Том 4 № 34 (2025)

This article discusses the conceptual foundations of dividend policy, analyzing the distribution of profits, dividend policy, the theory of dividends, distribution of dividends and payment of dividends in state and commercial banks.

Ushbu maqolada voyaga yetmaganlarning jinoyatchiligi, sabablari va uning kelib chiqishiga sabab bo‘lgan jihatlar ko‘rilgan.Voyaga yetmaganlar jinoyatchiligi, uning kelib chiqishida pedagogik va psixologik omillar, ularning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari tahlil etilgan.

This article substantiates the need and prerequisites for the development of innova- tion and digitalization of agriculture in the regions of Uzbekistan, provides an overview of gov- ernment documents regulating and coordinating the development of this sphere, summarizes the results of a sociological survey on monitoring the impact of the results of implemented innova- tions, provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of innovation activity, analyzes the reasons for the low level of innovative development in agriculture, the main directions of devel- opment innovation and digitalization of agriculture in Uzbekistan are also given.

The increasing diversity of English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms necessitates the integration of cross-cultural content into language instruction. Literature, as a culturally rich and linguistically diverse medium, offers significant potential to develop both language competence and intercultural communicative competence (ICC). This thesis investigates how literature can be systematically employed to facilitate cross-cultural integration in ESL contexts. Drawing upon theoretical models from intercultural communication, applied linguistics, and literary pedagogy, the study proposes a framework for effective implementation, identifies key aspects of cross-cultural engagement through literature, and outlines pedagogical strategies suitable for diverse learner populations. The findings support the use of multicultural literature as an essential component in fostering intercultural understanding and linguistic proficiency.

This article explores the international legal mechanisms designed to regulate the production, distribution, and consumption of new synthetic drugs (NSDs), also known as new psychoactive substances (NPS). NSDs present unique regulatory challenges due to their rapid proliferation, structural variability, and evasion of traditional drug control laws. The article analyzes the role of key international treaties such as the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Additionally, it critically evaluates the functioning of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), and the World Health Organization (WHO) in addressing the NSD crisis. Case studies from the European Union, the United States, and Central Asia, particularly Uzbekistan, are included to demonstrate the impact of national implementation and the gaps in legal harmonization. Recommendations for treaty reform, enhanced data-sharing, and a flexible legal approach to synthetic drug regulation are presented.

This thesis investigates the relationship between social development in preschool children and the formation of cultural tolerance. It focuses on the critical period of early childhood, typically defined as ages 3 to 7, during which children begin to navigate social interactions and develop their understanding of diversity. The work begins by outlining the key aspects of social development at this age, including peer interactions, communication skills, and the ability to empathize with others. It emphasizes the role of play in fostering social skills and how cooperative play can introduce children to diverse perspectives and cultural backgrounds. The thesis further explores how children's experiences with peers from different cultural backgrounds contribute to their understanding and acceptance of diversity. It examines the influence of family dynamics and parental attitudes towards cultural differences, highlighting how these factors shape children's perceptions and behaviors.

Bugungi globallashuv va raqamli texnologiyalar asrida insonlar o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar xarakteri ham sezilarli darajada o‘zgarib bormoqda. Ayniqsa, oilaviy hayotda er-xotin o‘rtasidagi yosh tafovuti mavjud bo‘lgan oilalarda kelib chiqadigan ijtimoiy-psixologik muammolar dolzarb masalalardan biri sifatida ko‘riladi. Shunday sharoitda raqamli taʼlim imkoniyatlari va ilmiy izlanishlarga jalb etish jarayoni ushbu ziddiyatlarni yumshatishda muhim vosita bo‘lib xizmat qilishi mumkin.

Искусственный интеллект (ИИ) играет ключевую роль в трансформации систем электронного правительства, обеспечивая повышение эффективности, доступности и прозрачности государственных услуг. ИИ используется для автоматизации процессов, анализа больших объемов данных, персонализации взаимодействия с гражданами и прогнозирования общественных потребностей. Технологии машинного обучения и обработки естественного языка позволяют создавать интеллектуальные чат-боты, оптимизировать документооборот и улучшать системы принятия решений. Применение ИИ способствует снижению бюрократических барьеров, повышению качества обслуживания и укреплению доверия граждан к государственным институтам. Однако внедрение ИИ сопряжено с вызовами, включая вопросы этики, защиты данных и обеспечения равного доступа к технологиям. Таким образом, ИИ становится неотъемлемой частью электронного правительства, определяя его будущее развитие и эффективность.

Ushbu maqolada temuriy hukmdor Shohrux Mirzoning ilm-fan va madaniyat homiysi sifatidagi faoliyati yoritiladi.

Ushbu maqolada depozitlar bo‘yicha muammolar tahlil qilingan bo‘lib, depozit operatsiyalarini rivojlantirish bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonning Jizzax viloyati hududida joylashgan Baxmal tumanining geografik joylashuvi haqida o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqotda tumanning tog‘li relyefi, tabiiy resurslar xususiyati hamda chegaraoldi hududdagi joylashuvi, uning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlariga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan.

Ushbu maqolada Montessoriy metodikasida o’qish va tarbiyalash, uning bola ta’limi rivojidagi o’rni, hamda maktabgacha ta’lim yoshida ushbu metodikaning o’ziga xosligi xususidagi. Montessori maktabi yaratilishi haqida ma’lumotlar berilgan.

This article investigates the concept of leverage in Islamic finance, comparing it with conventional finance. It assesses whether leverage is permissible (halal status) under Shariah. A real-world example of the Islamic Development Bank (ISDB) will demonstrate how leverage mechanisms adhere to Islamic principles and can be applied practically. Finally, it debates the potential outcomes for implementing such models in Uzbekistan, a country that is significantly exploring Islamic financial practices. For further analysis and visualization, hypothetical financial data is included in this study.

Metafora badiiy uslubda juda ko’plab tadqiqotlarning manbai sifatida o’rganildi, ammo uning publitsistik uslubda tutgan o’rnini aniqlash, tadqiqotlarni yangilashni taqazo etadi. Publitsistik uslubda metaforaning  qo’llanishi, metaforizatsiyalashgan so’zlardan foydalanish, metaforalarni o’z ichiga olgan maqollar va mashhur  iboralar ham tez-tez uchrab turadi. Bu uslubda metaforaning qo’llanishi tinglovchiga axborotni yetkazishda qo’shimcha ma’nolarni berishga xizmat qilishi mumkin. Birinchidan, o’quvchi yoki tinglovchiga tushinilishi qiyin bo’lgan tushunchalarni ular allaqachon bilgan yoki tasavvur qila oladigan narsa bilan bog‘lash orqali tushuntirishga yordam beradi. Ikkinchidan, pulitsistik uslubda hissiy assotsiatsiyalarga ega metaforalarni qo’llash axborotda biz o’ylagan kayfiyat yoki ohangni beradi. Ushbu maqolada publitsistik materiallarda, ularning sarlavhalarida qo’llanilgan metaforalar tahlil qilinadi.

The article is devoted to the study of the process of creation and application of QR codes in the State Museum of Applied Art of Uzbekistan. It is known that QR codes with the use of audio guides were applied before, but for listening to the national musical instruments (exhibits) it was required to create additional QR codes, in which the melodies of musical instruments were placed.

Ushbu maqolada  kreativlik tushunchasi,  maktabgacha ta’lim sohasining fidoyilari bo‘lgan tarbiyachilar va ularning pedagogik   faoliyatda kreativligi qanday shakllarda namoyon bo‘lishi xususidagi fikr-mulohazalari asosida yoritib beriladi.

Maqola O'zbekistonda IT kadrlar tayyorlash tizimidagi sifat mezonlari va standartlashtirish muammolarini tahlil qiladi. Tadqiqot "Bir million dasturchi" loyihasi kontekstida ta'lim sifatining bir xillik emasligi, yagona standartlarning yo'qligi va o'qituvchilar malakasidagi tafovutlar masalalarini o'rganadi. Tahlil natijalariga ko'ra, turli IT markazlarida ta'lim sifati 45-85% oralig'ida farqlanadi va yagona baholash mezonlari mavjud emas. Maqolada xalqaro tajribalar asosida sifat mezonlarini belgilash va standartlashtirish yo'llari taklif etiladi.

This article discusses the terms representing the genre of tongue twisters, which is one of the ancient genres of the Uzbek, Karakalpak, and Turkic peoples, as well as the types of folk tongue twisters according to their text composition and nature, and their specific features.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine diseases in women of reproductive age, a condition characterized by hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, inflammation, sleep and mood disorders. Recent studies have shown that the level of melatonin in follicular fluid is reduced in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, and in most cases their sleep quality is impaired.

Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent oncological diseases among women. The primary treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. These procedures have a significant impact on patients’ overall physical and mental well-being, necessitating comprehensive medical rehabilitation. Modern approaches, along with rehabilitation protocols developed based on international experience, contribute to improving patients’ physical, psychological, and social adaptation.

В данном исследовании рассматривается преобразующее влияние современных информационных технологий на логистические системы для экспорта фруктов и овощей в Узбекистане. В ней освещаются текущие проблемы, с которыми сталкивается сектор экспорта сельскохозяйственной продукции, такие как неэффективное управление цепочками поставок, неадекватная инфраструктура холодильной цепи и сложное соблюдение нормативных требований.

In recent years, the integration of electromechanical systems and mechatronics has significantly advanced the field of motion control. These systems are crucial for various applications, including robotics, automotive technologies, aerospace, and industrial automation. This article explores the principles, components, and applications of electromechanical mechatronic modules and devices focused on motion control.

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is a condition in which the fetus's red blood cells are destroyed due to blood group incompatibility, primarily involving the Rh or ABO blood groups. Rh incompatibility usually affects subsequent pregnancies because maternal sensitization occurs during the first pregnancy, leading to more serious complications such as intrauterine hydrops fetalis in subsequent pregnancies.

This study investigates the impact of digital tools on vocabulary retention among young English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Uzbekistan. With the rapid integration of technology in education, digital resources have become essential in language learning. This research explores how various digital tools, such as educational apps, interactive games, and multimedia platforms, influence the ability of young learners to retain new vocabulary effectively. The study uses a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative tests and qualitative feedback from students and teachers. The findings reveal that the use of digital tools significantly enhances vocabulary retention by providing engaging, repetitive, and contextual learning experiences. The study highlights the importance of incorporating digital resources into EFL curricula to improve language acquisition outcomes in Uzbekistan.

This study investigates the impact of age on second language acquisition among learners in Uzbekistan, focusing on a comparative analysis between young children and adolescent learners. It explores how age-related cognitive, social, and psychological factors influence language learning outcomes. The research employs qualitative and quantitative methods to assess proficiency levels, learning strategies, and motivation across different age groups. Findings highlight critical periods and the advantages and challenges unique to each group, offering valuable insights for educators and policymakers to optimize language teaching practices in the Uzbek educational context.

Against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis, patients are found to have antibodies to thyroid antigens. The thyroid gland is damaged and gradually grows. Over time, autoimmune thyroiditis leads to hypothyroidism, in which the body lacks thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism is accompanied by weight gain, dry skin, and increased fatigue.

This study examines the importance of teacher competence in developing oral speech culture among high school students. Effective oral communication is essential for students’ academic success and social interaction, and teachers play a critical role in cultivating these skills. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research explores the relationship between teacher proficiency and students’ oral communication abilities through surveys, interviews, and classroom observations. The findings reveal that teachers with strong language knowledge, pedagogical skills, and positive attitudes significantly contribute to students’ speaking confidence, motivation, and performance.

As one of the main directions of the reforms being carried out in the Republic of Uzbekistan, systemic measures are being implemented to develop entrepreneurial activity, revive the traditions of craftsmanship, and realize the local economic potential. As the role of the mahalla institution in socio-economic life increases, effective management of the development of entrepreneurship and crafts in mahallas, ensuring infrastructural and organizational improvement in these areas is becoming increasingly important.

This article analyzes the importance of upbringing, which affects the socialization of students through a foreign language. It is indicated that in the process of learning a foreign language of students, it is possible not only to develop language skills, but also to strengthen their social competencies. The article discusses the peculiarities of teaching a foreign language and its role in the educational process, as well as the role of students in the perception of social culture, the assimilation of moral values and the development of thinking on a global scale. The integration of upbringing and a foreign language allows students to be successful not only in language, but also in intercultural communication. The article highlights important aspects of the socialization process and highlights the educational importance of teaching a foreign language.

The core of modern telecommunication networks has evolved into a complex, distributed, and software-defined environment. This evolution introduces new security challenges that traditional perimeter-based models can no longer effectively address. Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), which assumes no implicit trust within or outside the network perimeter, offers a promising approach for securing telecom infrastructures. This paper investigates the implementation of ZTA principles in the core of 5G and next-generation telecommunication networks. We propose an architecture that integrates identity-aware access control, continuous verification, micro-segmentation, and policy enforcement into network functions. A testbed was created to evaluate the performance and security benefits of ZTA under realistic telecom conditions. Results show that ZTA significantly improves threat detection and isolation while maintaining acceptable levels of performance.

Mazkur maqola sun’iy intellektning asosiy tarmoqlaridan biri bo’lgan neyron tarmoqlarini o’rganishga bag’ishlangan bo’lib, uning modeli, tuzilishi, strukturasiga bag’ishlangan.

This thesis explores the contemporary relevance and manifestations of Sufi ideals of religious tolerance within the diverse and dynamic social fabric of modern India. Against a backdrop of increasing communal tensions and religious polarization, Sufism continues to offer a spiritual and sociocultural antidote through its doctrines of compassion, nonviolence, and unity. This work focuses particularly on how classical and neosufi traditions shape interfaith dialogue, influence national cohesion, and contribute to spiritual pluralism in 21st-century Indian society.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of education and upbringing in human life. It substantiates how the formation of a person’s personality, their active participation in social life, and their moral and ethical maturity are directly linked to the processes of education and upbringing. The article presents ancient and modern pedagogical perspectives, including the thoughts of renowned scholars such as Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Yusuf Khas Hajib, J. Dewey, L. Tolstoy, and A.S. Makarenko. Furthermore, it explains the critical importance of education and upbringing in today's era—when information technology is highly developed and young minds are exposed to various external influences. This article is of both theoretical and practical significance for educators, students, parents, and professionals working with youth.

Ushbu maqolada gender va til tushunchalarining asosiy mohiyati, ularning tilshunoslikdagi o‘rni va rivojlanish tarixi tahlil qilinadi. Gender va til o‘rtasidagi murakkab munosabatlar, til vositalarida gender ifodasining shakllanishi, zamonaviy tilshunoslik yondashuvlari hamda o‘zbek tilidagi gender masalalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot til orqali jamiyatdagi gender stereotiplari qanday shakllanishi va ularni o‘zgartirishda tilshunoslikning o‘rni haqida ilmiy nuqtai nazar beradi.

Mazkur maqolada ko‘k no‘xat (Pizum sativum l) ning Osiyo-2001 va Sputnik nav belgilari miqdoriy belgilari o‘rtasidagi korrelyatsion bog‘lanishlar darajalari to‘g‘risida ma’lumot berilgan. Mazkur navlar Sirdaryo viloyatining sho‘rlanishga moyil bo‘lgan tuproq sharotida o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqot natijasida ko‘k no‘xatning Osiyo 2001 va Sputnik navlari o‘rtasida korrelyatsion bog‘lanishlar darajasi farq qildi. Bitta o‘simlik mahsuldorligi bitta o‘simlikdagi dukkaklar soni va uning  og‘irligiga bog‘liq ekanligi qayd etildi. Ushbu belgilar o‘rtasidagi korrelyatsiya koeffitsienti kuchli bo‘ldi.  Har ikki navda ham o‘simlik bo‘yi bitta o‘simlikning mahsuldorligi o‘rtasidagi korrelyatsiya koeffitsienti barqaror emasligi aniqlandi.

This article presents a scholarly analysis of the architectural typology of caravanserais that developed along medieval trade routes in the region of Lower Amudarya region. The study explores architectural solutions, regional and cultural features, functional structures, and architectural transformations of these buildings influenced by various historical periods.

This article presents the different types of historical monuments in the Deshon Fortress in Khiva. It also highlights the advantages of Khivan traditional monuments and the styles of ancient Khorezmian houses.

In the modern world of foreign language learning, special attention is paid not only to grammatical correctness of speech but also to the ability to communicate effectively in various social contexts. Sociolinguistic competence represents the ability to use language in accordance with social norms and cultural characteristics of native speakers. For B1 (intermediate) level students, developing this competence becomes particularly relevant, as at this stage, learners have already mastered basic language structures and are ready for more complex forms of communication [3].

This article extensively analyzes the essence of the concept of folklore, the history of its formation, and its place in literary studies. The main attention is paid to the introduction of folklore motifs into the works of national spirit, aesthetic richness, and cultural memory. It also highlights the role of folklore motifs in modern literature, their reinterpretation, and their significance in the work of writers and poets.

So‘nggi yillarda bank sohasida yuzaga keladigan xavflarning faqat moliyaviy yo‘nalishdagilari emas, balki moliyaviy bo‘lmagan xavflar (non-financial risks) ham muhim ahamiyat kasb eta boshladi. Moliyaviy bo‘lmagan xavflar banklarning faoliyatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatishi, ularning barqarorligini buzishi va mijozlar hamda investorlar ishonchini pasaytirishi mumkin. Xususan, 2023-yilda xalqaro bank sohasida yuzaga kelgan kiberxavfsizlik hujumlari soni 35% ga oshgani, shu bilan birga, qoidabuzarlik va operatsion xatoliklar tufayli banklarga tushgan zararlarning umumiy hajmi 20 milliard dollardan oshgani ushbu xavflarning dolzarbligini yana bir bor tasdiqlaydi (Kaspersky Lab, 2024; Accenture, 2023).