer of the soil and create conditions that ensure the effective management of
agriculture or forestry
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, including in the area of irrigated agriculture,
the following types of unusable land are considered to be in need of land recul-
tivation: land where materials for construction (sand, gravel, stone, etc.) have
been mined; exploration and inspection of gas and oil products and lands allo-
cated for their use; lands whose fertile layer has been damaged due to the forma-
tion of depressions, humps or depressions that are excessively busy due to irriga-
tion, draining, construction and repair of road networks; the part of the land al-
located for temporary use during the construction of various construction struc-
tures and buildings, etc.
Land reclamation is carried out using two-stage measures: technical and bio-
logical. First of all, preparatory works such as identification of unusable land,
study, drawing up a future use plan and development of project-estimate docu-
ments are carried out. The technical stage of land reclamation is the preparation
of the land for the purposeful use of the national economy, and the biological
stage involves the restoration of the landscape and soil, making it suitable for
agriculture or forestry
In the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there are 200,000 hectares of
unusable land, of which 65,000 hectares correspond to areas with well-developed
agricultural sectors. They were mainly caused by irrigation, drainage and con-
struction of road network. As a result of their return to the agricultural cycle, it
is possible to grow an additional 300 - 400 thousand tons of cotton and many
vegetables, fruits, and fodder necessary for livestock every year
As a result of anthropogenic activities of mankind, hundreds of hectares of
fertile land with fields, forests and other useful land are in danger of being com-
pletely destroyed. Natural landscapes are dying after large-scale man-made in-
fluence. In order to bring them back to life, it is necessary to carry out complex
reclamation work on the restoration of degraded soils
2. Research Object and Used Methods
As a research object, degraded areas in the area of “Marjonbulak gold beneficia-
tion factory belonging to the Southern Mining Department” located in the Mar-
jonbulak village, Gallaorol district, Jizzakh region, were selected (
For planting in the designated area, the common plants in the Marjonbulak
mine area include
Solanaceae
family,
Datura starmonium
belonging to the
Da-
tura
family,
Portulacaceae
family,
Portuluca oleracea
belonging to the
Portuluca
family,
Brassicaceae
family,
Caspella bursa-pastoris
belonging to the
Caspella
family,
Amaranthaceae
family,
Chenopodium vulvaria
belonging to the
Cheno-
podium
family and
Chenopodium
album,
Plantagianaceae
family,
Plantago lan-
ceolata
belonging to
Plantago
family,
Caryophyllaceae
family,
Vaccaria hispanica
belonging to
Vaccaria
family,
Fabaceae
family,
Vicia angustifolia
belonging to
Vicia
family were selected
A. F. B. O’g’li
et al.
508
American Journal of Plant Sciences
Figure 1.
Experimental site on the territory of the Marjonbulak gold enrichment plant.
Comparative, chemical-analytical methods were used in the research work.
Field-soil studies were carried out based on the methods of “Legal aspects of soil
conservation and land cadaster works”
Sowing and measuring the seeds of the selected plants were carried out according
to “Методы фенологических наблюдений при ботанических исследований” by
G. E. Shuls
and “Research works on the science of plant introduction” rec-
ommended by I.V. Belolipov, B.Y. Tokhtayev, H.K. Karshibaev, methodical in-
structions for transfer
were used. The obtained data were calculated on the
basis of mathematical and statistical analysis.
3. The Obtained Results and Their Analysis
Cleaning and rehabilitation of soil contaminated with waste can be divided into
the following stages:
1) Preparatory stage: study of the contaminated area, preparation of the field
for conducting experiments, cleaning of the surface layers of the soil from large
wastes;
2) Technical recultivation: removal of heavily polluted soil layer, mixing it
with clean soil, carrying out chemical reclamation measures;
3) Biological recultivation: cleaning and restoring fertility by planting the
seeds of selected plants in the prepared area (phytomelioration)
Recultivation works were carried out in 2014-2022. For this, soil samples were
taken from the soils of the hills filled with waste for chemical laboratory analysis
(
).
For sampling, pits were dug at 40 cm intervals from every 100 meters of the
sites, and samples were taken at 0 - 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm, and 20 - 30 cm and 30 -
40 cm was done.
Determination of the elemental composition of the obtained samples was
checked by the ICP-OES (Inductive Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) in-
strument at the “Experimental Biology Laboratory” of Gulistan State University.
A. F. B. O’g’li
et al.
509
American Journal of Plant Sciences
This tool provides a quantitative analysis of more than 20 elements in the soil
(
). A similar experiment was conducted to determine the heavy metals in
plants (
Figure 2.
Soil sampling process.
Table 1.
Elemental composition of soil that has become waste as a result of anthropogenic influence.
№
Soil
sample
Mn
257.610
(mg/L)
Cr
267.716
(mg/L)
As
193.696
(mg/L)
Mg
280.271
(mg/L)
Ca
315.887
(mg/L)
Al 396.15
(mg/L)
K 766.49
(mg/L)
Se 196.02
(mg/L)
Ni 231.60
(mg/L)
Zn
206.200
(mg/L)
1 Example 1 6.404
0.002
0.605
23.781
10.002
0.998
0.001
−0.017
0.216
2.416
2 Example 2 0.012
0.001
0.327
0.619
11.503
0.975
0.337
−0.004
−0.004
0.026
№
Soil
sample
Fe 238.20
(mg/L)
Cu
327.39
(mg/L)
Mg
253.652
(mg/L)
V
292.46(mg
/L)
Se
189.927
(mg/L)
Ag
328.06
(mg/L)
Pb
220.353
(mg/L)
Na
589.592
(mg/L)
Cd
226.502
(mg/L)
Sb
206.830
(mg/L)
1 Example 1 0.338
0.146
−0.027 −9.271E− −4.957E− 0.015
−0.104
0.166
0.004
−0.011
2 Example 2 0.633
0.011
0.002
0.086
−0.001
0.815
−0.001
2.261
−3.268E− −0.006
Table 2.
Elemental composition of planted plants.
№
Plant
sample
Mn 257.610
(mg/L)
Cr 267.716
(mg/L)
As 193.696
(mg/L)
Al 396.15
(mg/L)
K 766.49
(mg/L)
Se 196.02
(mg/L)
Zn 206.200
(mg/L)
Fe 238.20
(mg/L)
1 Example 1
0.005
0.001
0.422
1.119
−0.036
0.013
0.008
0.204
2 Example 2
3.471
0.004
−0.154
12.959
−0.058
0.025
0.985
0.230
№
Plant
sample
Cu 327.39
(mg/L)
Hg 253.652
(mg/L)
V 292.46
(mg/L)
Sn 189.927
(mg/L)
Ag 328.06
(mg/L)
Pb 220.353
(mg/L)
Na 589.592
(mg/L)
Sb 206.830
(mg/L)
1 Example 1
0.003
0.001
0.005
−1.586E−4
0.010
−1.818E−4
0.895
0.017
2 Example 2
0.748
−0.017
4.277E−4
0.002
0.011
0.004
0.205
0.012
A. F. B. O’g’li
et al.
510
American Journal of Plant Sciences
Table 3.
Effect of trace elements on
Althaea officinalis plant.
Name
plant
02.04.2019
14.04.2019
21.04.2019
28.04.2019
05.05.2019
Pl
an
tin
g d
ay
C
on
tr
ol
((N
H
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
)
Mg
C
l
4
C
on
tr
ol
((N
H
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
)
Mg
C
l
4
C
on
tr
ol
((N
H
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
)
Mg
C
l
4
C
on
tr
ol
((N
H
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
)
Mg
C
l
4
A.
officinalis
50
50 50 24
12
13
24
15
19
25
18
15
27
18
12
Figure 3.
ICP-OES laboratory instrument. (ICP-OES is an optical emission spectrometer
based on inductive plasma. The device for high-precision (0.001 mg/l) measurement of
elements from solutions in argon flow.)
During the field experiments, the seeds of
Datura starmonium, Portuluca ole-
racea, Caspella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium vulvaria, Chenopodium album,
Plantago lanceolata, Taeniatherum crinitum, Vaccaria hispanica, Vicia angusti-
folia
were collected and separated from them into 100 seeds. received. A place
was set aside for planting seeds on one of the hills filled with waste around the
Marjonbulak mine (
). The area was clearly marked and the soil was loo-
sened for planting the seeds. Soil samples with 5 different conditions were pre-
pared for seeds. For this, natural soil was mixed with degraded soil in different
percentages and 100 seeds were planted.
Datura stramonium
L. is an annual weed belonging to the
Solanaceae
family.
The stem is spreading and grows with upright branches; 1.2 m tall. The leaf is
ovate, banded, pointed at the tip. The flowers are white, one in each leaf axil. The
fruit is a green, four-celled ovoid capsule covered with thorns: up to 4.5 cm long,
it produces about 500 kidney-shaped, black seeds. It blooms and fruits from May
to June. It grows from the seed. The leaves, stems, and roots contain toxic
A. F. B. O’g’li
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American Journal of Plant Sciences
Table 4.
Germination indicators of planted plants.
T/r
Familia
Genus
Spesies
Control % 100%
75/25%
50/50%
25/75%
1
Solanaceae
Datura
Datura starmonium
20
45
32
30
22
2
Portulacaceae
Portuluca
Portuluca oleracea
15
37
30
25
17
3
Brassicaceae
Caspella
Caspella bursa-pastoris
27
53
45
40
34
4
Amaranthaceae Chenopodium Chenopodium vulvaria
10
45
27
17
12
5
Amaranthaceae Chenopodium Chenopodium album
15
36
32
28
25
6
Plantagianaceae
Plantago
Plantago lanceolata
16
17
16
18
15
7
Caryophyllaceae
Vaccaria
Vaccaria hispanica
24
32
11
21
14
8
Fabaceae
Vicia
Vicia angustifolia
13
35
27
21
16
alkaloids such as hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and atropine. Medicines used in
the treatment of rheumatism and neuralgia are prepared from the leaves. Con-
trol measures: Fields are sown by hand. All parts of the plant contain alkaloids
Portulaca oleracea
L. is an annual weed belonging to
Portulaca
family. The
stem is straight, lying, sometimes upright. The leaves are small, fleshy, cylindric-
al, forming a ball. The flowers are yellow, simple or double petals. It blooms and
bears fruit from May to November. One bush gives 50 - 75 thousand seeds. In
Central Asia, it is widespread in irrigated farming zones. It grows abundantly in
fields rich in humus when soil fertility is high. One bush of oleander produces
up to 10,000 seeds.
Capsella bursa-pastoris
(L.) Medic. is an annual weed belonging to cabbage
family. 6 types are known. There is 1 species in Uzbekistan -
C. bursa-pastoris.
Hairy, sometimes glabrous stem, simple or branched, 10 - 50 cm tall. The leaves
on the stem are crowded, simple, mostly feathery. The flowers are small, col-
lected in sparse spikes. The crown is white. The fruit is an inverted heart-shaped
triangular or pod. One plant produces up to 70,000 viable seeds. The plant be-
gins flowering in early spring and continues to develop until late autumn. Grass
forms a ball on the surface of the ground. The common gorse overwinters under
the snow and resumes development in early spring. It is spread everywhere. It
grows as a weed in many fields. It also grows on roadsides and ditches
Chenopodium
is a group of annual herbs belonging to the family of
Cheno-
podium.
In temperate climate zones, the city’s
Ch. vulvaria,
Ch. foliosum,
(Ch.
rubrum,
Ch. album,
Ch. murale
and other types are distributed. The height is 10
- 100 cm, the leaves are banded, triangular or ovate, covered with dust. The flowers
are collected in a tufted inflorescence. It blooms and seeds in May-September. It
grows from the seed. In Uzbekistan, salt marshes are found as a spring weed in
almost all fields
Plantago major
L.
is a group of 1 - 2 and perennial herbs belonging to the
family of pantago. 260 species are known. There are 6 species in Uzbekistan. 4
types are used as medicinal plants. The leaves are arranged in a ball at the root
A. F. B. O’g’li
et al.
512
American Journal of Plant Sciences
neck, banded, broadly ovate or broadly elliptic, rascally and strap-like. The flow-
ers form a simple spike at the end of the stems and branches. The fruit is two- or
many-seeded. The leaves and seeds contain vitamins C and K, carotene, mucila-
ginous and other substances. Tincture prepared from the leaves is used in the
treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and wounds, and the mucilaginous solu-
tion of the seeds is used as a weak suppository
Vaccaria hispanica
(Mill). is an annual weed of the carnation family. The stem
is bare, grows upright, the upper part is branched, 30 - 100 cm tall. The leaves
are opposite, ovate-rascally without bands. The flowers are collected in a pink or
light-red shield-shaped inflorescence. The fruit is a spherical capsule with many
seeds. It blooms and bears fruit from May to August. It grows from the seed.
One bush contains 400 - 500 seeds. The seed turns blue at 5˚ - 10˚. The seeds
contain poisonous saponin. It is not given to thousands of animals, widespread
in Central Asia. Contaminates irrigated and dryland cereal crops, as well as mil-
let and flax fields
Vicia angustifolia
L. is an annual herb. Height 15 - 65 cm. Flowers are located
in the axils of 1 - 2 leaves. Pod 4 - 5 cm. It blooms and seeds in April-August. It
grows as a weed in fields
The genus
Vicia.
Representatives of this genus are perennial or annual herbs.
Their stems are thin and delicate. They cling to other plants with the tips of their
leaves and grow upright. This genus includes 150 species. They are distributed in
the middle zone of the northern hemisphere and in North America. In the flora
of the former union, there are 84 species of gorse, 16 species in the flora of Uz-
bekistan. They grow in different natural conditions
Althaea officinalis
plant was selected in order to determine the effect of mi-
cronutrients on plants. First, to determine the seed germination of the plant, 150
unripe seeds of
A. officinalis
were counted and divided into 50.50 of the isolated
seeds were taken as a control and were not exposed to any substance, 50 were
exposed to a 0.05% solution of Ammonium molybdate ((NH
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
) and the
remaining 50 were exposed to Magnesium (IV) 0.05% solution of chloride
(MgCl
4
) was exposed. It was planted in the area designated for the experiment
on 02.04.2019 and seed germination was calculated every 10 days (
When
A. officinalis
was exposed to microelements, it gave the best results
compared to other plants. This plant germinated very quickly after planting, that
is, it germinated on 14.04.2019. The percentage of germinated seeds is 38%. 54%
in the seeds planted for control. 36% of seeds germinated in a 0.05% solution of
ammonium molybdate ((NH
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
). In the 0.05% solution of magnesium (IV)
chloride (MgCl
4
) it gave a good result with 24%.
Althaea officinalis
L.-Medicinal marigold belongs to the
Althaea
L. family,
Malvaceae
family. It grows in orchards, gardens, swamps and meadows. The life
form is a perennial herb. The arrow has a root system. The height of the stem
reaches 70 - 150 cm. The cross-section of the stem is oval-circular, green in col-
or, the branches are branched monopodially. The stem grows upright
A. F. B. O’g’li
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513
American Journal of Plant Sciences
The leaves are simple, long-lobed, ovate, triangular, sometimes with 3 - 5
lobes. Both the stem and the leaves are covered with soft hairs
The flower is located singly in the leaf axil, the flower is white or pink, 5 - 9
cm in diameter. The calyx is located in 2 rings. In the 1
st
ring, 3 sepals are joined,
and in the next ring, 5 sepals are joined, corolla 5 free
Androceum consists of an infinite collection of anthers. The color of the
powder is pink. Geniceus also consists of infinite seeds. Pollination is allogamy,
mainly pollinated by insects. The flower formula is Ca
(3)+(5)
Co
5
A
∞
G
∞.
It blooms and bears fruit in June-September. The fruit is a berry with many
seeds. During the dispersal of fruits and seeds, mainly zoochorea and partially
anemochora are observed. Hemicryptophyte, hemixerophyte, glycogallophyte,
heliophyte, thermophilic plant. It is a plant rich in medicinal and honey. A de-
coction prepared from the root is used against cough
Reclamation works are carried out in two stages. According to Y.V. Yurchen-
ko, technical and biological stages are separated for recultivation. In his article
“Requirements for Recultivation of Degraded Lands”, he noted that it takes an
average of 7 months to implement recultivation.
Engaged in biological recultivation works. T.S. Chibrik and G.I. In his pub-
lished monograph, Baturin selected 30 of the most resistant species from more
than 200 perennial and annual grasses for recultivation and recommended plant-
ing them. Among these selected plants there are also representatives of
Fabaceae
family
Biological stage of reclamation T.S. Chibrik, M.A. Glazirina, Y.I. Filimonova
and N.V. Lukina’s data, it is stated as follows: Biological recultivation is a set of
works carried out after technical recultivation, and it is a stage of measures to
restore the fertility of the land. It includes a complex of agrotechnical measures
aimed at restoring flora and fauna
In order to carry out recultivation works, it is recommended to first select
plants that absorb free nitrogen from the air. It is advisable to use herbaceous
representatives of the
Fabaceae
family. Another plant used in recultivation is
Populis nigra
Despite the fact that the development of human production, the development
of the industrial sector has made great progress in the development of mankind,
this sector has been and remains dangerous for the ecology and health of our
planet. The reason for this is that mass mining of minerals and rocks, creation of
mines and mines, large amount of industrial waste does not remain on the sur-
face of the soil and is not processed for many years.
4. Summary
In conclusion, it can be said that the biological reclamation of the waste mounds
around the “Marjonbulak gold enrichment factory”, where useful ores have been
extracted and subsequently degraded, is one of the most urgent issues facing bi-
ologists and ecologists.
A. F. B. O’g’li
et al.
514
American Journal of Plant Sciences
The results obtained as a result of the laboratory analysis of the soil showed
that the soil of the mining hills enriched with industrial waste as a result of
anthropogenic influence contained harmful heavy metals.
As a result of the experiments carried out in this area, it was found that all the
selected species have the highest index for recultivation and are fast-adaptable
species, and their resistance to external adverse effects has been proven to im-
prove the ecological condition of the area.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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