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CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL MONUMENTS RECOVERED
FROM THE MUDWALL FORTRESS OF DESHAN KALA, KHIVA CITY
I.O.Rustamov
Khorezm Mamun Academy
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15663674
Abstract:
This article presents the different types of historical monuments
in the Deshon Fortress in Khiva. It also highlights the advantages of Khivan
traditional monuments and the styles of ancient Khorezmian houses.
Keywords:
Mud wall, Khiva architecture, monument, clay architecture.
Architecture is one of the fields with deep historical roots. Its development
periods coincide with those of humanity. In short, architecture has developed
alongside humanity. The following information illustrates this idea. Since the
beginning of humanity, people have been searching and striving. Finding
something new has always been one of their main goals. This is why residential
buildings have developed alongside people. Early humans used natural shelters
as their homes. Then, they built huts from various natural materials and lived in
them. They used animal skins, wood, and stones as building materials. People
then began living in these houses, creating the first examples of dwellings made
from a combination of soil, stones, and trees.
Khiva is a museum city with architectural monuments and entire ensembles
built by master craftsmen. The architectural art of the Khorezm masters is
undoubtedly part of world culture. The ancient palaces, early medieval
fortresses, and oldest cities in the oasis are world-famous, testifying to the
centuries-old expertise of Khorezmian architecture.
Fig. 1 View of tall pillared porches
The basic plan of traditional Khorezm houses makes extensive use of high
verandas (Figure 1), provides for ventilation and heat removal. Also, Khiva
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houses do not have earthquake-resistant walls built in two rows within a
wooden frame with a thickness of up to 60-70 cm, as in Fergana houses, as well
as internal voids and niches. In conditions of low seismic hazard, Khorezm could
build single-row wooden frame houses (nigiriki) with walls only 15-20 cm thick.
Tokchas were built only in palaces, of course, the number of these rooms was in
line with the size of the courtyards and the type of decoration, that is, the
richness of their decoration, distinguished them from ordinary residential
buildings.
There was a need for residential buildings in the regions of Khiva,
Khazorasp, Khanka, and Urgench to be restored in accordance with the
surrounding climatic conditions, that is, to merge with nature. This functional
feature is reflected in the artistic appearance of summer houses, terraces, and
pools. Sun-protection devices that shield the house from heat also contribute to
the holistic appearance of the Khorezm residential building's unique functional,
private, and artistic composition, as well as its landscaping.
Figure 2. Plan of traditional monuments in the Zargarlar mahalla in
Khiva, 19th century
1-entrance; 2-hallway; 3-back porch; 4-large porch; 5-garage; 6-ayvan;
7-side house; 8-kitchen; 9-study
The spatial idea of Khiva houses, developing from the simplest combination
of ulli (huge) ter - iwans, goes through several stages: on the one hand,
expanding the courtyard area and enriching it with various options for columns,
on the other hand, developing towards a closed courtyard. The construction of
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the mahalla area and residential areas, combining the typology of residential
buildings and public buildings, has created a compositionally diverse silhouette.
Full use of colors and textures, connection with the terrain, proper orientation in
landscaping and water supply. Functionality arose here, taking into account
climatic conditions (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 shows the initial state of a traditional Khiva
residential building, divided into all the rooms necessary for living. The finest
examples of Khorezmian architecture have been preserved in Khiva. Most of
these houses have small courtyards, which were unnecessary. On the contrary,
most of the courtyard was covered with a veranda to reduce sunlight.
Figure 3. Traditional monuments in the city of Khiva
The use of the veranda in residential architecture is based on the climatic
conditions of the area where the building is located and the location of the
rooms. For example, in Khiva, it is designed to freshen the air of the porch, room
and yard due to the different climatic conditions, relatively hot weather in
summer.
Reference:
1. Mankovskaya L, Bulatova V. Pamyatniki zodchestva Khorezma. - T.:
1968. p. 49.
2. V.A. Voronina. "National architectural traditions of Uzbekistan". - T.:
1968. p. 49.
3. Abidov S. History of historical architectural monuments in Khiva.
Manuscript. B. 9-10. "Ichan-Kala" fund inv. n/a 2489
4. Ancient histories of Khiva. UzRFAShI manuscript No. 12583
