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SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF GENDER
RELATIONS IN THE FAMILY
Ishankulova Gulzoda Bahromovna
Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Karshi State University,
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology.
Karshi, Uzbekistan.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15631551
Abstract.
This article studies the specific features of the manifestation of
gender relations in the family. It discusses the theoretical and practical aspects
of this problem, as well as scientific research carried out by world psychologists
in this regard. The research conducted by the author shows that the study of this
problem is still very relevant today.
Keywords
: society, family, marriage, gender relations, gender equality,
men, women, oppression, violence.
If we look at the historical roots of the family, in our country the family has
always been highly valued as a sacred institution. Its preservation, preventing
the destruction of this sacred institution has always been the constant focus of
our society, and this value retains its importance today. In particular, with the
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev dated
February 18, 2020 “On measures to improve the socio-spiritual environment in
society, further support the makhalla institution, and bring the system of work
with the family and women to a new level”, family values and the family
institution have entered a new stage of development. One of the main tasks set
for the Ministry of Neighborhood and Family Support, established at the
initiative of our Head of State, is to reveal the historical roots of the family
institution and develop family values. In this regard, over the past period, our
state has been carrying out a lot of practical work to strengthen families in our
country, especially young families who are just starting to enter the threshold of
adulthood, and to help them develop independently as part of society.
Article 76 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan states that “The
family is the basic unit of society and is under the protection of society and the
state.” Also, in accordance with Article 2 of the “Family Code” of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, it is established that the regulation of family relations shall be
carried out on the basis of the principles of a voluntary union of a man and a
woman, equality of personal and property rights of husband and wife, resolution
of internal family issues by mutual agreement, priority of raising children in the
family, caring for their well-being and maturity, and protection of the rights and
interests of minor and incapable family members. During the ongoing reforms, it
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is appropriate to further improve the legal framework for the family, taking into
account the specific aspects of our society and based on an analysis of the
legislative experience of developed countries in the world, and to create a solid
foundation for our future.
One of the main manifestations of the development of society is the
existence of a system of equal rights and equal opportunities between
representatives of both sexes. If gender equality is not ensured in a society, there
will be no development in that society, because when the rights of women and
men are violated, inequality arises in the social life of that society, labor
productivity decreases, economic growth slows down, children are born
unhealthy, and the level of poverty increases. Therefore, the Law of the Republic
of Uzbekistan No. О'RQ-562 dated September 2, 2019 “On Guarantees of Equal
Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men” establishes the provision of
equal rights and opportunities for women and men, regulation of relations in the
field. However, despite the existence of a legal framework, it is true that many
girls and women in our country face discrimination related to gender equality,
and unfortunately, there are also cases of women not contacting law
enforcement agencies or relevant organizations when they experience various
forms of violence or oppression against women in the family. In such cases,
women are forced to absorb the violence inflicted on them. This leads to
psychological stress, physical and spiritual oppression of a person. The fact that
such negative situations in families do not decrease today indicates that this
situation remains a topical issue that requires separate study and the need to
intensify scientific research on it.
It is noteworthy that the study of the socio-psychological characteristics of
the manifestation of gender equality in interpersonal relationships in the family
was studied in the last years of the last century by E. Clarared in Switzerland, T.
Schreiber in Germany; R. Jane, A. Willi, E. Dlorkate in France; K. Buehler, S. Hall,
W. James, D. Dobson, J. Bruler, L. Morgan in America; G. M. Andreyeva, B.
Malinovsky, M. Kovalevsky, R. Sorokin, A. Kharshev, N. N. Obozov, S. I. Golod, N.
N. Bogomolova, A. Adler, A. I. Antonov, L. Y. Gozman, T. M. Mishina, S. Minukhin,
S. V. Kovalev in the Russian Federation; and psychologists from Central Asian
countries B. Polvonova, M. Beysenova, M. Rakhimova and others.
Z.Freud believes that “any violence or any type or form of violence is caused
by an excess of aggressive energy” [3]. According to him, internal energy
accumulates in a person and reaches a dangerous level, and if it is difficult to
release it, a state of catharsis can help. Catharsis in real, normal situations is the
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expenditure of energy in games that require various forces (for example, a
football game) or when watching these games. Supporters of Freudian
psychoanalysts emphasize that if a child participates in sports games at school
or is passionately involved in sports, they will not develop aggression, in
contrast to a child who does not participate in anything else and is passive.
Freudians also point out that violent, aggressive criminals (hostile aggression)
have similarly strained their power and excitement, unable to release the
energy, and when they could not control it, an "explosion" occurred, which
turned into a form of violent aggression.
Rolf Leber and Magda Stutzhammer-Leber advise researchers studying
aggression to: remember whether aggressive actions are overt or covert.
According to Rolf Leber and Magda Stutzhammer-Leber, the psychological
foundations of these gender relations are, in turn, divided into the following
types: 1) Pattern behavior; 2) Emotions; 3) Cognitive processes; 4)
Development. Violation of gender relations in an overt form is a direct, open
attack on the victim in behavior, causing physical harm and harm. In a covert
form, it is hidden in its name, through gossip, rumors, deception, lies, etc. In
most cases, overt aggression weakens with age, becomes hidden, and covert
aggression increases. However, if overt aggression is very strongly developed in
childhood, they may also commit violent crimes when they grow up, for
example, aggression related to private property [5].
M. Flood and L. Fergus note that the impact of domestic violence on
children also has significant consequences. Children are likely to hear or witness
domestic violence, and this situation affects them in the following ways:
1) affects the neural pathways of the brain that affect cognitive
development and stress response systems;
2) causes difficulties in self-esteem and social relationships at school;
3) affects financial security;
4) mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, eating disorders
and, in some cases, suicide attempts;
5) increased likelihood of aggression, antisocial behavior and drug use;
6) causes problems such as early pregnancy [4].
Our scientific research work, slightly different from the scientific research
of the above-mentioned scientists, is aimed at studying the cases of oppression
and violence in interpersonal relationships in Uzbek families. For this, 145
respondents from Kashkadarya region and 144 from Surkhandarya region, a
total of 289 respondents, were involved in the experimental work. In our study,
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R. Lazarus's "Manifestation of aggressive behavior" methodology was used. The
intended goal was to determine how the empirical results obtained through the
methodology, based on the manifestation of individual behavior in a husband or
wife during the period of domestic violence, arise in the family in relation to the
violation of the cycle of family-marital relations, how the motives for the use of
physical force by the husband against his wife arise, and what negative qualities
and (or) violations of values are the dominant manifestations in this.
Table 1
Analysis of results according to R. Lazarus's "Coping Behavioral
Manifestations" methodology (n=289)
Scales
Gender
M
σ
t
Confrontational coping
Male n=143
42,3
2,7
-0,93
Woman n=146
41,9
3,0
Keep your distance
Male n= 143
39,2
3,0
-
3,03*
Woman n=146
43,5
3,3
Self-control
Male n= 143
44,2
3,2
0,76
Woman n=146
43,1
2,9
Seeking social support
Male n=143
40,3
3,1
-
4,53*
Woman n=146
46,2
2,5
Accepting
responsibility
Male n=143
45,3
2,3
-
3,28*
Woman n=146
41,7
3,0
Self-isolation – criteria
Male n=143
39,8
3,1
-
2,23*
Woman n=146
43,2
2,8
Planning to solve the
problem
Male n=143
43,3
2,8
-1,03
Woman n=146
42,6
2,7
Positive evaluation
Male n=143
38,2
3,2
0,39
Woman n=146
39,5
3,0
Note: *p≤0,05; *** p≤0,001.
The results of the methodology, modified based on the requirements of the
R. Lazarus coping test, made it possible to obtain relevant empirical data on the
coping behavior of a particular person in a stressful situation. After all, the
interpretation of the obtained data makes it possible to know the perceptions of
coping behavior in family relationships and, through these perceptions, to
determine the correct psychological approach to each family member.
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No differences were observed in the objects of the study among the initial,
“confrontational coping” factor (t=-0.93, p≤0.37). Based on the analysis of the
studied theoretical data, we can say that any coping behavior is associated with
the phenomenon of the personality, which includes the “I-concept”, locus of
control, reflection, empathy, etc. All of them together constitute the stable
characteristics of the personality, and these processes form such characteristics
as socialization, behavior management, and all internal approval or disapproval
of the personality. The naming of the personality character has a significant
impact on the selection of strategies used to eliminate an unpleasant event, and
the result of the activity will be similar.
The next factor, “keeping distance,” showed significant differences (t=-
3.03*, p≤0.05). This factor showed a higher result in women. It was observed
that in various problematic situations in family relationships and internal
conflicts, women often isolate their own problems and try to forget about them.
In men, it was found that the qualities of focusing on the emotional aspect of the
subjective significance of the problem in overcoming negative thoughts and
fantasies related to it are relatively lower.
No differences were observed in the research objects among the next factor
in the methodology, “self-control” (t=0.76, p≤0.24). This indicates that in both
research groups, the characteristics of focusing on the problem-solving process
and keeping negative emotions under control, choosing behavioral strategies
and minimizing their impact on the perception of the situation, and striving to
maintain high control over oneself are almost identical.
Significant differences were noted in the factor “seeking social support” (t=-
4.53*, p≤0.05) of our methodology. The characteristics such as striving to solve
the problem with the help of external (social) resources, i.e., seeking
informational, emotional, practical support, orientation towards interaction with
people, expecting encouragement, attention, advice, sympathy, and specific
practical help from them showed a high result in women. In men, it was found
that the attitude towards expecting vital, material, and emotional support from
society was at a lower level.
The next factor, “accepting responsibility,” also showed significant
differences (t=-3.28*, p≤0.05). This means that men tend to avoid repeating their
previous mistakes, to blame themselves for the problems they face, to criticize
themselves in specific components, and to be dissatisfied with themselves.
The next factor of the methodology used in the study, “self-isolation”,
showed a higher result in women than in men (t=-2.23*, p≤0.05). In individuals
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of this type, the tendency to fantasy in stressful situations, a pronounced
infantile form of behavior in the strategy of avoiding problems, and the desire to
isolate oneself from problematic situations in various interpersonal
relationships showed a higher result in women than in men.
No significant differences were observed in the last factor of the
methodology, “planning to solve the problem” (t=-1.03, p≤0.32) and “positive
assessment” (t=0.39, p≤0.29). This indicates that there are certain similarities in
the characteristics of couples in family relationships, such as analyzing
problematic situations, developing specific plans to overcome them, using
positive terms in overcoming difficulties, interpreting them and accepting them
positively by the individual, developing a problem-solving strategy, using
previously acquired experience and resources, and drawing up a personal work
plan under objective conditions.
In conclusion, a person's coping behavior in stressful situations is to a
certain extent important for the response to stressful situations. This is
especially important in conflicts that may arise in family relationships. Taking
this into account, it was intended to empirically study the socio-psychological
factors associated with the correlation between coping behavior and response to
stressful situations in women and men in the family and analyze its results on
the basis of conditionally accepted criteria. It is also worth noting that
sometimes each person experiences certain difficulties in adequately assessing
their capabilities in stressful situations. In our opinion, the basis of such
difficulties can be explained by the lack of sufficient understanding of stressful
situations.
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