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ANNUAL RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT
OF VARIETIES
Makhramova M.Sh.
Urokov S.Kh.
Samarkand State University named after Sharof
Rashidov, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
*e-mail: maxramovamarhabo@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15673686
Abstract.
This article presents data on the growth and development of
annual rye varieties under moderate and limited humidity conditions of the
Secale cereale variety.
Keywords:
rye, varieties, drought, phenological phases, height
Introduction
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is mainly European grain, and about 75% of world
production is grown in Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, and Ukraine. It has the
best ability to overwinter and the highest resistance to drought, salt, or
aluminum stress from all small grains. The harvest is used for making bread,
feed, and the demand for the production of ethanol and biomethane as a
renewable energy source is growing. Hybrid rye is also competitive with triticale
and wheat in good soils and is grown in about 70% of rye crops in Germany. Rye
has developed as a secondary crop in the Middle East, with cultivated rye having
the most diversity in the lands and populations of Central and Eastern Europe.
Their usefulness for breeding has increased significantly with the development
of marker-based introgression of donor chromosome segments [2;3].
Today, the importance of rye among grain crops is also invaluable. In
particular, in recent years, the demand for products made from rye flour has
increased. Because bread made from rye flour is distinguished by its nutritional
value and good taste. Therefore, measures are currently being taken to widely
implement rye cultivation technology and cultivate drought-resistant rye
varieties to obtain high yields [7].
Autumn rye (Secale cereale L.) is mainly grown in the regions of central and
eastern Europe. Global rye production in 2020 amounted to 15.02 million tons.
Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Denmark, Finland, Belarus, Germany, and Estonia lead
in rye cultivation [1;2;5].
Rye is one of the best sources of nutrients and biologically active substances
and is the second most important raw material for the production of black
bread. It is also used in many culinary products. Physiologically, rye grain is very
similar to wheat grain, but rye has several advantages over other grain crops.
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After processing, rye contains more vitamins and minerals than wheat. Black
bread is relatively low in calories, and its regular consumption is beneficial for
health and prevents the development of many oncological diseases [6;8;9].
Results.
In our experiments, the influence of limited humidity conditions on the
growth and development of rye varieties was determined. In this case, the
limited moisture content did not have the same effect on rye varieties. The data
obtained as a result of our research were analyzed based on the following tables.
During our experiments, it was established that the periods of transition to
the development phases of rye varieties differ from each other, and the lack of
moisture significantly affects the development phases, causing a shortening of
the growing season.
Schedule
Periods of transition to the developmental phases of rye varieties
(2023)
Vari
eties
Periods of transition to development phases (moderate humidity)
Germ
ination
Accum
ulation
tubing heading flowering
milk
ripenin
g
wax
ripening
Vakhsh-
116
15.10
24.02
6.04
13.05
24.05
3.06
6.06
Shalola
15.10
28.02
24.04
20.05
27.05
07.06
21.06
Savo
15.10
24.02
17.04
11.05
21.05
28.05
12.06.
Limited humidity
Vakhsh-
116
25.10
15.02.
05.04.
28.04
06.05
15.05
05.06
Shalola
24.10
17.02.
11.04.
04.05
10.05
7.05
09.06
Savo
27.10
14.02.
05.04.
27.04.
04.05
13.05
05.06
During our experiments, it was established that the periods of transition to
the development phases of rye varieties differ from each other, and the lack of
moisture significantly affects the development phases, causing a shortening of
the growing season. In our studies, rye seeds were sown at the same time in
moderate and limited humidity conditions, that is, on October 8, and seed
germination was observed at different times in both conditions.
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Under moderate humidity conditions, the seeds of all three varieties
germinated within 7 days. Relatively warm temperatures and sufficient
moisture influenced the rapid germination of seeds. The time between
germination and tillering in the Vakhsh-116 variety was 131 days, the time
between tillering and heading was 51 days, the time between heading and
heading was 24 days, the time between heading and flowering was 11 days, the
time between flowering and milk ripening was 10 days, and the time from milk
ripening to wax ripening was 15 days. Thus, it was established that the longest
time is between germination and tillering, and the shortest time is between
flowering and milk ripeness. In the Shalola variety, the time from emergence to
tillering was 135 days, the time between tillering and stem elongation was 55
days, the time between stem elongation and heading was 25 days, the time
between heading and flowering was 7 days, the time between flowering and
milk ripening was 11 days, and the time from milk ripening to wax ripening was
14 days. It was also noted that the longest time for the Shalola rye variety is
between germination and tillering, and the shortest time is between the
flowering and milk ripening phases. In the Savo variety, the time from
germination to tillering is 131 days, the time between tillering and stem
elongation is 52 days, the time between stem elongation and heading is 22 days,
the time between heading and flowering is 10 days, the time between flowering
and milk ripening is 7 days, and the time from milk ripening to wax ripening is
15 days. Thus, the above pattern was repeated in the variety, and it was
calculated that the longest time is between germination and tillering, and the
shortest time is between the flowering and milk ripening phases. In general, the
vegetation period for the Vakhsh-116 variety was 242 days, while for the Shalola
and Savo rye varieties it was 247 and 237 days.
Similarly, when growing rye varieties in arid conditions, the vegetation
period of plants was reduced. The main reason for this is the limited moisture
content and the short duration of the developmental phases in rye varieties. For
example, in the Vakhsh-116 variety, seed germination was delayed compared to
moderate humidity, and the transition to the tillering phase began 10 days
earlier. The time between germination and tillering was 112 days, the period
from tillering to stem elongation was 49 days, from stem rolling to heading - 23
days, from heading to flowering - 6 days, from flowering to milking - 9 days,
from milking to waxing - 20 days. When studying the developmental phases of
the Shalola rye variety, it was established that the period from germination to
tillering was 114 days, from tillering to heading - 51 days, from heading to
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heading - 22 days, from heading to flowering - 7 days, from flowering to the milk
ripeness phase - 9 days, and from the milk ripeness phase to the wax ripeness
phase - 19 days. It was substantiated that the time between germination and
tillering for the Savo rye variety is 113 days, the period from tillering to stem
elongation is 50 days, from stem rolling to heading is 24 days, from heading to
flowering is 5 days, from flowering to milk ripeness is 9 days, and from milk
ripeness to wax ripeness is 22 days. Under these conditions, when calculating
the vegetation period for all three varieties, it was calculated that it lasted 219
days for the Vakhsh-116 variety, 222 days for the Shalola variety, and 223 days
for the Savo variety. Thus, in conclusion, it has been scientifically substantiated
that under conditions of sufficient humidity, the vegetation period of rye
varieties is longer compared to varieties grown with limited humidity.
The main factor contributing to the shortening of the growing season is
insufficient moisture. Thus, although rye plants are relatively drought-resistant
compared to other grain crops, drought affects the normal implementation of its
developmental phases.
Conclusions
The results of the above-mentioned studies show that the vegetation period
of various rye varieties grown in the soil and climatic conditions of the
Samarkand region lasts an average of 230-245 days in optimal conditions. In
conditions of limited humidity, the vegetation period of plants is shorter than in
temperate conditions. It was established that the average vegetation period lasts
219-220 days.
In general, drought is one of the most common stress factors for the plant
organism, altering many of its physiological processes. In particular, during our
experiments, this factor influenced the lower height of plants compared to
plants grown in optimal conditions.
In general, moisture plays an important role in the life of organisms.
Determining the physiological characteristics that determine the resistance of
plants to water deficiency is the most important task, the solution of which has
great theoretical and practical significance. Dehydration changes such important
parameters as the viscosity and permeability of the protoplasm, the degree of
hydration of its colloids, and the pH level of the system. This inevitably leads to
fundamental changes in the state and function of the cell's enzyme systems.
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